BOL VAN NGUYEN — HA MINH BUC 47 rad CAC THE THO CA vA SY’ PHAT TRIEN COA HINH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIET-NAM (In tin thie hai, 06. BB sang, sita ehitay ae Ge toft [972 wad xudt BAN KHOA HOC XA HOT AA.NOI—1071LOT NOL BAU bidu rf ich str phat trita cia vin hge Vielnam, viee nghién cif ede hinh thize tho ¢a ofa ta vu Oi dirge gt ra tir lau, Rat tie th cudn sich o3 nhdt va eb 18 Li cudn ich fy tién viét 68 vin & nay, cudn Vein thank bit phdp cha Vi Quynh #01 Lé Thénb tng, hig nay cbira tim thay. Lé Quy Dan trong Van dai logi ngit eding nh Phen Huy Cha trong Lich tritu hit churang loni chi (aye Vin tich cht) laf Gi vio mbiing Khia canh khie eda tho ca, Riéng Pham Binh HB trong Vil trung tiy bit, Khi néi én wd th, c6 aim qua v8 tha, tir lye, kinh nghia, van sich. Théi Phap thuge, ngoal mot «6 sich cha nguél Phap ¢6 not aén hinb thire tho ca nhtr Khdo v¥ win hoe Vigt-nam (Etude sur la littérature annamite) cha Cordier hoje cha Villard, Trick iayBa van hoe Viét-nam (Morceaux choisis d'auteurs annamttes) cling cia Cordier ©. c6 miy cu6n trich tuy8m khie ding trong nbA trrong cha Li ‘Thanh ¥, cia Duong Quing Ham, feu co nbi_qua v8 che the ogi adng chi ¥ 28 quytn Vigenam van hoe sir yéu cha Duong Quing Ham. Riéng sich ndi kY v8 hink thike tho ca {t ohidu 6 tinh eich chuyén 48, phii K2 dn che quytn 6 gid tr] nhw Vigt Han van khdo cia Phan KE Binb. Quéc van cv thb che Bai KJ. Ngoai ra cling ca mot s6 sich thie cb dB cip dén tim mat cha vin a8 ubw Nam thi hop tuyen, Bao nzong ca, cela Nguydn Vin Ngoe v.v... Tuy nbién, che soan gid truae day cehua frink bay mOt céch tat o6 hg théng vk May ad moi hish thie tho ca cing voi sy phat trign cia md trong vin hoe vigt-nam. © (1) Sich che Villard efing tring tén voi sich eda Cordier. @) Cordier edn vist mol s6 adch Khke abu Nghf thugt sdn Abin Vigt-nam (Le thésire annarnite).NOI Uép abiing cong trlah cia ngudi trae va dya vio nhiing tim tol va suy nghi riéng eda minh, chting t61 6 ging trinh bay trong cuén sich may mét sé ¥ kién v8 sy phét tridn vA v8 hinh thie cau tae ca cae loel vin vin Vigtanam ti the ca din gian én ther ea ehinh théng trén vin @ain tir xwa aén nay, bude dau d@ ra whiing quy Iuét phat trifa v8 binh thre, nhiing yéu 15 KE thira va sing tgo, nhing phong céch vA hil php tidu bia, nbiing thank tyu v8 sing tao trong ngoo ng tho ca. BBng thet chang 61 cing buire au giél thie die trung va cdu tgo ede hinb thie ther ex trong Ung lovi thE cia no, vol ¥ thite phn Diét tinh sing tgo vol Uh md phdng. yb {6 dan tée voi yéu t6 ngodi Tai, Di vao phan tich sy phat trim cia che inh thie the ca ching toi ludn theo ding nguyén tie hinh thike ludm gin bé voi ngi_dung va phyo wy cho ngi dung va Iudn lay eo s8 noi dung a gidl thtch sy phat frida eds binh thite, Tuy nhién cong trinh may khong phi 1a mot cusn vin hoc sit ma 18 mét chuyén a& vB binh thite ofa ther ea, nén chang 101 nghiéng hn vé viée phim tich binh thie trén co sé gin chit wil noi dung Chiing toi xin cm om tit c& cic ban, cic img cbt A% gop cho nhitog y kién quy biu, va mong tit of cdc ban bd sung cho ubiing chd thin sot Heécndi, ngdy 2 théng 9 ndm 1965 NHONG NGUOI BIEN soANPHAN THO NHAT SU’ PHAT TRIEN CUA HINH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIET-NAM Gurl VIN TORNNES vin héa din tdc bao gdm mbigu mit, trong a6 vin hoe chim mét dia vi kh4 quan trong. Muén bide thiu noi dung, ¥ ngha cha vin hoc, khong tht khOng liry y dén cdc hinh thie vin hoc trong dé cé tho ca. Khong phai ngiv nhién ma xa kia Tao Phi a nbdn manh dén dic trung céc th8 loai khi Ong déoh gid wu Khuyét dim cia cde nha vin Kién-an: « Vin viét vb tig, bidu phai trang abd, v the va nghi ludn phi cho chit, v8 bia va vin t# phai cho that, vé tho phi phai cho dep. Bén thé oai dé khéng gidng nbau cho nan kho ma gidi duge hét ch» (Bidn Iudn Indn van). Sau ndy Leu Hiép, tée gid cudn Van fam diéu long, di chiu Anh hung khé sau sfc quan ditm mj hoc cia cha con Tao Théo. Cé digu, néu Tao Phi qué chi trong dén vé dep cba binh thifc, dong nhw sa vo chi ngbfa vin th, thi Luu Higp tai khong quén zbin manb d&n tinh x4 hoi va tinh thai dai cle vin chuong: « Vin chong thay 48i do su nbudm thim tinh dai va thin suy (cha vin churcog) lai gan lign voi thoi dai» (Van tam dieu Tong, Thoi te) , Qua vay, vi ndi dung va binh thire luda luda GQ Tao Phi (187~226); com ofa Tho Théo va 18 mot mh tho kiém nha pha biah xuit sie trong vin hge 8 dol Trung-quée thoi Nguy Tén Nam Béc trlgu. Nguyén vin edu trén: ¢ Cal téu nghi ngbi nh; ther, luda nghi ly; minh, 181 hwdng thye ; thi, pho doe Ig. Thit e# khoa bat dng, eS ning chi gid bitn ak», @) La Higp: cling ngwbi theh Nevy ‘Tén Nam Bde triBu. Nguyén vin chu trén: Vin bign whim hb thé th, hug phé 1g DB thot tayg4n chat voi mbau nhu hin voibéng, cho nén gidng nh cée hin théi viin héa néi chong, binh thire tho ca cting c6 tinh x4 hi va tinh thi dai ciia né trong ting ching dung lich str efia dio tc. Bat cir hinh thike the ca nto cfing du c6 qué trink phat sinh, tin tridn va bién hoa cia né. Trong qua trinh dé, né duge bai dip bai site séng dan toc, nhung né ciing khong ngieng thu bit nhiing tinh hoa cia van nghé noc ngoai, trong qué trinb bin thanh va phat tit cia Meh si. CO ai chi cdi duge ring tho ca ¢3 Vigt-nam lai khong cé quan bé mat thiét voi tbe ca cd Trung-quée? Va cé ai khdng céng nhan inh, hudng cia tho ca phrong Tay, nhit 1a cia the ca Phap, trong tho ca méi cia ta? Di nhién day cling 14 met nhin 18 cn teu y. Nhung cin ph&i noi ring ohan din ta, khi d& quyét djnh vin ménh cia minh, thi efing quyét dinh c& nn vin hoc cia minh, trong vie thita ké cdi off cling ulur trong viec tip thu va séng tao cdi moi. Lich si di chieng minh ring dan tc ta co mdt site sng phi thuéng, nhan dan ta.cé mét sire sing tao phong phi v8 moi mil vat chiitva tink thin. Cho nén, bén canh dong theca dan gian cd truyén, dang tho ca bac hoc che ta tuy c6 chiu anh burdng lic nhigu Iie it cla tho ca nuéc ngoai, nhung cin ban van chan chira ctam hbn va tinh cdch cha ngwoi Viét-nam », (@) Loi dbng cht ‘Trudag-Chinh x4i v8 con ngwel mol Viet nam trong lip Téng ciréng tink Ding, dl aéa vdo eugc sng mét a2 phyc vg nhén din, phue vu cdch mang tt hon nika. Nha xuit bin Si that, H3-n9i, 10CHUONG 1 QUAN HE Gita Sy XAC DINH TINH THAN DAN TOC VA sy TIEP THU TINH HOA NUGC NGOAT TRONG HINH THUC THO CA VIET-NAM AT nurée ching ta giau dep, nban dan ta anh hing trong sin xudt va chién du, Sire séng cia din toc ta veron Ién manh mé tir dei nay qua doi khée, tir thé ‘hé nay qua thé he khdc. Strc sing dé la