Report On Multi Effect Evaporators Part 2

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<div class='ff2' style='left: 34.37em; font-size: 13.27em; word-spacing

: 0.01em; top: 2.71em;'>
Chapter 1
</div>
<div class='ff2' style='left: 17.64em; font-size: 13.27em; top: 5.59em;
'>
Introduction
</div>
<div class='ff0' style='left: 7.09em; font-size: 9.91em; top: 11.31em;'
>
Evaporators<span class='ff1' style='left: 0.27em; font-size: 1.04em;
word-spacing: -0.01em; margin-right: 0.27em;'> are kind of heat transfer equipme
nts where the transfer mechanism is controlled by</span>
</div>
<p class='pl ff1' style='left: 6.78em; font-size: 10.36em; line-height:
2.37em; top: 12.51em;'>
natural convection or forced convection. A solution containing a desir
ed product is fed into the<br />
evaporator and it is heated by a heat source like steam. Because of the applied
heat, the water in the<br />
solution is converted into vapour and is condensed while the concentrated soluti
on is either removed<br />
or fed into a second evaporator for further concentration. If a single evaporato
r is used for the<br />
concentration of any solution, it is called a single effect evaporator system an
d if more than one<br />
evaporator is used for the concentration of any solution, it is called a multipl
e effect evaporator<br />
system. In a multiple effect evaporator the vapour from one evaporator is fed in
to the steam chest of<br />
the other evaporator. In such a system, the heat from the original steam fed int
o the system is reused<br />
in the successive effects.<br />
</p>
<div class='ff2' style='left: 6.05em; font-size: 11.61em; word-spacing:
0.01em; top: 31.31em;'>
1.1)<span class='ib' style='width: 1.11em;'> </span>Multi Effect Evap
orator
</div>
<p class='pl ff1' style='left: 7.00em; font-size: 10.36em; text-indent:
2.41em; line-height: 1.63em; top: 36.53em;'>
A<span class='ff0' style='left: 0.28em; font-size: 0.96em; word-spaci
ng: -0.14em; margin-right: 0.29em;'> multiple-effect evaporator</span>, as defin
ed in chemical engineering, is an apparatus for<br />
efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water. In a multiple-effect e
vaporator,<br />
water is boiled in a sequence of vessels, each held at a lower pressure than the
last. Because<br />
the boiling point of water decreases as pressure decreases, the vapor boiled off
in one vessel<br />
can be used to heat the next, and only the first vessel (at the highest pressure
) requires an<br />
external source of heat. While in theory, evaporators may be built with an arbit
rarily large<br />
number of stages, evaporators with more than four stages are rarely practical ex
cept in<br />
systems where the liquor is the desired product such as in chemical recovery sys
tems where<br />
up to seven effects are used.<br />
</p>
<p class='pl ff1' style='left: 6.73em; word-spacing: 0.01em; font-size:
10.36em; text-indent: 2.68em; line-height: 1.63em; top: 51.23em;'>
The multiple-effect evaporator was invented by the African-American en
gineer<br />
Norbert Rillieux. Although he may have designed the apparatus during the 1820s a
nd<br />
constructed a prototype in 1834, he did not build the first industrially practic
al evaporator<br />
until 1845 . Originally designed for concentrating sugar<span class='ff0' style
='left: 0.28em; font-size: 0.96em; margin-right: 0.28em;'>in</span> sugar cane<s
pan class='ff0' style='left: 0.29em; font-size: 0.96em; word-spacing: -0.28em;
margin-right: 0.29em;'>ju ice</span>, it has since<br />
become widely used in all industrial applications where large volumes of water m
ust be<br />
evaporated, such as salt<span class='ff0' style='left: 0.29em; font-size: 0.96e
m; word-spacing: -0.09em; margin-right: 0.28em;'> production and water</span> de
salination. Multiple-effect evaporation<br />
plants<span class='ib' style='width: 0.55em;'> </span>in sugar beet factories h
ave up to eight effects.<br />
</p>
0.01em; top: 63.12em;'>
In the<span class='ff0' style='left: 0.29em; font-size: 0.96em; word-
spacing: -0.07em; margin-right: 0.29em;'> pulp and paper industry</span>, multi-
e<span class='ff5' style='font-size: 0.96em; margin-right: -0.01em;'>ï¬ </span>ect ev
aporators are mainly used to evaporate water
</div>
<div class='ff1' style='left: 25.87em; font-size: 10.36em; top: 65.34em
;'>
(1)
</div>
</div>
</div>
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0.01em; top: 4.39em;'>
from black liquor solutions to allow its recycle as chemicals and fuel
for the process.
</div>
0.01em; top: 7.09em;'>
1.2)<span class='ib' style='width: 1.11em;'> </span>Application of ev
aporators
</div>
<p class='pl ff1' style='left: 6.78em; font-size: 10.36em; line-height:
2.37em; top: 9.76em;'>
Evaporators are integral part of a number of process industries namely
Pulp and Paper, Chlor-alkali,<br />
Sugar, pharmaceuticals, Desalination, Dairy and Food processing, etc (Bhargava e
t al., 2010).<br />
Evaporators find one of their most important applications in the food and drink
industry. In these<br />
industries, evaporators are used to convert food like coffee to a certain consis
tency in order to make<br />
them last for considerable period of time. Evaporation is also used in laborator
ies as a drying<br />
process where preservation of long time activity is required. It is also used fo
r the recovery of<br />
expensive solvents and prevents their wastage like hexane. Another important app
lication of<br />
evaporation is cutting down the waste handling cost. If most of the wastes can b
e vapourized, the<br />
industry can greatly reduce the money spent on waste handling (Bhargava et al.,
2010).<br />
The multiple effect evaporator system considered in the present work is used for
the concentration<br />
of weak black liquor. It consists of seven effects. The feed flow sequence consi
dered is backward<br />
and the system is supplied with live steam in the first two effects.<br />
</p>
0.01em; top: 38.70em;'>
In the system, feed and condensate flashing is incorporated to generat
e auxiliary vapour to be
</div>
'>
used in vapour bodies in order to improve the overall steam economy of
the system.
