Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
VERBAL NON-VERBAL
Object
Oral Writing Body Voice Space
Components of Communication
Communication consists of following components.
Context
Sender
Message
Medium
Receiver
Feed back
Types Of Communication
There are two types of communication
• Verbal Communication
o Oral
o Written
Where words are used
• Non-Verbal Communication
o Body
o Voice
o Space
o Object
Number less means
Communication Importance & Benefits
Communication is very important for our personal and as well as for our professional life
Ancient heritage for communication principles “Communication is life blood of every organization”
All organizations are divided their communication in to different steps.
Internal Communication
Internal communication is further divided into different types.
Upward
Downward
Horizontal
Upward
Upward communication is from bottom to top.
Downward
Down communication is from top to bottom.
Horizontal
Horizontal communication is between the persons having same designation. It’s sharing of information and
you just share it at parallel level. There is no reporting.
External Communication
If the communication is with someone who is not a part of organization, it may be supplier, buyer, and seller
its external communication.
Communications theories
Communications Theories are given below
Electronic theory
In 1949 a few scholars presented theory of communication, its called electronic theory. According to it
communication travels in a simple straight line. Electronic signals are transferred. It contains two elements
transmitter and receiver. It’s a linear concept basically.
Message
Sender Receiver
Response
With in environment
Communication Barrier
Some types of communication barriers given below
Psychological Barrier
Participation
Authority
Self
Actualization
Self- Esteem
Physiological needs
Deficiency need and growth needs and without we cont survives such as food, water, sleep and shelter.
Deficiency needs are the most basic needs. Growth needs enhance our lives such as affiliation,
esteem and advancement.
Motivators Achievement, Work itself
Responsibility growth
Advancement recognition
Maintenance
Hygiene Factors Job security working condition
Salary and some benefits
Perform a cost / benefit analysis
Tell them the idea costs less and gives more. the communicator (like a seller) and the audience (like a buyer)
take in to account both the cost and the benefit of the behavior.
Be sensitive to character traits
There are four types of personalities
The controller
This type of personalities preferring to work alone and carefully. They are very consistent and they like facts
and statistics.
The Crusader
The Message Structure
Thinking versus Structure
Thinking
If you start thinking too much you would not be able to communicate so for effective communication first
consider the following points.
• Beware of your assumptions.
• Draw valid conclusions.
• Avoid logical defects.
• Don’t jump at conclusion too fast.
• Don’t go for false causes.
• Don’t hide questionable assumptions.
• Don’t hide ideas by focusing on less important issues.
• Don’t hide ideas behind exaggeration.
• Don’t hide ideas behind irrelevant events and attack.
• Don’t overlook the available alternatives.
• Avoid the catchall explanations you isolate one factor and treat it as the only factor.
Structuring
Provide a hierarchy of your ideas
• Stress you conclusion (Top level Idea) audience memory curve.
• Divide into second level points.
• Subdivide into lower level points.
Put your idea in order to
• For explanatory ideas (explain in order to time components and importance)
• For action ideas (direct approach and start with top level ideas).
• Strongest evidence (indirect approach start with least controversial points).
• Present rejected alternative.
• Use strongest evidence at last.
The Response Feed back Listening Skills
How you look?
Your looks will determine the motivation of others.
Your Posture
(Open posture and close posture) you can adopt open and close posture. Confining your self within your self
is close posture. Open posture is welcomed all the time. Avoid aggressive posture.
Your gesture
Your facial expression is also important. Perhaps most important signals of attentive listing is your eye
contact. the distances between you and the person toughing also communicate your interest and
involvements.altogather the important thing to keep in mind about non verbal signals of listening is how
they make the speaker feel.
How you feel and thing?
Be patient. Controlling feeling is often difficult. Listen to the person you may want to interrupt or
disagree before the person speaking is finished.
Be positive. Improve your self-control.
Don’t block communication.
Listen first then speak.
Empathize with the talker.
Don’t get over affected by talker.look, dress, skin, colour, sex and style.
Don’t take detail notes, give attention to wards as well.
What to say?
Avoid saying something unnecessary.
Stop talking to your self while listening.
Ask general questions.
Ask for clarification.
Use brief phrases.
Reading Skills
Reading comprehension
Try doing active reading
By asking question
The first way to become an active reader is to ask questions as you read. before you start reading ask
yourself that what your purpose is for reading. Questioning before you start reading will increase both your
anticipation and interest.
Use recall technique
To recall anything you must structure it in someway. Annotation is second recall technique. when you
annotate as you read you make the structure visible by using the symbols. the final recall technique is
summarize. Summarize may be mentol, oral, written or a combination. this exercise is normally done by the
students.
Reading speed (SARAS Method)
Survey
The first in saras method is survey. When you survey you need three things only
The beginning
The end and the structural clues.
Surveying allows you understanding quickly.
Analyze
The second step in this method is to analyze it that is base on your survay.you will be able to decide if it is
worth of your time to
Read entire selection
Read only certain points
Not read it at all
Read it at appropriate speed
The first speed is called speed reading or skimming. The second speed is to call general reading or
accelerating then comes careful reading or phrase reading.
Giving feedback
Speaking Feedback
You can ask open-ended questions to know more.
You can read non-verbal signs of peoples when they disagree or they don’t understand.
You can clarify the question at the spot.
You can end it in a positive tone even a bad feedback.
Writing Feedback
You can take more time to make it more proper.
You can be more detailed.
You can give permanent record/evidence.
You can get help from sometime to take a look on your comments.
Trust
Examine your own motivation. You must set your self for help not for creating problems.
Gain trust by using positive sense and words.
Include positive and negative points.
Create sense of understanding, give attention to your comments and their concept that would be
understood.
Receiving Feedback
Avoid defensiveness.
Don’t become defensive while receiving.
Exchange ideas and concepts.
Don’t take criticism of your ideas as criticism of your own/yourself.
Remember rejection of your ideas is not rejection of your self.
People share their insecurity and uncertainty with you and behave a like.
If someone disagree with you don’t immediate defend yourself.
Encourage Response
You must encourage response encourage participants to give respons.don’t interrupt the questions of
audience.
Don’t adopt discovering verbal and non-verbal behavior.
Give time for feedback.
Reward and appreciate feedback.
Message
Message contain on below method
• Introduction
• Detail
• Summary/assurance
• Conclusion
=