co s& cba nén van hién vé vang cha la, voi nhing ditn chiang, nhieng ludt 1g, voi mot nén lich sit tr trong vi Ich sit du tranh lau dai va cd mot n¥n vin ngbé pbong phi; nén vdn hién 46 that ding ty hio nhw nha vin Nguyén Trai dA ndi trong doan mé dan bai Bink Ngé dai cdo: Nite muge Bat Vigl ta tte tribe Von xung nén vin hién 3 lu Chinb nhé c6 a xé¢ dinh tinh thin dan te ddc lap va dan chi trong déu tranh, ma ede th8 tho ca dan gian ola ta tny c6 bj giai cp phong kién coi ré, vin duoc quin ehiing nang niu, do dé ctr diin dn duge phat tridh va nang cao, tién téi lin at va thay thé tig phn che thé tha ca béc hoc c6 yéu (8 ngoai lai. Va cfing chinh nba tiép thy duge tinh thin dan toc dic lap va dan chi dé ma ede nha the lon ciia ta qua cic thai ky niwr Nguyén Trai, Nguyén Binh Khiém, Nguyén, Da 1“‘Ta Xtrong, Sao Nam, Té Hu... mot mat st dung duoc ting ndi quan ching va digu tho dan tOc trong sang tc cia minh, mat kbéc, dia vao sty phong phi ve hinh twgng va am thanh cia tigng ta cing abe sx uytn chuyén cia Joi néi va cia ngé digu dién cAm cia tiéng tama vigt hoa mOt 86 hinb thite the ca cd Trung-quée, Su mé phéng hay viet héa than cng the ca cd Trung- qude dé khong thé xudt phat tir mot au tity tien, ma phai dya vao quy Iuat cia tir vi, cit phép, ng digu tiéng Han, tren co 86 tigp thn cia tir vi, oti phdp, ng& digu tigng Viet. Néu mun so s4nb két cifu cdc 18i tho ca dan tc cba ta wi cic 16i tho ca mo phdng tho ca Trung- quéc, tat nbién ta phai dira trén nhitu mit nhw sb cau trong bai, 8d tir trong cau (cd han dinh hay khong han diob), nh thanh diéu (bing, tric), nhur hip dign (16i ngét dogn), niu van digu (via htrng, van chdn) v.v. Digu nbi bat din dén ch8 tho ca cha ta mé phong kha dé dang tho ca Trung-quéc 14 méi quan he gin gidng va 4m tiét va thanh digu gitta tiéng Hén va tigng Vigt. Ting Hén va ting Viet cht yéu thud vé loai ngon ngé don Am tiét® ; don yj fm tiét trong titng Han vi tiéng Vigt phn nhiu cfing 1a don vj tir, diy 18 mot thuan gi cho vide han dinh duge $6 tw trong cau tho, Thutn lgi nay cang sé khong gp khi chiing ta mo phéng tho ea Phép néu cin ct s6 chan (pied) trong tho Phap d@ tinh 86 tir trong tho Viét, thi dy the 12 chan eda Phép khé ma dp dung cho thanh cong d6i voithe Viet. Mat kbdc, () Gling co ¥ kién cho ring tiag Han va eng Viet khong thuin ty 1a don am tét, (2) M@t chan (pied) trong the Phap c6 th8 gdm mot bo%e hal. ba Am tiét thizoag khdng tiob trong am, tho Nga thi cé tinh trong am va trang Dink trong am roi vao ba fm tiét, nén céeh tinh chm cling ¢6 ch8 Kkhkc x6i tho: Phap. V8 ther Vigt, xem myc Tho méi & phin saue 2thanb digu cia ting Han va thanb diga cha tiéng Viet c6 nbitu ché gin giii nhac: ch hai bén déucé dieu bang, digu tric, cho nén céch xép d¥t tir trong cfu dong uhién la phai theo ngit nghia va ngé dio, nbwag fing khong th8 khong chiéu cS dén quy iuat bing tric ty theo mic 46 cia u2 (ho. Bay cing la mot yu td dic bigt cia tho Han va tho Viet. Sdu thanh trong ting Vigt ® s& twong ting d& dang voi nim thenh trong ling Han ©, Thudn igi cia sx tiép thu tinh boa nghé thuat tho ca neve ngoai lai due ting Ién do tinb ehdt phong pho cia don vi nguyén am va phy am trong ting Vigt. Tigng ta co mudi mgt nguyen am don ® va hai muoi ba pha am don, Chua néi sr 1 hgp gitte piu am voi nguyén Am, hay noi céch két hop am tiét trong ting ta khd Tit leo va khé the vi nh ey t8 hop gidta ban nguyen am / va u voi nguyen fm cé thé xudi nguoc hai chién, cling di lam cho thanh Am Uéng ta rt ddi dao ®, thi dy: ny va ia oe va eo ué va éu ‘Su td hop vé dim cong thém voi su td hop vé thanh di néiétrén, lam cho tigng Viet taco dae tinh hét ste uyen cbuyén dé mo pbéng ede hinh thitc tho ca mde ngoai. Trong cau tho cia ta, tho cd truyén eting nhu tho mo phéng, thanh digu va quy luat bing trée c6 the dung din tigt tin nhip ming cia ctu tho va mite 40 ofa ngit dige trong céu the. Nhung quy Iuat thanb digu (1) Cling 6 ¥ kiém cho ring ting Viet c6 a6 tim thank @) Theo sich Quing vgn édi Tong, tiéng Han xua c6 nim thanb, tibag Han hign del o6 bon thank. 3) Kem chwong Tinh eh ching & sav, G) Diy 18 chuwa kb ba nguyén dm d6t Cia, wo, wa}.va bling tréc d6 clin phai duge fc quy ludt v8 vin va hé tro thi sur phét huy tée dung mdi dirge hoan chink. Néi v2 vin, chung ta thudng néi trong tho ca cd truyfn cia ta o6 hai loai van 1A vin chan va vin lug. Van chan bay van lung tuy ¢6 khdc nhau ve vi tr trong cau tho, déu cé mot chite ning '& lap lai ngit Gm, d& lam ting sr nhjp nhang cia cau tho, va dé lam cho mach tho gin chit véi nbau, déng nay chuyén sang dong kde, ¥ nay ndi voi ¥ kia ding hur Maiaképxki trong cnén Lim tho nhur thé ndo? d& néi la: « Vin digu kbién ching ta quay tre v2 voi dong truéc, bat chung ta phdi nhé dén nd, bat tét cA nhitng dong trinb bay mot tr tung phi gn lai voi nban » ©, Van chan 1a Iéi vin phd bién trong tho es, efing nb tho ahi@u mréc trén thé gigi, con wan hung la mot hién bugng khd dic bidt trong tho ca tay khong phai 1a day nhét, vi 1i vin nay cling c6 trong ca dao déi Hin ®, Vin lung & cau tém (thé lye bat) gieo & tir thir tur hoge tir thirséu, kbigén cho ching ta ngbt dgn quy Iuat t8 hop cia thd bén Ur vei bén ty, bn Ur voi sdu tir hay séu te voi s4u tit, ciing nhw vin ltmg trong cau song that gieo & ti thir nim, khién chring ta nghi toi quy at (3 hop cha thd nim ti voi sdu ta hay nim tir voi bay tir ©, C6 th I6i van img nay 1a ding dp cha nhiing su th hop trén, nhung da dwoe bin béa di, Di sao thi day cfing 18 mét céch bal viin de biét ciia tho ca Vit-nam. Cé didu, xét ve két edu cfia cu tho, ofing nhu xét ve vitricia van, thiréng gico vao tir cudi cia dong tha, thi 76 rang vin lng khdng cé tie cdch déc lap eta mét loai () Trich thoo Timafiep trong cubn Sa thio nguyén lj va lich sk tho Nga, Phin (chong 1), Mac-tu-kboa, 1958 (bin Uéng Nga). (2) Xem chueng Tink chd chung & sau. ) SE nd) & sau. 4“vin, ma chi duge xdc nban va air dung trong khudn khd phdi hop véi vin chdn va hé try cho viin 86, Nhu vay su xdc dinh tinh thin dan toc trong pham vi nay vin khong téch roi tho ca cia ta ra khdi quy luat van digu cia tho ca néi chung 6 cfc niroc. Khi so sé thoca ciba ta v6i tho ca Trung-quée, ngoai vige so sdnb v8 vin nhw da noi & trén, chting ta cdn 90 sanh vé cach ngat nhip, chia ra don vi, tigt (fu, thi du ninr so cau tho niim tir cia ta (thd hat gitim Nghé-Tinh) voi chu tho ngii ngon efa Trung-quéc hay so clu tho song that cia ta (th8 song that Iuc bat) voi cau tho that ngon cla Trung-quéc, ching ta thay nhip cla tho ta 1a é true chin sau, con nhip cia the