УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПО АРХИТЕКТУРА, СТРОИТЕЛСТВО И ГЕОДЕЗИЯ

Международна научно-приложна конференция УАСГ2009

29-31 ОКТОМВРИ 2009

29-31 OCTOBER 2009

International Conference UACEG2009: Science & Practice

UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE, CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEODESY

EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED BEHAVIOUR OF BURIED PRESSURE

PIPELINES: STATE-OF-THE-ART
I. MODELLING OF PHYSICAL PHENOMENA AND METHODS OF
ANALYSIS

S. Petkova1, D. Kisliakov2

Keywords: Buried Pipelines, Seismic Excitation, Soil – Pipe Interaction, Fluid –

Structure Interaction
Field of research: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering, Buried Pipelines
ABSTRACT

This work presents the first part of a systematic review of the main groups of
computational models for buried pipelines under seismic excitation. On one hand, the aim of
this analysis is to present the mostly used approaches in mechanical modelling of the
earthquake-induced vibrations of buried pipelines. On the other hand, an attempt is made for
identification of the existing gaps namely in modelling of the complex physical interaction
phenomena related to the dynamic response of such pipelines. The focus of this first part of
the performed review is on the features of the groups of theoretical models as well as on their
key parameters describing the physics of the phenomena taking place. In this connection,
some conclusions are drawn regarding well established approaches, difficulties and open
tasks in the modelling process of this complicated field of coupled dynamic problems.

1. Introduction
Buried pipelines are part of the so-called lifelines which play a vital role as
infrastructure components conveying and/or distributing energy, fluids, oil products and gas
in present-day’s world. The pipelines in particular allow conveying water, fossil liquid fuels
and liquid gas over long distances. Pressure pipelines are also often important part of large
industrial facilities and hydropower systems.

1
Silvia Petkova; MSc CEng; Doctoral student at the Department of Hydraulic Engineering,
UACEG, 1, Hristo Smirnenski Blvd., 1046 Sofia, BULGARIA, e-mail: silvia_petkova@mail.bg
2
Dimitar Kisliakov, Assoc. Prof. Dr., Department of Hydraulic Engineering, UACEG, 1,
Hristo Smirnenski Blvd., 1046 Sofia, BULGARIA, e-mail: kiss_fhe@uacg.bg
 There are different types of pressure pipelines depending on their function,
construction material, pressure of the conveyed fluid, position relatively to the ground
surface (underground, buried, above ground), etc.
In the following, buried pressure pipelines (penstocks) are considered as components
of hydropower systems. They convey water and are constructed in a trench with backfill after
the placement. Such pipelines are subjected to various dynamic impacts and loads during
their operation like earthquakes, hydraulic transients, traffic, etc. However, only seismic
excitation is further considered in this work.
In general, there are two main approaches for modeling the dynamic response of a
buried pipeline during seismic excitation – stochastic and deterministic ones.
In the stochastic approach, the input excitation is a random event or process,
respectively the pipeline’s response is also a random process. The advantages of this
approach consist in the more realistic representation of the earthquake excitation as a random
process, this model better corresponds to the nature of such event. This approach also allows
more convenient accounting for other factors like material defects, imperfections, human
mistakes and construction inaccuracies. The ground motion is modelled as a random process
with a given power spectral density (PSD), and the spatial variation of the impact along the
pipe structure is described by a correlation function, usually an exponentially decaying one
[14]. A disadvantage constitutes the fact that some nonlinear interaction effects of the soil –
pipe – fluid system cannot be accounted for.
In the deterministic approach, the time history of any ground motion parameter can be
directly applied as input excitation of the structural model of the pipeline.
In general, the deterministic approach allows performing nonlinear analysis of some
special effects during the seismic excitation, like imperfect soil – pipe contact and fluid –
structure interaction. It is also more suitable for practical applications due to the usual
formulation of the seismic excitation in design codes and guidelines in the form of design
response spectrum.
The dynamic response of buried pipelines is different from that of buildings and other
vertical structures. The differential motion between different parts of the pipeline over its
length has to be considered since the length of the system is comparable to or larger than the
seismic wave length. Furthermore, slippage may occur at the interface of the pipe – soil
system, depending on the nonlinear restoring characteristics of the backfill, and the dynamic
impact is kinematic rather than inertial one. There are also energy losses / damping effects
due to: wave dissipation, friction and deterioration of soils. So, under seismic excitation, the
response of a buried pipeline is controlled by the ground displacements / strains,
predominantly in the axial direction, with dynamic effects being negligible according to the
available knowledge [4].

