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Example
Line Spectra
Example
Ei - Ef = hf
Since f = c/λ,
Ei - Ef = hc/λ
E = KE + EPE
E = ½mv2 + (-kZe2/r)
mv2/r = kZe2/r2
mv2 = kZe2/r
E = ½ kZe2/r + (-kZe2/r)
E = -kZe2/2r
This gives us Bohr's equation for the total energy of the atom
due to the location and speed of the electron.
Ln = mvnrn = nh/2πn = 1, 2, 3, . . .
vn = nh/2πmrn
m(nh/2πmrn)2 = kZe2/rn
rn = (h2/4π2mke2)n2/Z n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Example
Find the radius of the He+ ion when it is in the second excited
state.
En = (- 13.6 eV)Z2/n2 n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
DeBroglie's Explanation
2πr = nλ n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
λ = h/p = h/mv
2πr = nh/mv n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
mvr = nh/2π n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
L = [ℓ(ℓ + 1)]½h/2π
3. The magnetic quantum number, mℓ, describes the effect of
an externally applied magnetic field on the energy of the atom.
If there is no magnetic field, mℓ plays no role in determining
the energy. This is called the Zeeman Effect for its discoverer,
Pieter Zeeman. Values of mℓ depend on ℓ and range from -ℓ to
+ℓ. The component of the angular momentum in the Z
direction is found with:
Lz = mℓh/2π
Example
Another Example
The upper diagram shows the s orbital in the second shell. The
lower diagram shows the p orbital oriented along the Z axis.
X-rays
eV = hc/λ
λ0 = hc/eV
Example