Trung-quée I chin trage 18 sau, Khong ai ch6i cf duge rang 46 khong phaj 14 mot nét dc sic cilia tho ca cia ta. Tuy nbién, nghién ciru nbip digu cau the, khong thé may méc ma téch nhjp digu ra khdi hé thng eda léi n6i, ma vin phai thiy chite ning chi yéu cite né 1A truy2u cdm mdi dung cia cau tho. Do d6, ching ta khong mgac nbién khi thy thd tho hat giém, néu téch ra kbdi yéu t6 ohac eta hai ca, thi dé Kin 1dn voi tho ngil ngon ve nhip digu, con tinh chit khde wa chic trong cau tho song thét (ba tir 18 & (urbe, bn tir chin & saul) sé duoc bd sung bing tinh uy@n chuyn trong cau tho hét ndi, néu olor dirge sir dung trong tht nay, ho¥e trong cau tho uc bét, néu nb phéi hop voi thd nay. Sau day, hay Idy thi du ve ct lug bat voi tinh ayén chuy2n cia né trong ar biku hin loi noi va ngit digu digm cim, rAt thich hyp cho nghé thuat séng tdc truyén tho va nghé thudt séng tée ngim kbic®, Su td hgp cia th® sdu tt v6i tdm tir to ra thé tho luc bat dic bigt ca Vigt-uam, khéng c6 trong (@) Xem chong Tinh chit chung & sav, () Diy noi ctw Iwe bat trong thd song that Ipc bat.the ca Trung-quéc ’. Néi dén tinh uyan cbuyén ciia thd Ine bat, tit nhién khong i chia mot each may méc cou tho ra ting nhip déi mot: Lue: 2-2-2 Bat :2—-2—2-2 Vi néu lam nhir vay, cau tho chi con mot cai khung lich khdi loi ndi, ma that ra nbjp dign di tinh theo don ‘vi nao cing gin chat voi cdm xtc va tu duy duoc dién dat qua loi tho. Va xét theo ngtt ngbia va ng di¢u cfu tho We bat qua cé chite ning bién hoa theo nbiéu dang khéc nbawt. Thi dy : Cho cau Iyc mang ky higu S, cdo bat mang ky higu 7, ching ta s@ thiy: a) Cau tue c6 ede dang phd bib nhwr sau: L S =6 2 S=s2®@+242 BRB S = 244 4 XS = 4 42 BS, = 8 +B & S S145 b) Cau bat c6 dang phd bién nh sau: LT = B QM 2@e2- 242 3. 246 4, 842 5 aed 6 a+ 5 z B43 8 147 G) Xem sy td hop & sau. (2) Timofiep 45 ndt rat ding: «Bon vi c6 nbjp Au kbdng th? tach ra iehdi 104 n6i, ma phAil& don vi cha 1ot néi, nghTa i& dom vi ota ngtt ngbTa va ngtt igus (xem: Sach G3 din, Ph3u I.chwong 1). 16OT = 2+ 442 10.7, = 1 +3 4+ 4m Sw 13 hop cau Inc voi cau bat sé cho ta t6i thidu la 60 dang cau Ive bat khéc nhau. Sau day 1a séu thi dy twrong 46i pha hop voi séu dang co thay ddi v8 tiét (du sma gid thigt 1a T 06 Qjnh vA S thay adi: ‘Thé 1a tan mot gide mo, o ‘ThE IA eh mot DAL tho nfo nung (Nguyn Binh) Rot tole div ju... rot roi. Trim muon gtot 1¢ n6i Loi vu vo. (ituy Can) Sinh ring: Gla cfu 1a duyén Xwa nay nban @juh thing thién cfing nbidu, (sguyén Du) Troi cao xenb ngit. 0 kia Mal con bac tring bay v8 Bong lai, (Thé Lt) Mot nghin nam mdt van ndin, Con tim vin kiép con tlm virong to. (Nguyén Binb) Ring: Sao trong tit thank minh, Ma ady bong khot ving tenb thé ma? “¢Nguyén Du) G) Ngoat ra, © th cd cée dang khic abr 6 +1; 7+ 1; 145+ 2 mbung khong phd bin. LOt ait mél tir & sau rit idm trong €4 dao ta, thi dy: = Chia héi thie gl? Ring: Con chim chich né dda canh chank. “a dao) ~ Nguyén Bdn am 1 rang: Bay Nghi¢p thin hdn ditt tir dag ching agi. = Ma gid da bidt 16 teang, Thi xem bén hdi ddi chang” rang: bay. (Thitn nam ngé tue) * Bol chang tite 1a Nguy&n Minh Khong va Tt By anh. (2) Bin mél: giot nhe. are f oeC6 mét di8u c¥n cho ¥ 1a cdu tho ye bét, hay nd4 cho chinh xéc [a cup tho luc bét, durge coi nh mot chink thé v8 nhip digu xét trong toan déng tho; do a6, qua andy thi dy tren, chiing ta thiy tiét tu e6 thay d8i cho hgp voi noi dung cau tho, nhung khdng he phd vo nhip diéu cia cdn tho, xét trong toin bé két ciu cha nd, Bat cr ching ta doc mét clip Iyc bét mao qua m&y thi dy trén, ching ta cfing nan dinh duge d6 la nbip di¢u cu the lye bat chir khong phai cau tho ndo khéc. Sir pho dién ngé nghia & day rat nbdt tri trong toan bo voi ar phi hop ngtt Am eta cdu tho. Tinh uyén chuyén cha cfu tho luc bat tgo cho né kha ning bidu bi¢n duce nhida mat eda cude sing. Nhu vay, nhin chung khi xét v8 de trung ciia hinh thitc, clu tho ta cé nhiing ché gin gili vai cau the cb Trung-quéc do ché ging nhau vé ting ndi don am tiét, vé quy ludt bing tric, v8 thanh digu & mot mike 46 twong d8i, Nhung cau tho ta lai cling cé nbitng nét ridng biét ve 16i gieo vin, vé 16i nglt nbip, ndi bat nbat a trong cau tho lye bat. Dua vio cde die trung dé cha titng Han va ting Viet cia hink thite tho-Trung-quéc va hinh thie tho Viet, biréc dau céc nha tho tir xira chi md phéng ©, rdi din din én toi viet hoa tirng mit cia hin thire tho, d& tao ra nbitng thé the mei. Céch viet héa don gin nit la sy phdi hyp nhip digu gitfa tho ta va tho Trung-quée, bing céch xen hai ciu thor tht ngon cita ta vao trong mét bai tht ngdn bat ct Dirong luat, thi du nhw bai Hanh Thién trirong hank cung cha Trin Nhan tong: (1) Tho mo phéng: Xem & phao eau. FyHai cdu ngii lye theo digu song that (lé trrge chia sav): > sgt wo ay | ida abte v0 a ‘Thay hw thu | bam thién hitw thu (Nghia: Tring vo sy | ebiéu ngeét vo sp Nuée ed thu | lng tréi e6 thu). 16i dig nhip digu song thit dua vio tho that ngon Duong ludt v8 san durge Nguyén Trai, Lé Thanh tong, Nguyén Binh Khiém... 4p dung ohiéu trong tho quéc am, thi dy hai ciu tam tir trong bai Ngén cht XII cia Nguyén Trai: Ban cit thféu | ham den min sich ‘Tinh quen ehing | k’6m trie eong mai Tir cach viét héa tren, ede nha tho ta lai nang lén mot céch vigt héa cao hon bang cich phéi hyp cde thé tho khéc nhau, dé tao ra mot th tho mai. Str phéi hop thé luc ngon vai th® thét ngon Dirong luat ® din ti mot thd that ngdn xen luc ngén die bigt cia Vigt-nam. Bay khong phii 1d nbing bai lye ngon thulin ty, cir méi cau e6 sdu tir, cling khong phai nhiing bai trirong don ei c6 xen Ine ngén, thi du nh nhing bai Deong chi thity, Citu vic trong Kink Thi, nhitng bai Ly tao, Cita chong trong Sé tir hay nhiing bai dan ca, nbae pha, tir kbc cia doi Hin, Duong hay nita la mot (@ Trong quyéa NguyEn Trai todn tap (tr. 862), ong Pro Duy Anh a3 phién lol mot each sof Lim haf cfu dé nb sau Bon cit thia dau dén tin séch, Tink quen ching kém tric cing mai (2) Ciing 06 vai DBL ding mgt ngon vor thSt ngon, tht dy bak Rio kink cinh gidt 56 55 cha Nguy8n ‘rst Gid mite 36 tro dt Dia ai qua vg con. Sor bG théng ké, trong Quée dm thi Ip c6 359 cha Tye ngon va trong Héng.dite qui'e dm thi tp c6 272 cau Ie ngdn (theo cae sich Qa in). 