2. Structural model of the pipeline

2.1 Continuous pipeline
The mechanical model of a continuous pipeline has joints possessing higher strength
and stiffness relative to the pipe barrel. For example, a steel pipeline with welded (butt,
single-lap or double-lap welded) joints is modelled as continuous pipeline. The construction
(welded) joint of the continuous pipeline is often referred to as restrained joint.
The joint stiffness and rotation absorption capacity can be assumed the same as that of
the pipe material and hence, the pipe can be regarded as a continuous beam, Fig. 1.
Fig.1. Three dimensional soil-pipe interactions and the mechanical model (ASCE, 1984)

2.2 Segmented pipeline

A segmented pipeline has joints possessing lower strength and stiffness relative to the
pipe barrel. For example, cast iron pipes with caulked or rubber gasket joints, ductile iron
pipe with rubber gasket joints, concrete or glass-reinforced pipes (GRP) with mechanical
joints, etc. are usually modelled as segmented ones. The joints of the segmented pipes are
generally referred to as unrestrained joints, Fig. 2.

Fig.2. Mechanical model of segmented pipeline with soil springs

3. Modeling of the earthquake excitation

The seismic excitation is modeled by means of seismic wave propagation, by ground

displacement time history or ground acceleration time history (accelerogram).
The most common models governing the dynamic response of a buried pipeline to a
propagating wave are shortly presented in the following.
Newmark developed a simplified procedure for estimating the ground strain. He
considers a simple propagation wave with a constant wave shape whose acceleration,
velocity and displacement time histories of two points along the propagation path are
assumed to differ only by a time lag. This assumption is common to almost all deterministic
procedures. The other assumptions are that the pipe inertia terms are small and may be
neglected, and that there is no relative movement at the pipe – soil interface, hence the pipe
strain equals the ground strain (perfect contact between the pipe and the soil). For such case,
the maximum ground strain in direction of wave propagation is εg=Vm/C, where Vm is the
maximum horizontal ground velocity and C is the propagation velocity of the seismic wave.
The maximum ground curvature, that is the second derivative of the transverse
displacement with respect to the distance is Φg=Am/C2, where Am is the maximum ground
acceleration perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
The soil deformations obtained by the Newmark’s method are relatively larger,
leading to larger stresses and displacements in the pipe, respectively, thus leading to a more
conservative design.
In [23], M.J.O’Rourke and X. Liu have systematized and presented procedures for
evaluation of the response of buried pipeline subject to earthquake based on the Newmark’s
approach.
 In [12], Borsutzky and Lehmann have analysed the behavior of three-dimensional soil
– pipe system subject to seismic waves. They used a two-steps domain reduction method,
Fig. 3.

