Heat Transfer - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering NEST

LECTURE: 25 - F, 30 November 2001
Natural convection
ES-3003 Heat Transfer • Until now, discussions concentrated on forced-convection systems
• Natural, or free, convection is observed as a result of the motion of the
Today’s topics fluid due to density change arising from the heating process
• Natural convection • The movement of the fluid in free convection results from the buoyancy
• Free convection heat transfer on a vertical flat plate forces imposed on the fluid when its density is changed
• Grashof number • The buoyancy forces are present because the fluid is acted upon by
• Empirical relations for free convection gravity, which is an external force field
• Rayleigh number • Other external force fields can also cause this effect, e.g., centrifugal
• Characteristic dimension fields
• Free convection from vertical planes and cylinders
• Isothermal surfaces
• Constant heat flux surfaces
• Modified Grashof number
• Free convection from horizontal cylinders
• Free convection from horizontal plates
Term B’2001
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Mechanical Engineering/NEST - NanoEngineering, Science, and Technology Mechanical Engineering/NEST - NanoEngineering, Science, and Technology
CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics
Vertical flat plate Equation of motion

 ∂u ∂u  ∂p ∂ 2u
• The velocity profile is quite different ρ  u + v  = − − ρg + µ 2
than the velocity profile in forced  ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y
convection BL
Pressure gradient
Sum of the forces in vertical direction =
= momentum flux ∂p
= − ρ∞ g
 ∂u ∂u  ∂p ∂ 2u ∂x
ρ  u + v  = − − ρg + µ 2
 ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y
 ∂u ∂u  ∂ 2u
ρ  u + v  = g ( ρ ∞ − ρ ) + µ 2
pressure gradient weight of fluid  ∂x ∂y  ∂y
Energy equation Volume coefficient of expansion

 ∂T ∂T  ∂ 2T 1  ∂V  1 V − V∞ ρ −ρ
ρc p  u +v  = k 2 β=   = = ∞
 ∂x ∂y  ∂y V  ∂T  p V T − T∞ ρ (T − T∞ )
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Equation of motion, cont’d Free convection

Integral momentum equation
 ∂u ∂u  ∂ 2u
ρ  u + v  = g ( ρ ∞ − ρ ) + µ 2 d 
δ
 δ
 ρu 2 dy  = τ w + ∫ ρ gβ (T − T∞ )dy =
 ∂x dx  ∫0
∂y  ∂y 
 0
δ
∂u
 ∂u ∂u  ∂ 2u = −µ + ∫ ρ gβ (T − T∞ )dy
ρ  u + v  = gρβ (T − T∞ ) + µ 2 ∂y
 ∂x ∂y  ∂y y =0 0
T = Tw at y=0
For ideal gas T = T∞ at y =δ
1 ∂T
β= Hwrk P-7-3 = 0 at y =δ
T ∂y
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1
Free convection, cont’d Free convection, cont’d
Temperature distribution
u βδ 2 g (Tw − T∞ ) y  y 
2
T − T∞  y 
2
= 1 − 
= 1 −  ux 4u xν δ δ
Tw − T∞  δ 
2
u y y
One more condition is obtained from The velocity profile = 1 − 
ux δ  δ 
 ∂u ∂u  ∂ 2u
ρ  u + v  = gρβ (T − T∞ ) + µ 2
 ∂x ∂y  ∂y
∂ 2u T − T∞
= − gβ at y=0
∂y 2 ν
u βδ 2 g (Tw − T∞ ) y  y 
2
= 1 − 
ux 4u xν δ δ
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Free convection, cont’d Determination of h

Boundary layer thickness dT
Qx = − kA = hA(T − Tw )
δ dy
(0.952 + Pr )
−1 / 2 1/ 4 −1/ 4 w
= 3.93 Pr Gr x
x Using
2
T − T∞  y  2k
gβ (T − T∞ )x 3
= 1 −  h=
Grx = Tw − T∞  δ  δ
ν 2
hx x
= Nu x = 2
Determination of h k δ
dT Nu x = 0.508 Pr1/ 2 (0.952 + Pr )
−1 / 4
Qx = − kA = hA(T − Tw ) Grx1/ 4
dy w
4
h= hx = L
3
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Free convection
Rayleigh number
INTERFEROMETRIC STUDY
For average free convection
N u f = C (Grf Pr f )
m
Rayleigh number
Ra = Gr Pr
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2
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Vertical plates and cylinders Vertical plates and cylinders, cont’d

Vertical cylinder may be treated as a vertical plate is 2
 
D 35  
≥  0.387 Ra 1/ 6 
L GrL3 / 4 N u = 0.68 + 
8 / 27
   0.492   9 /16
For vertical cylinders too small to satisfy the above criterion, the flat plate   1 +    
results should be multiplied by the factor F accounting for the curvature    Pr   
1/ 4
 L  for 10 −1 < RaL < 1012
   
1  D 
F= +1
3  1  
   
  GrL  
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Constant heat flux surfaces Free convection from horizontal cylinders

Modified Grashof number 2
   
1/ 6
gβq x x 4    
Grx* = Grx Nu x =  
kν 2   Gr Pr  
N u = 0.60 + 0.387  
9 / 16 16 / 9
    0.559    
  1 +     
The average heat transfer coefficient     Pr    
5
h= hx = L for qw = const for 10 −5 < Gr Pr < 1012
4
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3
Free convection from horizontal plates, cont’d Complex geometris
Te Brick wall Glass pane

g
Ts Coolant line
L
L
Power supply for Ts
electric heater
Te
Air space Air space
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Complex geometris
CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS
Outer
2πkeff L(Ti − To )
Q=
cylinder ln (ro / ri )
cooled
where effective conductivity keff is
1/ 4
Inner cylinder heated keff  Pr 
= 0.386 1/ 4
 Ra cyl
k  0.861 + Pr 
for 10 2 < Ra cyl < 10 7
4
  Do 
ln 
Ra cyl =   Di  Ra L
(
G 3 Di−3 / 5 + Do−3 / 5 )5
G = (Do − Di ) / 2
Natural convection isotherms for
and the gap G is
heat transfer between concentric
cylinders
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Mechanical Engineering/NEST - NanoEngineering, Science, and Technology
CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics

Heat Transfer - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering NEST

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Heat Transfer - Dept. of Mechanical Engineering NEST

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LECTURE: 25 - F, 30 November 2001

Vertical flat plate Equation of motion

Energy equation Volume coefficient of expansion

Equation of motion, cont’d Free convection

Free convection, cont’d Determination of h

Vertical plates and cylinders Vertical plates and cylinders, cont’d

Constant heat flux surfaces Free convection from horizontal cylinders

Te Brick wall Glass pane

Air space Air space

CHSLT - Center for Holographic Studies and Laser micro-mechaTronics

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