086 bai tho cha Tdo Thre, Phé Huyn, Khdng Dung, Ké Khang... doi Nyy Téa, Nam Bac trifu® ma day 1a nhiing bai that ngon céch Iuat cd xen Iuc ngon, ma ching ta thay kha phd bién trong tho quéc Am ea Nguyén Trai, gla Le, Thdoh tong, eis NguyEn Binh Kbiem, oe Trinh 7... Cich phi hgp trén méi cht la céch phot hop don thutin gira hai thé tho Trung-quéc d& tao ra mét thé tho céch luat thir ba, céch phdi hyp sau day Iai tién hon mét bude 14 phdi hop nbigu thé tho Truag-quée voi th8 tho Vigt-nam. Vi dy: bai BB d® théng cénh thi gdm ba kh3: khd diu 1a mot bai luc ngon bét et edch Indt, kbd hai 1a mét bai tht ngén céch Inal, hoa Iei dung nim van bai luc ngén trén, khd ba 1a 18 cu Inc bat gidn thit bién cdch, nghia la vin edu thét— trde gieo & tr thir ba chit Khong phai & tir thir nim nh throng 18: «=, Doanh 1s dong bac phau phau, Binh dang my phét khoan mau diu léng hot nguge tréng Dieu didu quin dich... hay bai BO dé thi® gdm hai khd, khd dau ta mot bai that ngon bat ci cach luat, khd hai 1a mot bai vio br luc bign thé, thi du hai cau au: Ngang BBA don chén LA thio dosh, khen nio xt cong ‘Thanh «3 bink Ng di vol, Qua Ba da lee chi8a Tin ngoe vil, tebng cing ghé tai NF vwrong phye Vidt nhiom nhon,.. G) Gie mba tho owe ta ah NguyBn Hie, Phing Khge Khoan Pham This, Tay DB... cht mo phdng 16i tir khie trong 46 ed diing 161 Ive ngn, chit khéng lim theo th® Ie ngén pha that ‘ugon n6i tréi (2) Xem Trinh Can trong tap Naw d2 Thién hda doanh béch Dinh. Sau Tejoh Can binh nbu kbdng com at lam ahe thé my nia, 3) Trich vtch Zé trifu ng ché quée dm thi (sich cba Thue vién Khoa hge xi hoi Trung wong), (@) Xem thé song thit & phin UL. (5) Ging trich & sich @& din & teen 20Nhin chung, cée th8 tho mdi sdng tg0 tréa, do qué trinh vigt hoa, chi méi dat dén mire do ting hyp thap- Ban dau céc nha tho ta xen bai cau song thé cha ta vio mot bai tho bat ci Burong ludt, sau lai tién toi ding cd thd luc ngon xen vio néta dé tgo ra mot Idi tho céch Inat pha cdch c6 mite dd, chi pha céch 46 tir hen dink trong cau, chtr vin tuan theo niém Inat. The tho Bo dé thing cénh thi hay Bé 2 thi, goi chung 1a thé tho BS 4, tuy cd nét dye déo hon la phéi hop duge voi he thng luc bét gién tht ca ta, nhung ciing chi mirc 46 phdi hop vé timg kh, khd tho logi nto dé rieng logi 6 trong he théng toan bai, chir cha dat dén tin chit 48ng hgp cao ad tao ra mot thé tho hoan toan méi v8 két cu fia bin thire (>, Hinh thire t8ng hop cao gita th8 ngi ngén hay that ngén Trung-quéc voi th? ndi sit va th8 luc bét cia ta, 46 1a th8 Adt ndi®, ThE duge sing tao do su phéi hgp khéo Iéo v8 cde quy Inat thanh digu va nhip digu gifta ting ta va ting Hin, gitta tho ta va tho Han. Cau tho Viet va cau tho Hén & day khong demg tach réi nhau nh @ cdc thé di néi & irén, ma g4n chat voi nhau v8 nhip, v8 vin, v8 khd trong chinh thé cia bai tho. Bimg vé tho cing nhir v8 nhee, khong ai c6 th8 phi nhén duge sy hai héa tuyét ditu v8 thanh didu va nhip digu eta th¥ hat néi, thi du: .. Trém mot tring, dur6i mot tring Xul long ké hi tink ngao ngan, ‘Thiy bi kim boi phan Indng dosn, (1) MQt 46 binh thite the do cde aba tho Viel-nam sing ty theo khudn khd cia tho Budng nbu 161 trigt ha, song Aigp, VF tam thanh (xem phn ID). (2) ThE nét sir dhege ding vio 16i tho hat chic nhw 8 Bél glép thudng déo vin cia La Dike Mao thi chua dat én binh thie th8 bit néi voi quy lust ch§t ch cia nd. aBin trim thiy 48 bn thién thai Ving tring al xé lim bai, Nita in g6t chide niva edi trén ehdng? Nuge may thim thim mot dong, Of day, hai cau th&t ngén Trung-quéc xen vao mot eéch nhip nhang gitta nhéng cau tho Viétnam. Céch phéi hgp gitta cdc thé tho Trung-qudée va tho ta duge 4p dyng nbi’u trong ca khtic, thi du nhur cde digu TI ba, Thién thai, Ngay bin than thd hét ndi ciing 14 mot loai ca kbc, NOi.dén ca kbc, 18 ph&i néi dén tinh nhac va tinh nhac ela ca khiic trong mot chirng mue nbit din van khong téch roi quy Indt cia ting néi, quy luat a6 trong ting Viet 1a quy luat ¥8 thank digu va nbip di¢v. Chinh nhé dua vio quy luat dé ma nl tho Nguyén Cong Trt trong bai hét n6i Cong khai thac, 3 lam mot vige nguge Lai 1a ding chi Han trong toan bai ma 6 xen nhiing cau tho céch luat bing quéc tm vao: « Nhi kim thi hw dinb ain se Phung chi kha Son, Hil eht ahi atta. Sorn giai kim ni hii giai En. Nomling thanh dite nhie son nhir hii, BE bge vin len trong mg bit Non vang dig diy chic tam bd... () Nahi Ai BE chén wang (tite mat tring) déi dogn d6, Nika chlm diy mede, nita trén khéng. Q) Bhi Mita thu choi thaytn dudi tring. Khuyét denb, (8) Xem & phn san, (4) Nei Nay méi 6 chite dinh dién sit Phung chia di khai hoang & Kim-som, Tien-bii, eit la wing, ma BE ta tn Mong dice ven nbur ritl his BE... Noii bai: ndm tay. Tam bb: ba tn chL6i nay efing cht la mét bidt 1¢, nhung Nguyén Cong ‘Tri d& than cong vi nba tho tuy ding chit Hén, nhung vin theo nbip digu cba tho Vidt, ta 1é trade chin sau tong cau song that “, Quy fugt v8 thanh digu va nbip didn, cing nbw quy luat vé I6i gieo van hén hop giita viin chin va vin lung trong cu luc bat, cfing thé bign trong mét sé ca khic ed nhwr ca Hué @, Ca Hué 6 thé trong mot mite 46 ndo dé ehju dnb huang nhac Trung-quée trong cdc bai hét bc mhu Lara thiy, Haérk-vdn..., bay dob bong nhac Chiém-thanh trong cfc bai hét nam nh Nam ai, Nam binh... ®. Nhung néu chi xét v8 mat cfu két fia inh thie céu tho, thi r rang ca Hué mang dge trung cia ce khie Vigt-oam, do quy Iu@t vé thanh digu va nhip di¢u cia tigng Viet chi phi, Nei v8 thanh digu, ca Hug cd niidu mau she ‘Vigt-nam, nhur thién vé gieo van bang “, trong khi dé thica kbc Trung-quée lai kha niu bai gico vin tréc ©, Ve ubip digu, ca Hug c6 ch6 Léy theo nhip digu cau Ine bt, thi du: Nhé khi eude rug edn tho, ‘Them cing thuong tie, phong leu at bi. (Nam bang) bay theo hip digu tho luc bat chwa oan chink, thi dy: Minh gigt minh 401 com Bigt Dao lal quan som mgt during. Tinh (tinh) throng. to virong moi duéng. (Lira Whig) ) Tike 12 haf cau thir 2, thir 3 & tren, @) Day nol ca Hug cB, chir khong phi bd Hué dan gian. (3) ¥ kién aby cn duge che nb& nghién itu tranh Inge. (@) Trong digu Te dai ednh c6 val chd gieo vin tric. (3) Xem myc Tir khiéc & phn eau.hay nita JA theo nbjp digu cha cu song thét (18 tree chin sau), Khde voi cu ca khic Trung-quée 1a o6 nhip digu nguge lai, tht du: so sinh may chu trong trd t ‘bai Hanh van cha ta voi may cau trong trd 1 béi Hank 16 nan cba Trung-quéc: — Cau song thit trong bai Hanh wan cé nbip 3 —~ ‘ThE non vubs | glso ude Két Ad, Tram nha tae de, Diu xa etch, Song tink thong | ebb phy thi thoi. — Cau that ngOn trong bai Hank if nan ob ubip 4 — 3: Ba Mao kinb ce | tedng man man, Kj da kbit kh | hina bank she BB pho quyén tuy | Ky nhén hotn,.. Now vay, loi ca vn theo adt mbip digu ctu the cha mdi dan toc Khdc nhau, 48 bibu hién tinh céch cia dn. toe 46 &, Trén day 18 mot s6 nban xét so bd ve aw xc dink Yinb thin dan tc trong qué trinh tiép thu tinh hoa cha nghe thuat the ca Trung-quéc. Trai hang nghin nim titp xiic voi mn vin hoa Teung-quéc, the ca cha ta chit Anh huéng the ca Trung-quée khé nhitu 1a 18 dwong nbién. Nhung phai chi ¥ rfng trong qué tring nhan din ‘Bi mhiba méi Biét cai kND KE durong trong. ao KE méi mit khéng tré v8 dirge. 