Fig.3. Domain Reduction Method

In the papers [29, 30, 31, 32] by S. Datta, A. Shah, K. Wong the dynamic response of
buried pipeline has been investigated subjected to plane seismic P, SV – and Rayleigh waves
traveling at an arbitrary angle to its axis. The reflection of the seismic waves at the free
ground surface and the boundary surfaces is accounted for. Full dynamic interaction between
the pipe and the surrounding soil is taken into account as well.
The pipe has been modeled as an empty, infinitely long, continuous, circular,
cylindrical shell of small thickness. All contacts are assumed to be perfect, so that the
displacements and tractions are continuous across the interface between regions. The
governing equations of motion are presented and the solutions are obtained in terms of
cylindrical eigenfunctions modified to satisfy the boundary conditions at the free surface
ground.
Two problems have been analysed: (1) The pipe is surrounded by a homogeneous soft
soil and (2) The pipe lays in a cylinder of soft soil, which is surrounded by a rocky material.
The obtained results show generally that larger stresses and displacements occur in Case (1)
than in Case (2). Thus, it may appear that if the problem is simplified by assuming a pipe
surrounded entirely by a homogenous ground and then the larger estimates is considered, this
will lead to a more conservative (i.e. safe) design implementation. The response is also found
to be considerably influenced by the frequency of the incident wave and the depth of the
embedment.
In [33, 34] by J. Luco and F. De Barros, a method is presented to obtain the three-
dimensional harmonic response of a infinitely long cylindrical shell with circular cross
section embedded in a layered visco-elastic half-space. The shell is subjected to P-, SV- and
SH- waves affecting it at an oblique angle with respect to the axis.
The procedure combines an indirect integral representation for the field in the exterior
half-space with a model of the pipeline based on Donnell shell theory. The integral
representation of the soil is based on the use of moving Green’s functions for the layered
half-space. Extensive literature survey has been also performed, and comparisons with
previous results of two- and three-dimensional models are presented.
In other works [46], the incident impacts are modeled by ground displacement or
acceleration time histories.
 4. Soil – structure interaction

For buried pipelines, seismic hazards can be classified as either wave propagation
hazards or permanent ground deformation (PGD) ones. During the seismic wave
propagation, induced soil strains are transmitted to the pipeline which may rupture in tension
or buckle in compression. Permanent ground movements include surface faulting, lateral
spreading due to liquefaction, and landsliding [3, 4, 13, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28 ].
For understanding the behaviour of a buried pipeline under seismic excitation, an
accurate (i.e. realistic) computational model of the soil – pipe system needs to be found in
order to take into account the dynamic response of the pipe, the material features and the
nature of the earthquake impact.
In [14], Akiyoshi studied the effect of frictional interaction between a pipe and the
surrounding soil. Slippage of buried pipe has been verified in a simple test, using an
experimental setup and an analytical procedure.
Static and dynamic experiments have been carried out. The results from static
experiments executed with very slow axial movement of the pipe show almost Coulomb
friction at the soil-pipe interface, Fig. 4. The skin friction around the pipe in dynamic tests
shows a combination of frictional force of the Coulomb type and an elastic restoring force.
The assumptions made here are that the slippage of frictional type is given independently of
the elastic interaction between the soil and the pipe, i.e. all input energy is consumed in the
response of the pipes without generating reflected waves from the pipe surface, and along the
pipe axis only sinusoidal P-wave propagates.

Fig.4. Representation of a buried frictional pipe and the relationship between frictional force
and slip displacement
In this paper, an equivalent linearization method is applied. After some assumptions
for the representation of the input displacement wave w and the slip displacement u using the
relation u = w - v, the axial displacement and strain of the pipe can be determined.
The model of interaction between the pipeline and the surrounding soil presented in
[6] by Todorov has four degrees of freedom. The first one refers to longitudinal pipe
displacements. The second one shows the downward movement of the pipe. The third one
represents the pipe movement along its horizontal axis, and the fourth one expresses uplift
movements. Everyone of these four parameters has a different mathematical description for
different soil conditions.
In [9], Mavridis and Pitilakis have developed an analytical procedure for calculating
upper bounds for stresses and strains for transverse and axial loading cases of continuous
buried pipelines, taking into account the soil-pipe interaction. Two models based on the
Beam-on-Dynamic-Winkler-Foundation approach have been used for the calculation of both
transverse and axial pipe displacements. It is assumed that the two directions may be
examined independently.
Continuously distributed springs and dashpots are excited at their support by the free
field displacements and they transmit the excitation further to the pipe, producing stresses
and strains, Fig. 5. The seismic excitation is considered as a harmonic function of both time
and space thus defining a seismic S-wave traveling along the pipe axis. The pipeline is
considered continuous, and the soil is assumed to be homogeneous, linear visco-elastic with
material damping of frequency-independent hysteretic type.