</div>
0.01em; top: 38.96em;'>
1.3)<span class='ib' style='width: 0.92em;'> </span>Overview of Kraft
Recovery Cycle
</div>
0.28em; top: 49.63em;'>
Kraft pulping and the chemical recovery process is composed of the fol
lowing
</div>
0.01em; top: 52.15em;'>
units: cooking, washing, evaporation, burning, causticizing and calcin
ing .
</div>
0.01em; top: 54.65em;'>
Wood chips are cooked with white liquor (NaOH + Na<span style='font-s
ize: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em;'>2</span>S) in a digester at about 170 ÂºC,
</div>
0.23em; top: 57.10em;'>
to produce kraft pulp and weak black liquor. Weak Black liquor (WBL) ,
</div>
0.01em; top: 59.54em;'>
the by-product of the chemical recovery cycle in the pulp and paper in
dustry, is
</div>
0.25em; top: 61.97em;'>
composed of water, lignin, cellulose and inorganic sodium salts . Thes
e chemicals
</div>
;'>
(2)
</div>
</div>
</div>
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>
need to be recovered for the pulping process to be economically feasib
le. In order to do
</div>
0.27em; top: 5.89em;'>
that, weak black liquor is separated from pulp in a washing unit. The
black liquor is
</div>
>
diluted by the wash water and generally contains 14-17% solids. 95-98%
of chemicals are
</div>
0.25em; top: 10.82em;'>
recovered in modern pulp washing units . For each ton of pulp, 8-10 to
ns of weak
</div>
0.27em; top: 13.25em;'>
black liquor is produced. Weak black liquor is concentrated in a serie
s of evaporators.
</div>
0.01em; top: 15.74em;'>
The resulting<span class='ib' style='width: 0.55em;'> </span>concentr
ated black liquor is burned in the recovery<span class='ib' style='width: 0.55e
m;'> </span>furnace to produce an
</div>
'>
inorganic smelt of Na<span style='font-size: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em;
'>2</span>CO<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em;'>3</
span> and Na<span style='font-size: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em;'>2</span>S. The sm
elt is then dissolved in water to yield green
</div>
<p class='pj ff1' style='left: 7.29em; word-spacing: -0.13em; font-size
: 9.49em; line-height: 2.69em; top: 21.78em; width: 38.77em;'>
<span class='nw' >liquor, an aqueous solution of Na<span style='left
: 0.01em; font-size: 0.42em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.01em;'>2</span>CO<
span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.42em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.0
1em;'>3</span> and Na<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.42em; bottom: -0.1
6em; margin-right: 0.01em;'>2</span>S, as shown in Reaction . The green</span>
<span class='nw' >liquor undergoes the causticizing process where Na<span styl
e='left: 0.02em; font-size: 0.42em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.02em;'>2</s
pan>CO<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.42em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-rig
ht: 0.01em;'>3</span> is converted into NaOH by</span>
<span class='nw' >reacting with Ca(OH)<span style='left: 0.04em; font-size: 0.
42em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.04em;'>2</span>, as in Reaction 3. At thi
s point, the original white liquor required</span>
<span class='jbr' ></span>
</p>
0.01em; top: 28.05em;'>
for pulping is recovered. In order to provide lime for the causticizin
g process, lime mud
</div>
>
(or precipitated CaCO<span style='left: 0.02em; font-size: 0.42em; bo
ttom: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.02em;'>3</span>) is dewatered, dried and burned i
n a lime kiln to produce lime for
</div>
0.01em; top: 32.94em;'>
the causticizing reaction.
</div>
>
The main reactions in the kraft process are listed below:
</div>
'>
Pulping
</div>
;'>
Wood + NaOH + Na<span style='left: -0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom
: -0.16em; margin-right: -0.01em;'>2</span>S<span class='ff7' style='left: 0.35
em; font-size: 0.77em; margin-right: 0.35em;'>î </span>
</div>
;'>
Pulp + Weak Black Liquor
</div>
: 0.01em; top: 55.51em;'>
(Reaction. 1)
</div>
'>
Combustion
</div>
;'>
Black Liquor + O<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom:
-0.16em;'>2<span class='ff4' style='left: 0.52em; font-size: 1.20em; bottom: 0
.14em; margin-right: 0.52em;'>î </span></span> Na<span style='font-size: 0.43em; bot
tom: -0.16em;'>2</span>CO<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom:
-0.16em;'>3</span> + Na<span style='font-size: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em;'>2</spa
n>S + CO<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom: -0.16em; margin-r
ight: 0.01em;'>2</span> + H<span style='left: 0.01em; font-size: 0.43em; bottom
: -0.16em; margin-right: 0.01em;'>2</span>O
</div>
: 0.02em; top: 60.33em;'>
(Reaction. 2)
</div>
'>
Causticizing
</div>
;'>
(3)
</div>
</div>
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