2) Tae gli sheh Que vin ew ME (Nha xudt bin Ton Vial; Sai gon) vi chi cha ¥ dén 36 tir cha Iéi ca, mA quén mit nhieu jo dim quan trong ola ca kiuée nh thanh &igu, ab|p 4igu, vin igu, nhge Agu v.v. nén aX nhdn din mgt cach sei im ‘ring che bai ce Hué cila ta Mu sa0 chép b6n aigu bit Trung-qube la Ming tring pking, Dich thiy khéch, Hank 18 nan, Béng phong fodmy thi du trd 1 bai Hanh dn Ub theo ted 1 bat Hanh 16 nan ahy di din & trén. Sy that, oa Ruf da o6 cbfu inh burdng nét fabge mite ngoai, abung cia bin vin la DM bit ca ngudt Vigt.ta dita tranb cho nén dge lap dan toc, thi nhdp dan ta cfing du tranh cho n&n vin héa dan thc, trong 46 co ngh¢ thuat tho ca. Qué trinh vigt héa mot a6 hinh thie tho ca'cd Trung-quée song song voi sy tigp tho tinh hoa nghé thuat tho ca dé, khong mim ngoai pham vi cuge d&u tranh chung néi tren. Gan day hon, tho ca cia ta lai chju Anh hudng tho ca Phép, nbung anh hurdng khong edu sé nbu 416i voi tho ca Trung-quéc. Si di nhu vay 1A do nbigu nguvén phan, thi dy nhu thoi gian dé ho cia thie dan Phép khong dai b&ng thoi Bic thudc, hay tiéng Phép va tiéng la, tho Phép va tho ta khéng cé duge nhing diém tong ing (iéng Phép thudc loai da am tét, khong c6 giong bing, giong tr&c. Tuy nhién, hoan toan khong phai vi nbitng ly do dé ma cau vin Phép, hinh thee the ca Phép khong dnb buéng dén céu vin ta bey ede th? tho ca cia ta. Sy that, 161 dat cau, 165i dong tir, 18i gieo van, li ng&t nhip trong tho Phép déu tham nbap vao tho ta, Chia néi nhtng cau tho méi cé cfu rie céu tho Phép nbw: Boe nay Igob, mat trot at ng sém.. (Tong tw chiba, Xudn Digu) hose: Chitu hom nay, bing mhién, ta Ige bode Vao not day, thé gi6i ven oo bon (ThE gidi von 6 hbny Ché Lan Vien) Hay noi nbitng bai tho that ngon bat ci Duong luat cha Quéch Tan trong Mia cé dién, di c6 bj gd vao khuén khd d6i thnk, déi y, bing tric phan minh, vin khong thoat duge sy ddi mi trong cfu tric loi vin. Chung ta s8 thay ré diéu dé, néu chting ta so sinh mot 86 tho eéch lust cda Quéch Tan voi tho cB, thi dy so adnnhiing chu mé, ctu két trong bai Méng thay Han Mac Tit voi nbting ciu ma, cdu két trong bai Khéc Bang cia On Nhu Hau Nguyén Gia Thidu : Ot Le Thank ®t Of Le Thanbt { Mot gic trize nay lai g&P minh... Tat khde, toi cubs veng c& mong Nh& thuong Qua lec gié qua man | K2 (Mong thdy Han Mac OF Tai Bing of, 63 mBt rat Gitinh, ot ngbto, 6t duyéa ov. 5 MF Mot tinh muén dit cdng them ban) Léo 110 theo hoai et ehfing thoy { KEE (Khbe Bang Céch c&u tr cia hai nha tho 6 ché giéng nhau, dé mi va ket 06 chd ging nhau; nhung tim to, phép cia hai ngwoi & hai thai dai khée nhau, do c&u tric cau tho Han Mac Tit méi hon céu tric the On Nhu Hau la di nbién, va On Nhu Hau lam vit duge cau: Tot khéo, (i ewdi, vang ef mong viv. Voi ¥ thite c4 phan 16 rét. Néi chung ede nbd phi Th) phi) do bat 6, cau sao tho ta vita thira ké va nang cao céc hinh thire-the ca cB truyén, vira tiép thu cé sing lao cdc thé tho méi du nhap ti phurong Tay. C6 ditu chéc chan la cic tho cia dan tdc ta nhw luc bat, song that luc bat, th’ die bigt duoc cde nha tho ta coi trong va dé cao. Trix mot s6 bai tho «Tay qué», khong hop voi phong vi dan tho, nén da roi rung trong thoi gian; con lai bat ctr () Gang cé huy8t n6i ring bai nay cia Nguyén Dye. (tite vua Ty Bik Q) Tee mot danh cba Hin Mge Tix 6 the tongtha méi nao ma thira ké duge hoi tho din toc trong nhip digu va ng digu, déu la nhitng thé tho thanh c6ng, thi dy nhifng ctu the theo thé ty do sau day cha TS Hitu trong bai Ta di toi: ‘Ta di tOl tren awing ta bude Lip; Rin whw thép, ving nbw ang. Dit ng ta tring trimg aiép Miép Cao nbnr nid, Adi nhur song, Chi ta low nbw bids Bong trebe mit. R6 rang trong cdi méi cla cdu tho van c6 cdi cB trayn, dé la nhip digu cla 1h? ndi sit ma chiing ta da thay phang phat trong thé hat néi trén kia(®, Sw xde dinh tinh thin dan toc trong tho ca cia ta tiga trign trén co sé dau tranb cho n&n déc lap dan t0c; sit xéc dinh dé khong h8 loai trir kha nang tigp thu tinh hoa cia ngh@ thuét tho ca nude ngoai, mién 1a nhan té hén ngoai dé cé tée dung bdi bd cho n&n van boa cba ta. Truyén thing yeu nuae va yéu tién bd cia nhdn dan ta xura, trong qua trinh déu tranh va rén lnyén cla minh, 48 din toi sir sing tao nbitng dng tho ca bat hi nbu dong chi ‘Trugng-Chinb da noi: « Nhiing tée phim cd didn la tinh boa cia n8n vin nghé dan toc, qua nbi’u thé kj, do doi sing va tiéng ndi dan toc ngay cing phong phi méi dn dan tao nem, ) ThE néi sittheo nbip 3/¢ Auge 4p dung mot cich Unk hoat vio thd hat noi va th hat nt [gh 1B mgudn gde cha thE tho m61 tam tir hay tam tt bigm eich sau niy. Xen phn IL @) Teich cudaPhiin déin cho mét nn vannght ddn ide phong hit, died ngon co céa ché nghta yéu rurde va chi nghta xd hi, (ba xudt bin Siz tbit a-ag1). 2CHUONG It sy PHAT TRIEN CUA HiNH THUC THO CA TRONG VAN HOC VIRT-NAM 1. Himh thie the ea dan gion, eo sé eta hink thee the en ed truydn dan toe. Now 43 néi & mye trén, cha Ong ching ta vai ¥ ebi tw curgng manb mé, khi du tranh cho n&n (de lap dan gc, th! cfing du tranh cho nn doc lap vin hoa, trong dé cé nén vin hoc vA nghé thuat. NEn vin boc doc lap cha ta ma co sé ld ede hink Unite tho ca cd truybn duge xéc djnh tri qua abing thir théch cia hon bén ngbin nm lich sit. ‘Nhin lai sur phat tridn tho ca, ta thay ring che thé tho ca od truytn dan toe la nbing th8 dirge sir dung phd bign va lam co sb cho sx ra di cia tho moi. Sé di nb véy la vi tho ca cia ta gin chit voi tiéng ndi cle ta, voi cude s®ing cia ta, cOn nhieng hiah thtte tho ca nude ngoai, dit cd duge giai cap thing tri phong kign hay thie dan d@ cao trong nhitng thoi ky lich st nh&t (1) Khai niém Tho ca & day @uge hitu theo ngbfa rong la {at cde tol win vin Venom, mht 45 m6 18 trong Ln Qn,dinh bing céch dem ding vio vide gido dyc & mha trwong, viée thi cir hay vige tuyén traytn cho ché 49 théng tri qua béo chi, sdch v&..., nhurng endi cing cfing khong trénh khdi sy gat bd qua sy sing loc cla nban dan ta trong qué trinh tiép thu nhiing cdi t6t dep cha ‘vin nghé nwéc ngoai, trén co sé n&n vin ngh¢ cd truyén dan toc. Cée binh thie tho ca cd truyén cia ta ndm trong pham trit vdn hoc dan gian tran miéng, do dé ta chia thd hitu rd durge xust xi va nien dai cia