Fig. 5 Lateral and axial response models

The governing equations of the pipe motion for transversal and axial directions are
presented. Their solution is performed satisfying the boundary conditions. The solution
expresses the relative displacement and the phase shift between pipe and soil. A detailed
parameter study illustrates the influence of the apparent propagation wave velocity, pipe
diameter and the frequency content of the seismic excitation on the ratio of the pipe to
ground displacement amplitudes and consequently to the induced pipe strains.
Special attention is paid to papers [36 – 45] by researchers of the Banaras Hindu
University in Varanasi, India. They have investigated the dynamic response of buried
orthotropic cylindrical tick-shells subjected to P- , SH- and SV-waves, with an arbitrary
incidence angle. The shell is assumed to be perfectly bounded in the surrounding linearly
elastic, homogeneous and isotropic infinite medium (soil).
The equations of motion are expressed in terms of displacements. The tractions in the
dynamic equations of the embedded shell are expressed completely in terms of the incident
and the scattered field displacements in the surrounding infinite medium.
Effects of the shell orthotropy on its response have been illustrated by changing the
non-dimensional orthotropy parameters of the shell over a wide range. The orthotropy
parameters have been defined using the ratios of the deformation moduli in a cylindrical-
polar coordinate system. It is found that the character and the degree of this influence vary in
wide range depending on the specific combinations and other describing parameters (rigidity
of the surrounding soil, propagation wave’s speed, wavelength, etc.) Results have been
obtained for different soil conditions: hard (rocky), medium and soft soil.
Paper [42] deals with the non-axisymmetric dynamic response of an imperfect bonded
orthotropic buried pipeline due to an incident shear wave. A thin layer between the pipe and
the surrounding soil is assumed possessing both stiffness and damping properties. The degree
of imperfection of the bond is varied by changing the stiffness and the damping parameter of
this layer. It is concluded that in the non-axisymmetric mode, under certain conditions,
consideration of bond imperfection may lead to an even higher value of pipe deformation
than for perfectly bonded pipe.
Additionally to this model, in [37, 41, 43] the effect of stagnant fluid inside the
pipeline has been accounted for. The linear acoustic equation has been used for the wave
propagation in the fluid. It is observed that the effect of fluid presence is depending on the
wavelength and speed of propagation of the incident wave and the soil conditions around the
pipe. The fluid inside a buried pipeline plays an important role affecting the dynamic
response of the pipe. The effect of the fluid is more pronounced in softer soil and the
influence of the fluid on the pipe response increases with increase of the ratio of the fluid
density to that of the pipe. Effects of changes in the thickness to radius ratio of the shell have
been discussed as well.
A comparison between the behaviour of thick and thin buried orthotropic cylindrical
shells subjected to seismic excitation is presented, too. The thick and thin shell equations are
discussed separately. The results show that the axial displacement of the shell may be
significantly affected when the choice is changed from thick to thin shell approximation or
vice versa. The magnitude of difference depends upon the ground conditions around the pipe,
the wavelength and wave propagation velocities.

5. Fluid – Structure Interaction

Due to seismic shaking, additional hydrodynamic surge pressure in pipelines may be
induced. There are some studies for evaluating of this earthquake-induced hydrodynamic
pressure.
In [13], Nakagawa carried out theoretical studies on the effect of dynamic surge
pressure and deduced a formula for calculation of the pressure increase in a pipe dead end
during earthquake excitation. The hydraulic pressure effects on bends, tees and tapered pipe
branches are related to the hydraulic dynamic pressure at a dead end.
The effect of hydrodynamic pressure in pipeline due to seismic excitation is studied in
[10] by Wieland. In this paper, the hydrodynamic pressures in penstocks are governed by the
one-dimensional wave equation and its solution is obtained with the mode superposition
method. The input seismic excitation is specified by acceleration design response spectra
[EC EN 1998-1:2004].
From the numerical examples solved in [10], conclusions may be drawn regarding the
earthquake-induced hydrodynamic pressures:
• The hydrodynamic pressures in short penstocks can become quite high values during
strong earthquake shaking. In this case, resonance-like pressure oscillations can develop, i.e.
the lowest eigenfrequency of the pressure water-conveying system is in the range of the
dominant frequencies of ground shaking. Thus, the assumption of an incompressible fluid
leads to an underestimation of the hydrodynamic pressures.
• In penstocks with a length of several hundred meters and more, the lowest
eigenfrequency of the pressure water-conveying system is far below the dominant
frequencies of the ground motion. In this case, the maximum hydrodynamic pressures in a
compressible fluid are below those of an incompressible fluid.
• The maximum hydrodynamic pressures depend on the shape of the acceleration
response spectrum. In the case of long penstocks, the fundamental period of vibration is of
the order of several seconds, which is beyond that of most buildings and bridges. Hence, the
corresponding design spectrum values are rather low. Moreover, the design response spectra
given in building codes may be rather inaccurate in that range of periods. Therefore, the
design response spectra used for such analyses have to be reviewed carefully. This
conclusion is in conformity with the well-known fact that the seismic response of this type of
structures is controlled by the ground displacements rather than by the accelerations.
The papers [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] by Sv. Lilkova-Markova and V. Djupanov deal with
the dynamic stability of short or long pipes conveying fluid and lying on elastic supports, or
on elastic foundation. It is assumed that the pipe is homogeneous, isotropic and linearly
elastic and the fluid is non-compressible, inviscid and heavy. The fluid escaping from the
free end of the pipe causes vibrations of the complicated three – dimensional mechanical
system (flowing fluid – pipe – supports).
The case of high fluid flow velocity is studied when the reactive force at the free pipe
end in combination with a small dynamic perturbation induces a complicated motion in the
system. The motion amplitude can theoretically increase up to infinity, and the escaping fluid
velocity in this case is the flutter critical velocity. The aim of the mentioned series of papers
is evaluation of this flutter velocity for different models of the pipe and its supports.
The solution is performed using separation of the variables satisfying the boundary
conditions. Parameter studies have been carried out as well, and the results are discussed in
the mentioned works. However, this classical and quite complicated problem of dynamic
stability of the fluid-conveying pipe in regard to the flow velocity is not directly related to
the problem of earthquake-induced vibrations of a pipeline.
In [24], Kolic and Trifunac have studied the hydraulic transients in a dam bottom
outlet during seismic excitation. It is assumed that the dam is rigid with vertical upstream
slope, and the water in the reservoir and in the conduit is compressible. The analysis aims
investigation of the influence of the hydrodynamic pressures due to the earthquake response
of the dam and the reservoir bottom on generation of transient pressures along the bottom
outlet as well as to demonstrate the possibility of using the method of Fourier transform in a
hydraulic transient problem. The proposed numerical technique is implemented on a realistic
bottom outlet model.

6. Conclusions
The carried out review of the currently accessible literature sources shows that the
analysis of buried pipelines subjected to seismic excitation is a field of intensive research
activities. There is a large number of research works, however, concentrated on different
particular aspects of the problem. At the end of this review of the available theoretical
models, some conclusions can be summarized as follows:
♦ The evaluation of seismic-induced hydrodynamic pressures in short or long water-
conveying conduits has been elaborated for some system configurations. Quite limited
number of models have been developed under strongly simplifying assumptions.
♦ The fluid – structure interaction is well studied in respect of the critical fluid
velocity, relating to flutter oscillations, for different boundary conditions and supporting
schemes. This model could not be applied directly in the case of seismic impact since there is
no kinematic excitation applied to the supports.
♦ The extensive research work on the problem of soil – structure interaction has
resulted in many well elaborated computational models covering all important complicated
physical phenomena, including non-linear effects of imperfect bounding and slip between the
pipe and the soil. There are lots of research works considering different type of seismic
waves and different shell models for the pipe and surrounding soil characteristic data.
However, some of these models are too sophisticated but in covering only some particular
effects of the pipe – soil interaction.
To our best knowledge, there is currently no consistent computational model of buried
pipeline subjected to seismic excitation, which even by means of some simplifying
assumptions is able to uniformly cover all aspects of its seismic structural response.
 REFERENCES