nd, Co ditu moi ngwéi ching ta déu biét ring khong phai ngay mot Ie ma ching ta 48 cé duge nhéng cdu tuc ngé, chu a6 hay nhitng bai ca dao, dan ca trong cae dang hoan chinh va 8n dinh cia n6. Nén tho ca dan gian cite ta chi cé thé duge sing tqo va din din duge ning cao theo sir tin trién cia ché do kinb té va xf hoi va su tién tritn cha ling néi din toc voi chire ning biéu bi¢n ckm mic va tu duy trong qué trinh sin xuit va chién d&u. Nghe thuat hat mia cia ta eiing vao loai phat trién sm, ngang véi nhitu dan tc trén thé giéi. Sir sich cia ta, oting nhu sich Cé kim nhac luc cba Trung quéc, 6 chép ring: i Chu Thanh vwong, khi sir nude Viet-thwoug (tke nude ta thai xua) hign.chim tri trang, Chu Cong Bin 6 thing cho sit ta mét bai dan hat goi la Vigt-thiong thao. Truy’n thuyét cia ta Iai cing néi ring Long quan hay dan hat va vua Hang thi 13 nghe dugc titng sdo trai trong mot cdi bang nui, ve sau mii &6 got 1a Thién ciim (Ban trei) ©, Ngoai ra, trén m&t trong ddng Dong Son dvi Hing, c6 hoa vin yé nhdy mua... Rat tiée la ( Nai Thién elm ngay nay da & huygn KG-anh (Ha-tTah), mot ving cia meee Vigt-thwémg xia, VE sau, cha con Hd Qiy Ly bj quan Minh bat & day, qudn Minh a3i chit cllm Ie an ra cht elim Id bot 2%ngay nay ching ta khéng biét duoc nhiing céu hdt, digu mia nao dich xée tr dei Hing cn Iai trong von efi dan tc. Chic chin rng nbitng cau hét ban ddu tir thei throng ed, chua h8 tch khdi qué trink lao dong ma gin chat v6i qad trinh a6 ; c6 thé n6i, d6 1a mot chi ti€ cba cong vige lao dong. hing digu ho chit efi, hd chéo thayén, hd kéo ludi, bd dap dat, nhiing can goi bé, goi nghé, nhing cau tré em hat, tré em choi... 1a ning cu chia tach rei ku ngé, thi dy nhimng cau ddng dao: Xue xe Ke xb Nha nao Con Aen Con lira vv. hay nhiing cau ca dao: ‘Tay km con dso Lam sao cbo sfc BE ma dé cht BI ma af chit Chit ly cbf canh... Khong nha thigt 14 sé tir trong dong tho a8 duge han dink du din ngay tir bude du, ma that ra dong tho dai agin khde nhau, cling nbu khau ngit throng dai ngin kbde nban(®, Nhéng cau hdt dé khong thiéu gi trong tho ca dan gian ciia ta, ma thuong durgc goi 1a Idi fre (D Trong cudn Nghé thadl the ex. Avixt6t ob okie Ain bi ta n6l chuyén voi nhau, ta rSt hay ding trizdng dos céch, obit ft kht sir dung Igc bi cach, va néu e6 thi efing xa Ania ng& rBi> (Chwrong IV, Noh wht bin Vin héa Nghé thujt — Handi), 30chi ti. Vi mang tinh chat khiu ngé, cho nén céu bat dai ngfn thi c6 th8 tay y, nbung nhat thigt ph&i dugc ghép tron trong mgt dong tho, ma khong duge bite clu sang mot dang khic , Nhu vay, edu tho din gian trong qué trinh tign tri8n c6 tink chit tir phat ciia nd, dege chia ra hai huéng: hode la tay tign duge dién dat kitu tric chi tir, hoi 1a tim téi mot hinh thir dn dinh va thich hyp voi Ii digs cim nhiéu mau sfc hon, Huong thir hai dé, dige xéc dinh bang cdc t8 hyp thé nay voi thé khdc d2 hinb thanh ra mot thé moi, rdi thé moi nay lai 8 hop mot laa nia vei mot thd khic, dé tr’ thaoh m6t th8 moi hon v.v. Tt nbién, ay t8 hop nay khong thé vo han dinb, ma ngirng lai khi 44 dat dén mot thé dn dinh va thich hop voi quy lat cia su dién dat ng ngbia va-ngit digu, Cém wie va tur duy 06 the bidu hign bing mét tir va mot tir cé th? 18 mot don vi ciia dong tho, nhung trong vin hoc dan gian ota ta khong c6 thé tho mét tir nhw vay, ma chi c6 the tho voi don vi déng tho nhé mbit la hai ir, cdi kitu nbur bai Xie xe, xtic xé... noi trén, hay mbur bai Ve ve—Ve ve— Nghe vé—Chim cé--Chim si —C4 thu—Chim cu— Ga giée... Vi khong cé th? mgt lir cho nén khong thé ndi thd ba ter 1A sur 18 hop cia thé mot tir voi th8 hai fir, ma thre ch&t thé ba tir, cai kidu nh bai Xia cA me— DE cé chép—Chan nao dep—Bi budn men—Chan mao (1) Tie cau dit chu ngin ging nhw edb tre 66 ast dai ast agin Ging 6 thE goi Ia 161 fririmg dodn cick. (2) Rhi ban ve chin the dan gian Nga, Thmdfiep ai din vottdeap va Verié G2 xbe nhgn ring khong cé hign tugng bic clu dong may sang dong khde trong tho ca dim gian Nga, cing nhtr tho ca dan glan cic mube Tay Au (Phin I, churong 2, sich a3 din. aden—G nha lam ché... hay nhw bai Rong rin © chi durge coi nhw cing voi thé hai tir, 1a hai th co ban: mét chin mgt Ié hay néi theo thual ngt trigt hoc phucog Bong'la mét dm mét dirong. Sur t hop & bac thép la str tB hop don thuin mgt dm vai mt dm nbw: thé hai ter voi hai fir thanb th? bén ti nur kidu bai: BB cu, bd che ‘Tha ric len chy Gi6 diab tung lay... hay 1a m6t duong vdi mét dirong nh thd ba tir voi ba tir thanh thd sdu te nbw kidu cde cdu tue ngit: — An com méi, néi chuy¢n ef — Bét cho sgch, rach cho thom. hay 1a mgt dm véi mét 4m nhw tht hai ti voi bén tie thanh thé sdu tir nhur cu din ca: = Min em mé mfang em — Anh sé chting tir lao khd ©, hay nita 1a mét dm véi mgt ditong nbw: th® hai tir vo; ba tr thanh thé nam tir nite kido ede cau tue ngt: — Com treo, méo nbja at. = An x01 choa, ngong migng ho&e nbu 181 Adt gidim Ngh¢-Tinh, s® noi & pbln hei. () Rbng rin la 161 ang dao, tht dg may cau abu ‘Thiy thude : Rbng rdn dé dan? Rbng rin: Bi Idy thuéc cho con. Thy thude: Con tén may? RBng rin: Con lén mét. Thay tha Rong xin (2) Teich Dan ea mitn Nam Trang-bé (Nbd xuit bin Van hoa. Ha-n60) 32So voi th bén tir thi thé niim tir va thé sdu tir di cao hon vé chat Iugng. Ding la nh vay, vi sé Iyong tt trong dong tho ting lén, sé din dén sw phdi tri kbong phai chi don thuin v8 nbip digu Am tigt, ma con cd v8 nbip digu ciia sux biéu hign chm xic va tr duy. Six phéi tri nay nang tinh da dang cha hinh thitc tho lén mot béc. Tinh da dang nay sé dirge mang diin léa, khi sir td hgp tin Ién bac cao hon, nhur sir td hop cha th ba te voi bdn tir than thé bay 1‘, thi du: Mam son uhip, mam nan efing abip, Phugng hoang dus, bim bjp cing dua hay str {8 hop cha thé bdn fe voi bdn tir thanh th® tam tr, thi du: ‘Thin toi 66 qué, tir thog Len ba; Mt mg may cha, tai chira thmg thay Bung cay durang cy. 101 chira tieng quent hay nifa 1a sir t8 hop cia cde th8 phu bn tir voi ndim tir thanh chin tr, ndm ti voi ném tir thanh mardi tit v.v, Tuy nbién, nhu 44 ndi & dogn trén, su 18 hop khong thd tin tridn mot cach vo han dd duoc, ma phai ding lai kbi gp mot hinb thitc thich dang, Hinb thire dn dink cao nhiit trong nghé thuat the ca cB truy8n cba la chinh la hai th? luc bat va luc bat gidn that, trong 46 thé luc bat durge coi mhwr th? co sé, vi ban than né c6 thé ding riéng m6t minh trong ede thd loai lon nhw di8n ea, trayén the... con luc bat gidn that thi ding nhw tén cha no 1a cong them su t8 hop véi thé bay tir, chie bin than th? bay ti ding riéng mot minb thi