1. Paidoussis M. P., Fliud-structure Interactions, ISBN 0-12-544360-9, 1998

2. Orense R., Assessment of liquefaction potential based on peak ground motion parameters,
Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 25 (2005) 225–240, 2004
3. Ivanov R., Takada, Morita, Analytical assessment of the vulnerability of underground jointed
PVC pipeline to fault displacement, Paper no195, 13th WCEE
4. Kisliakov D., Workshop on Vulnerabilities and Integrated Diagnostic Systems for Trunk
Pipelines: Regional Aspects, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, ISPRA, Italy, 2004
5. Pappin J.W., Earthquake Еngineering of Foundation And Lifelines, Paper No 846, 12thECEE
6.Тодоров M., Взаимодействието на вкопани тръбопроводи с почвената среда при
сеизмични въздействия, Годишник на УАСГ, Том XXXIX, 1997 – 1998
7. Yosthizaki K., T. O’Rourke, M. Hamada, Large Scale Experiment of Buried Steel Pipelines
with Elbows Subjected to PGD, JSCE, 2003
8. Yamamoto K., H. Nakamura, Experimental and Numerical Studies on Steel Penstock
Vibrations caused by Pressure Pulsations, JSCE, 2005
9. Mavridis G., K. Pitilakis, Axial And Transverse Seismic Analysis Of Buried Pipeline, Paper
No 1605, 11THWCEE,
10. Wieland M., Hydrodynamic Pressures, Water Power & Dam Construction, 2005
11. Mishra B, P. Upadhyay, On The Dynamic Response Of Fluid – Filled Buried Pipelines,
Journal Of Sound And Vibration 117(1) 59-67, India
12. Borsutzky R., L. Lehmann, Numerical Analysis of Buried Lifelines Exposed To Earthquake
Motion, Paper No 936, 1 ECEES
ST

13. Bull J., Soil Structure Interaction: Numerical Analysis And Modeling, University Of
Newcastle Upon Tyne, Uk, 1994
14. Akiyoshi T., “The Effect Of Ground Movement On Pipelines”, In “Soil-Structure
Interaction: Numerical Analysis And Modeling”, John W. Bull (Ed.), E&Fn Spon, 1994
15. Lilkova-Markova S., V. Al. Dzhupanov, Dynamic Stability of Cantilevered Pipes Supported
By Additional Structural Spring Supports, Part 1.Short Pipes. Proceedings of the 9th Bulgarian National
Congress of TAM, September 19-22, 2001, Pp. 528-534.
16. Lilkova-Markova S., V. Al. Dzhupanov, Dynamic Stability of Cantilevered Pipes Supported
By Additional Structural Spring Supports, Part 2.Long Pipes. Proceedings of the 9th Bulgarian National
Congress of TAM, 2001
17. Лилкова-Маркова Св., В. Джупанов, Динамична устойчивост на запъната тръба,
провеждаща флуид, и лежаща на специална комбинирана опора, Конференция по Акустика,
София, 2001
18. Лилкова-Маркова Св, Влияние на еластичната основа върху динамичната
устойчивост на тръби, провеждащи флуид, при три случая на подпиране. Юбилейна научна
конференция “60 години УАСГ”, София, 2002
19. Lilkova-Markova S., V. Al. Dzhupanov, Statement Ruses Of The Problem On The Dynamic
Stability Of Cantilevered Pipe Conveying Liquid And Lying On Elastic Foundation, Journal Of
Theoretical And Applied Mechanics, Vol. 33, 2003
20. Djondjorov P., V. Vassilev, Dynamic Stability of Viscoelastic Pipes on Elastic Foundations
of Variable Modulus, Journal of Sound and Vibration 297,414-419, 2006
21. Делев К., Стоманени подземни тръбопроводи, София 2004
22. Matsubara K., M. Hoshiya, Soil Spring Constants of Buried Pipelines for Seismic Design,
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2000
23. O’Rourke M.J., X. Liu, Response of Buried Pipeline Subject To Earthquake Effects,
Monograph Series, Multidisciplinary Center Of Earthquake Engineering Research
24. Kolic S., M. Trifunac, Transient Pressures in Hydrotechnical Tunnels During Earthquake,
Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol. 16, 1988
 25. Takada S, M. Nakano, S. Katagiri, K. Tani, S. Koyanagi “Experimental Behaviour Of A
PVC Pipe Subjected To Non-Uniform Subsidence During Earthquake.” Proceedings of The Japanese
Society Of Civil Engineers, 1999
26. Karamitros1 D., G. Bouckovalas, G. Kouretzis, Improved Method For The Analysis
Of Buried Steel Pipelines At Active Strike-Slip Fault Crossings, Paper No: 1454, 1 st
ECEES, 2006
27. Paolucci R., Simplified Modelling Of Continuos Buried Pipelines Subject To Earthquake
Fault Rupture, Paper No: 559, 1st ECEES, 2006
28. Vuna P., A. Chan, S. Dunn, Numerical Analysis Of Wave-Induced Liquefaction Around
Buried Pipeline , Department Of Civil Engineering, University Of Birmingham,
Birmingham
29. Datta S., A. Shah, K. Wong, Dynamic Stresses and Displacements in Buried Pipe, Journal of
Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 110, ASCE. 1984
30. Datta S., A. Shah, K. Wong,, Dynamic Stresses And Displacements in a Buried Tunnel,
Journal Of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 111, ASCE, 1985
31. Datta S., A. Shah, K. Wong, Three-Dimensional Motion of Buried Pipeline. I: Analysis,
Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol. 112, ASCE, 1985
32. Datta S., A. Shah, K. Wong, Three-Dimensional Motion of Buried Pipeline. II: Numerical
Results, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, 1986
33. Luco J., F. C. P. De Barros, Seismic Response Of A Cylindrical Shell Embedded In A
Layered Viscoelastic Half-Space. I: Formulation, EESD, San Diego, 1994
34. Luco J., F. C. P. De Barros, Seismic Response Of A Cylindrical Shell Embedded In A
Layered Viscoelastic Half-Space. II: Validation and Numerical Results, EESD, San Diego, 1994
35. Donnell L., Stability Of Thin Walled Tubes Under Torsion, NACA Report No 479, 1933
36. Singh V, P. Upadhyay, B. Kishor, On the Dynamic Response of Buried Orthotropic
Cylindrical Shells, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1987
37. Upadhyay P., B. Mishra, On the Dynamic Response of Fluid-Filled Buried Pipelines,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1987
38. Singh V, P. Upadhyay, B. Kishor, A Comparison of Thick and Thin Shell Theory, Results
For Buried Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells, Journal of Sound And Vibration, 1987
39. Upadhyay P., B. Mishra, Non-Axisymmetric Dynamic Response of Buried Orthotropic
Cylindrical Shells, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1988
40. Upadhyay P., B. Mishra, Non-Axisymmetric Dynamic Response of Buried Orthotropic
Cylindrical Shells Due To Incident Shear Waves, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1988
41. Upadhyay P., B. Mishra, Dynamic Response of Fluid-Filled Buried Orthotropic Cylindrical
Shells, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 1990
42. Upadhyay P., B. Mishra, J. Dwivedi, Non-Axisymmetric Dynamic Response of Imperfectly
Bounded Buried Orthotropic Pipelines Due To Incident Shear Waves, Journal of Sound and Vibration,
1988
43. Upadhyay P., P.Singh, J. Dwivedi, Non-Axisymmetric Dynamic Response of Imperfectly
Bounded Buried Fluid-Filled Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells Due To Incident Shear Waves, Journal of
Sound and Vibration, 1993
44. Upadhyay P., J. Dwivedi, Effect of Imperfect Bond On The Dynamic Response of Buried
Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells Under Shear Wave Excitation, Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1991
45. Upadhyay P, B. Mishra, J. Dwivedi, Non-Axisymmetric Dynamic Response of Imperfectly
Bounded Buried Orthotropic Pipelines Due To Incident Shear Wave, Journal of Sound and Vibration,
1992
46. Héctor S., C. Carlos, Deformation of Steel Pipes with Internal Pressure under Axial
Compression and Bending Load Under Seismic Action, Paper No 0172, The 14th WCEE, China, 2008
47. Scandella L., C. Smerzini, R. Paolucci, Experimental and Numerical Study on Earthquake –
Induced Ground Strains, Paper No 0009, The 14th WCEE, China, 2008
48. Rofooei F., R. Qorbani, A Parametric Study On Seismic Behavior Of Continuous Buried
Pipeline Due To Wave Propagation, Paper No 0071, The 14th WCEE, China, 2008
 49. Homgjing L., Jin Liu, Yao Baohua, Response Analysis Of Buried Pipeline Due To Large
Ground Movements, Paper No 0134, The 14th WCEE, China, 2008
50. Bielak, Domain Reduction Method for Three-Dimensional Earthquake Modeling In
Localized Regions, Part I: Theory. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
51. Vassilev, Flores-Berrones, Seismic Analysis of Buried Segmented Pipelines, Paper No
1586, the 11th WCEE