lai khong phai la the phd bién va néu nhur cd duge dp dung vao truyén tho (1) SE not & phn 1 2) Trich Dan ea mién Nam Trung.bg (Nba xuit Din Vin hoa, Handi) 3 TC 33kidu Lue stic tranh cong‘ thi tinh hoam chinh c tho sé bj phd vir, v}15i ngat nhip cia nd qué ob kbd hin voi 16i ngat nhip sinh dong cia thd Iye bal nhw di n6i & chong Sir wdc dink tink thin dan t6c... Chung ta da thay ré ring tho lye bat Ia 16i tho cd trayén cba ta, khdc bin voi 16i tho cia Trung-quée v8 céch ngat nip, each gieo vin, Hon thé néa, néu can ctr the he, (@) Day ( mot trudng hyp it thy trong vim hoe ta; ngoai Lue sic tranh eéng, cbwa 16 c6 truygn tho mio whi viy aia khong? (2) & aay c6 chen 4 nhtng ciu nim tir, siu tir v, (B) BS [a Ji ngAL nip 3—4. Xem phn It, @) Liu nay e6 nguet ui tyr th dan tie ma of tim mot s6 chu ‘van xuol na nd trong sir sich Trung-quée (thi dy may eAu trong Kinh dich : «Lue tam: ham chang, khé trinh, hoae tong virang ‘sr, 06 thank hea chung >, rghfa I: hao lye tam trong qué Khon n0i dite ké Yam tOi khong chudng phd trwong, ma chi gig dig anh, theo Lénh vua qixo cho, khdmg vi danb loi ma chi vi bn phan), hay m6t vai céu khis e6 tinh cach xuyén tae, edt xén trong sich Trung dung hoge trong Tong sit d® phis whan ngudn adc dan the cia thé Ie bit Vigt-nam, Sy that, may cw noi trén viét bing nin xudi, Cac cm trong sich Trang dong. Ting sié thi ekt xén khong thanh vin d8, cn edu trong Kink dich trén ia chi la mot sy ngdu mhidn va thit ra, chu lye cing khong ‘ing quy Inst am thanh eda thé Ine bat (xem tap chi Van Sit Dia 16 thang 7.1958), hay Mat Neuyat trong bao Gach mang quée gia (che s6 310 313, 1958, Saigon) AX miy mde va phn khoa hoc & chd tach rit ngi dm ra khAi agit nghTa va ng aigu a2 nol ring th8 ge bit va lye bat giin thit eda ta 1b do thé that ngon Buong Injt ma ra. Lap Iugn ein Mat Nyuyét mhw sau: Rae eit ced Ine bit ndo cfing cb thé daira song thiit diege hay nyxoe tai. Thi dy: Iye bat ra song tht : Lam trai rita bit, quit nha, Vor got thi da, bilm ba toi day (ca dao)vao quy luat t3 hop dé xét vé két ciiu cau tho, ta cang thay 16 th8 dé Ja két qua & mite dO cao cia su td hop gitfe th? sau {it voi the tam fir. Toy nhién, chic chén ngay tir hic du, ciin cir yao quy luat phd hgp cia thanh dieu, nhac digu voi ng digu, cha ong ching ta khong thd c6 durgc dang hon chink sdu tam (+) nhw ching ta thong biét, ma phai trai qua nbitu kbhw md mim, chon loc, sip x8p qua che dang e6 tinh chit titn dé, thi dy nbur efe oft ea dao: 4 aan Nardi den aku Wen, ‘Tim nuge dbng Trin, edng xu shu ma, Nur xiu nhor a ‘Thm mute ding Ted, cing dep nh tien — hay dang: 44 bs thing bitt Hy, bly thing BIEL bo, Chin thang 16 49 m6 i e- thi a3i ra Lam trai pita! bat nha quét ve, Goi bl ba! thi da 107 day (1) v.01 Bit ec eu song thit nao ollng co tht adi ra bal cu thit ngon Dubng Wit dupe, hay ngwge Jal. Thi dy : song that dir that ngom Duong Inge Chang tdi tré vin déng hao higt, Xép bit nghién theo vige dao cung (Chink phu ngém kite) et adira Chang vin tubi ding hao kiGt tre. Biit nghién theo vige xép dao cang v-0.. Siz may mée vi phin khoa hoe elia Mat Nguyét xudt_phit tir tink thin ty dan 9c, eho ring tho ta chdng qua ent Ia mo phéng thor Burémg.RO rang thé tho luc bat hoan chinh yoi nhigu nét dic sic cha né ma ehiing ta cé due ngiy may 1a két tink cba sy sing tao cia éng cha ching ta. Thé lye bét voi nhip digu uyén chuyén, t8 hop v6i cdu song thit vei nhip digu rin chic cia nd, tr thanh thd Ive bat _gidn that la mot thé cé nbip digu rat sinh dong. C6 the ndi th luc bat va thd Iyc bat gidn that 14 hai thé xudt side va phd bign nhdt trong ede hinb thite tho ca cd truytn cia ta. ‘Tuy nhién, khi noi cde binh thire nbw lye bit va luc bat gidn thé titn d&n mite do hoan chink, thi khéng cb nghfa ndi ring cdc hinh thire 46 nh&t thiét khong bao gid bit dang nia. Ching ta khong phi nhn tinh loai biét cia tho ca vA hinh hire tho ca. Nhung binb thire tho ca nhw di noi & chirong trén la gin voi cude sdng va cude sng thay di, thi hinh thire tho ca khdng the khong thay adi, khong thé khong c6 nhiing nét bién dang. Trér lai tir budi ban diu thei thugng cd, ching ta thdy ca, vfi, nhac chwa téch roi nhau“), Bai ca ban du gin chit voi diéu bo cia than th’, digu bo cia dong de trong lao dong, nhw vay 14 di bao gdm ba yéu 15 ndi trén vi dign b6 1a fién dé cita vil, giong hd va Am thanh cita nbip digu dong tée phat ra la tin dB aba ca ba nhge. Din dn bai ca khéng phai chi dimng & ché phuc vu trite tigp qué trinh lao dong, ma cé xu hudng viron len bing céch mo phéng no va nghé thudt béa né di, tay tieng mire 4 nhat dink, Ngay nay ching ta nghe nhéng digu hd sOng MA & Thanb-héa, hd hyi & Quing- binh, hd méi nbi, méi day & Thira.thién, ching ta chi (1) «CA ba nghg thudt vii, nbge vA ca ban Alu cht 1 mot. Nawdn géc cita sy hop nhit a6 14 Ang téc nbjp nhang trong lao ‘dong tap th8 » (bal Chi nghifa Mde ui tho ea, tap chi Recherches internationales, $6 88, 1968) 36con nbén duoc bong ding cia digu hé lao dong, chit Joi ca VA nét nbge 80 v6i di¢a bd lao dng thi 6% duge nang cao va bi€n hda di nbi’u. Bude thir nbit, ca nhac téch khdi vi, dén bude thir hai, nhac Jai tach khdi ca. Ngay nay chting ta dua ra khai ni¢m phan biet ca dao voi dan ca du cé ly do chinh séc cia nd. Dan ca bid nbwr vay 88 khéc voi ca dao & chd la din ca c6 nhac digu cu thé, va néu khi ghi lgi ma tuée bé phiin nhac, tht du nhu Kinh thit', tht chf con Idi ca giéng nhwr ca dao. Theo nghia ciia séch Thuyét vd, cing shir theo Idi chi thich cita sich Mao truyén, thi nghia cd cia tir ca la hdt c6 nhac di theo, con nghia cB eta tir dao la bt cing khong c6 dan so di theo. Higu nh vay thi ca dao 1a mot thudt ng chi bao trim nhing bai hét hoe co nhac, hoge khong cé nhac, Nhung trong thuc t& whiing bai bét cb cia Trung-quéc cing nhwz cia ta thoi rua, vi qué lau doi khong r6 nét phgc nhw thé nao nita, nén chi cdn truy’n va ghi ai durge lei ca. Vay ndi ca dao cd 1a noi nhitng lai ca 6, con n6i dan ca theo nghia hep 14 ndi nhfing bai hit co nét nhac r5 rang, thi dy cde di¢u trdng qudn, ©6 la, quan ho, v.v... 8 di phan bigt khée nhau gitka ca dao va dan ca, la dé higu riding khudn khd cha cau tho lue bat hay luc bat giém th&t hoan chinh cé khi chi thich hgp cho vige sing téc ca dao hay sing tac (Q) Khi nhing bai ca din glan ma aa bd phn ohge Ai va dura chép vao sich a8 hoe (Kinh), thi trong nhiing Ba ca Mo cht con lal e6 7 ngbfa ela Iai tho atta ma thdi (2, 3) Thuyét véin: Boe ca da viét dao (cbt c6 Idi ca khong thoi 18 dao). ‘Mao [rugén: Khe hop uhge viét ca (kinic hat pho! hop voi