ИЗСЛЕДВАНЕ НА ЗАСИПАН НАПОРЕН ТРЪБОПРОВОД ПРИ

ЗЕМЕТРЪСНО ВЪЗДЕЙСТВИЕ. СЪСТОЯНИЕ НА ПРОБЛЕМА.
I. МОДЕЛИРАНЕ НА ФИЗИЧЕСКИТЕ ЯВЛЕНИЯ И МЕТОДИ ЗА
АНАЛИЗ

С. Петкова3, Д. Кисляков4

Ключови думи: засипан тръбопровод, сеизмично въздействие, взаимодействие

тръбопровод – течност и тръбопровод – почва
Научна област: сеизмично инжeнерство, засипан тръбопровод
РЕЗЮМЕ

Настоящата статия представя първата част от систематичен преглед на

основните групи изчислителни модели на засипан тръбопровод при сеизмично
въздействие. От една страна целта на този анализ е да представи най-разпространените
подходи за моделиране и изследване на поведението на засипан тръбопровод при
земетръс и взаимодействията в системата почва-тръба-течност. От друга страна се
цели установяването на пропуските в моделирането на сложното физическо
взаимодествие свързано с динамичния отговор на засипаните тръбопроводи при
сеизмично въздействие.
В първата част на извършения преглед вниманието е насочено към
анализирането на характерните особености на групите изчислителни моделите.
Представени са ключови параметри на моделите, чрез които се описват физическите
явления, възникващи в сложната трикомпонентна система при сеизмично въздействие.
В тази връзка са направени някои изводи по отношение на установените подходи,
трудностите и отворените въпроси в процесите на моделиране и изледване на тези
сложни динамични проблеми.

3
Силвия Петкова; маг. инж. докторант; катедра Хидротехника, УАСГ, бул. Хр.
Смирненски 1, София 1046, България, e-mail: silvia_petkova@mail.bg
4
Димитър Кисляков, доц. д-р. инж.; катедра Хидротехника, УАСГ, бул. Хр. Смирненски
1, София 1046, България, e-mail: kiss_fhe@uacg.bg