rnbgc 1a ca). NAT nhé: Dao: ¥i v6 tl trae chi logi, de oa chi (Dao: khong, 6 tong ter tiéng trie @i theo, chi hat riéng)- 7tho, con néu ap dung vao vie sing tac loi ca trong cdc lan digu din ca, thi tay mie do cu th ma khudn khd dé phai gin ra cho thich hgp. Chink str gif ra d6 43 lam cho ede cau Ie bat hay Inc bat gién thét phai chuy&n tir chinh th8 ra bién thé. Hinh thire luc bat bién th? noi day khic hin v6i fién d® Iue bat noi & tren; tin dB luc bat & giai dogn hinh thanh cia ciu tho cé tinh chit kbip kh8nh khong d&y da. Thi du nbw cau: Quan phuong bila chiing 104 vao nha lang. Mung nha lang ném nay git sang pha quy. Con mha lang bude chin ra aang, Tay cim ey mia, cardi nga tia ed di che... va chinh phu vay né méi tién trién dén mite dd hoan chinh, cn luc bat bin thé & giai doan phat tritn cia cau tho, lai ti mire dé boan chinh ma gifin ra, nhung gidn ra trén co s& duy tri cdi cSt cba thé hoan chink, chit khéag hé phi vo n6, tht dy mAy cau bat xim sau day Lie @ém Khuya, suoag Igoh, tring me, Canh tan sugu Unh Tic Day gid em nghi thiromg than. Em tide thay trong 4a tring ngin, NG gleo mink yao €4m phong trin ling choi, Chin hang séu Tin qust hurong tri, Non xanh muve bige a8 singwei bist cho? ma néu bé nbitng lei dém di, chimg ta s€ c6 nhting cau luc bat hoan chinh : em khuya suong laoh tring mi, nh tin rugu tinh, bay gle theong thin, TiSe thay trong gid tring ngin, Gico minh vio dim phong trin ling choi. Hang siu Tn quit huong tral, Non xanh nue bigc ai ngwit biét cho?... c G@) Trong dan ca ta, nhiing Lot dim thuréng 6 chite ning thay thé cho nhiing ndt nbgo, vi dv logi hat xim not tren got hdi hat that rd let, do dy Wri dem lam cho bal ca ndi bit. 38Nhw vay quy luat cia hién tugng bign thé 1a cau the gidin ra do chd duge ting len mot sé long tir d2 bidu hien cho day di ngit digu va nhac digu dién cdm, nhirng voi nguyén tie 18 86 lwong tr them vao dé khong duoc thay thé vi tri cha h¢ théng tir trong the hoan chinh, cfing nhw khong duge anh huéng toi vin va nhip cia hé théng 46. B8i voi I6i luc bat gidn that, quy luat bién thé efing twong tr nh vay. Néi chung, céc hinh thire biém thé cha lye bat va luc bét gidn that rit cn thiét cho ede lan di¢u dan ca hon la vigc sing tac tho, vi tho thi d& c6 ahidu hinh tinke khde thay thé. hin lai cde hinh thire tho ca ed truytn ela ta tir thd hai tir, th8 ba ti 1a hai th cir ban... cho d&n hai th xudt sic nhat va phd bién mbit 1a (AE luc bat va Tue bat gidn that, ching ta thy ring lic dyng va anh hwing gitta cic thd khong ddng déu. Nhiing th8 hai tir, ba tir hin nay coi nbw mit ban, mbiing thé sau tir, bay tir, tm tir vin cén st dung®, Th? bén tir con c6 trong mot 88 tho boxe vé, nbung cing khong phd bign, Thé nim tir dic dung trong sing the ve hat git Nghe — Tinh, So voi cdc th8 trén, thi thé Iyc bat va lue bat gidn that c6 tée dung va anh hwéng lon hon. ThE luc bat duge ding d8 sing tdc cdc loai dién ca va nbit 1a cdc logi truyén tho, nhitng logi 44 chiém mot dja vi quan trong tir thé ky XVI dén dau thé ky XX. Loai didn ca va trayén tho 14 nbting loai tw sir. Ngoai die trung tri tinh, thd Inc bat cdn c6 dife trung ty su, c6 thd tng dip ding yéu clu cba hai logi tren. Dée (1) Khong phil th8 song that trong binh thire Iye bat glin a that @) Trong ther ea hign dei, cde th8 sha tie, biy tix, tam te duoc khai thée sit dyng dw61 dang nguyén thd hode bién thd £6 sing tg0 va eich tin, 39Diet, the luc bat rit thich hyp cho vite dién ca wa vie k® chuyén, vi ting dung lugng eda nd, vira hira hon vA vira 06 Aan, hitu ban trong hai cdu, gdm mudi bin tir, vira di dién dat mot ¥ c6 dong nao dé, thi dy: Nhigu @iéu phi ly gid gong. Neto trong mét meve tht thong haw cing, nhung lai cing va vo han, vi cd thé k8 mot truyén dai nhw truyén Kige. Co thé so sdmh th? luc bdt cia ta voi thé anh hay thé bai tudé ea Trung- quée. Nhung that ra, trong viin hoc cd Trung-quéc, cing chi moi thily nhiing bai hanh dai khodng vai trim cau ma thoi, chia thy cd cudn ti8u thuyét lon nao dién ra bing tho nhwr & ta. Chinh day 1a mét ign trong d& bigt trong tho ca Vidt-nam. Tinh chit via hiru han, vira vo han ciia th® lac bat rét thich hop cho vide ghi chép su kién, md tA tinh y. Nhu trén 4& néi, theo nguyén ly chung, ¥ tir trong cdu lyc bit thong doe ghép tron trong muoi bén tir 1a cing, khéng duge bic clu sang mot cip khée tinh theo don vj dong tho, thi du cau sau day vira tron $+ Chudn chudn mic phat nga wong, BA trot quiin quit tbl thuong mhau ctng.. Tuy vay, cfu true cau tho din gian cling khong dén ndi qué nghiém khie dén mic gd bé sr phat trig tinh ¥ mhur edu tric edu tho céch lngt, va trong nhing trang hop nao dé, van cé thé vuot qua giéi han cia khuén kbd dong tho, tht dy trong bai ca: Than chj nhw cénh hoa seas Ching em nliw béo, nbtr bot chang chen ange vao! Lay Wi cho ef mua rao, Cho sim, cho ehép, cho bk to gid lon, ho sen chim xuérg, cho béo Ién trén. (D The dy bai mgu ngon 100 van cba Bech Car DI git Vi Chi. 40Cap tho phia tren yom mudi siu tir: mei qué 6 hai ti, nhung vin trong khuén kbd luc bat. Ba cau dudi gdm hai muroi ba tir. Mét sw gifin ra trong sy phd vi dong tho va chink su phd va a6 dién dat ding ndi udt hén trong tranh d&u cfia giai cap clin lao. Thé luc bat gidn that cling phat tridm song song vi th’ Ive bét néi trén, cé nbfing die trung gin gidng nh vay, va duge sit dung 8 sang téc cdc loai ty truyén, cée kinic ngam; so vei th8 luc bat thi th nay ding c6 bi han ché hon. Ci hai th€ luc bat va luc bat gién that ign may vin durge si dung trong nbidu lab wye, va vin gid duge chirc ning bigu bién rieng (Ba muoi néim doi ta cb Béng cha TS Hibu). Trong kbuon kbd cia thé loai, nhiv nha the vin dung vei tinh thin sing tao, céch tan. Trong may ngbin nim lich sit, th ea eda ching ta c6 rat nhi8u th® Jogi, nhung phan lon nbing th? loai bj nhan dan ta lng quén som hon chinb la nhifog thé loai tho ca mé phéng nwoc ngoai, riéng cdc thd the ca cd truyén la nhiing thé séng mAi voi cling ta va lam co s& cho aén vin hoc dan thc. 2. Sy phat tridn ca hink thire tho ca tir thé ky thir X cho dén engi thé ky the XIX. Tir ho Khtic diy nghigp vé sau, kj nguyén tw chi murée ta ma ra véi tritu dai Ngo Quyén. Xia kia nee ta bj phong kién phtrong Bac dé hd bang nghin nim, do dé nn vin hoe dan (6¢ ta cing bj kim him. Chinb quyén phong kién nuréc ta duge cing 8 qua cdc tritu dai Dinh, Tin Le va dén doi Ly thi nha nude moi thuc sur durge dn dinh, giai cp phong kién nuéc ta méi tr thanh mot giai cip théng tri dé sire manh doan két mot tang lop nhan dan dé dap tan cde cude xAm hroc “