Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract This paper presents the modeling and performance A simple and common method of using wind energy in re-
analysis of wind/diesel hybrid generating system. Such configura- mote areas is to operate the wind turbine generator in parallel
tions are typical for remote rural communities which are discon- with diesel generators in order to reduce the average diesel
nected from the larger power grid, such as those located on is- load and hence save fuel. This mode of operation is particu-
lands or in forests. Controllers are designed to ensure operation
larly suitable for systems with relatively small renewable en-
of the wind and diesel units in a cooperative manner, in order to
reduce the fossil-fuel consumption of the diesel generator. The ergy penetrations. Another possible mode of operation that is
system has been simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC for different also effective in overall fuel savings is to run a back-up diesel
wind speed variations. intermittently to make up during sudden power shortages.
This paper presents the modeling and performance analysis
I. INTRODUCTION of wind/diesel hybrid power system investigated for location
at a typical remote community in northern Manitoba, Canada.
574
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
1
PW
Power Lines U As Wv 3 C p W , E Geff
Wind Control Lines PW , E 2 (5)
Turbine 1000000 GMVA
P Village PW , E WRAT
Torque in per unit: T W , E (6)
Load W pp
where W = machine mechanical speed in rad/s
PD GR = gear ratio
Diesel E = pitch angle in degrees
Generator Controller Geff = gear box efficiency
GMVA = machine rated MVA
WRAT = rated speed of machine in electrical rad/s
Fig. 1. A stand-alone wind/diesel hybrid power system. pp = pole pairs.
B. Wind Source Model
A. Wind Turbine Model
A four-component wind model has been used in this paper
The power extracted from the wind is given by [6] that allows representation of base wind velocity, gust wind
component, ramp wind component and noise wind component
P 0.5 U C p Wv 3 As (1)
[7]. The mean wind speed at a reference height will be entered
where P: power, Watt within the component and the external input (Es) can be used
to input any type of wind variation. Actual wind pattern re-
U: density of air, kg/m3 (high density air results in
cordings from field tests can also be imported and be used as
more power)
the wind speed to the turbine model.
Wv: wind speed, m/s (doubling of wind speed re-
sults in an 8 fold increase in power) C. Diesel Generator Model
Cp: coefficient of performance (different types of
wind turbines have different maximum theoretical At the present stage of modeling, the dynamics of the prime
efficiencies but usually between 0.4 and 0.5) mover diesel engine is not fully represented. The controller for
As: swept area of the wind turbine blades in m2 (a the engine is a simple speed governor that keeps the turbine
slight increase in blade length, increases the area operating at its designed speed. The output of the speed gov-
greatly). ernor is throttle signal that controls the fuel going into the en-
gine. This is fed to a first order lag representing the engine
Induction generators are very popular in wind turbine appli- itself. The output of this block is the mechanical torque ap-
cations. They are reliable and well developed. Additionally, plied to the synchronous generator. The power output from the
induction generators are loosely coupled devices, i.e., they are synchronous generator is per-unitized based on the rated
heavily damped and therefore have the ability to absorb slight power level of the machine.
changes in rotor speed whilst remaining connected to the grid. A salient-pole synchronous generator model based on d-q
The operation of the induction machine is determined from the axis theory is used to model the electric generator [8]. The
sign of the electromagnetic torque and the slip, that is negative model is a seventh order model and allows representation of
torque and slip correspond to generator operation whereas transient and sub-transient effects as well as machine satura-
positive torque and slip correspond to motor operation. tion. The machine has an IEEE type solid-state exciter [9].
The MOD-2 wind turbine generator model [7] has been The output field voltage is varied by a control system to main-
used in the simulation. The model determines the turbine’s tain the system voltage at a reference (Vref).
output torque (T) given the wind speed (Wv), the machine
D. Load Model
speed (W) and the pitch angle E. The blade dynamics are ap-
proximated by the following equations: The fixed P/Q load of 1 MW, 0.95 power factor with rated
voltage 13.8 kV (L-L, rms) is considered in the study. The
W
Hub speed: Z H W (2) load is connected into the 13.8 kV distribution network of the
GR serviced community. The load is modeled as a fixed imped-
Wv ance load [9].
Tip speed ratio: J W , Wv (3)
Z H W
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Power coefficient:
To evaluate the performance of the wind/diesel hybrid
power system, an isolated village load of 1 MW has been con-
C p W , E
1
2
J W 0.022 E 2 5.6 e 0.17J W (4) sidered. It is assumed that the diesel generator is supplying
70% of the total load while the remaining 30% is supplied
Power output in per unit: through the wind turbine. The load is connected to the diesel
generator and the wind turbine through short overhead trans-
mission lines of length 0.9 km and 2.5 km respectively.
575
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Fig. 2. PSCAD/EMTDC simulated wind/diesel hybrid system showing the diesel generator.
576
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Fig. 3. PSCAD/EMTDC simulated wind/diesel hybrid system showing the wind turbine.
Fig. 5. Mechanical speed for diesel and wind (in per unit), pitch angle in de-
grees (E) and output torque of the wind turbine (in per unit).
Fig. 4. Output real/reactive power and terminal voltages (in per unit) wave-
forms for diesel and wind at constant wind speed of 10 m/s.
also constant since there is no variation in the wind power
A. Case 1 Steady State output. Therefore, in this case, the diesel generator provides
the power (Pd) to the load which is 0.7 MW. P is the total
This situation occurs when there is no change in the wind power going in to the fixed load. The terminal voltages are
speed (constant wind speed). The various real and reactive also shown in Fig. 4. It should be noted that per unit values of
powers are shown in Fig. 4 for a constant wind speed of 10 powers are shown in Fig. 4 with base value as 1 MVA.
m/s. The generators speeds (Wd & Ww) and pitch angle (Beta)
The induction machine is started at a constant speed variations are shown in Fig. 5. It can be seen that the generator
(1.00127 per unit) which is slightly higher than the rated speed speeds are constant around 1.0 per unit. The pitch angle settles
so as to generate power instead of absorbing power. This is at 14.9q which is around its initial value. This value is same as
only for the purpose of initialization. At 1secs, the operation is derived from equation (6) required to produce the wind turbine
switched to torque mode, which is being controlled by the torque, Tmw, of 0.6 per unit or 0.3 MW. This is evident from
wind turbine. At speed 10m/s, the power output from the in- Fig. 5.
duction generator (Pw) is 0.3 MW. The diesel power output is
577
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
Fig. 8. Corresponding diesel and wind power output waveforms and terminal
voltages.
578
Fifteenth National Power Systems Conference (NPSC), IIT Bombay, December 2008
REFERENCES
[1] E. Ian Baring-Gould, “Wind-Diesel 101”, Proc. 2008 International
Wind-Diesel Workshop, Girdwood, Alaska, April 23-25, 2008,
http://www.akenergyauthority.org/programwindreports.html.
[2] Y. Coughlan, P. Smith, A. Mullane, and M. O’ Malley, “Wind Turbine
Modeling for Power System Stability Analysis-A System Operator Pro-
spective”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp.
929-936, August 2007.
Fig. 10. Power output waveforms and terminal voltages variations with wind [3] P. Sorensen, N. A. Cutululis,, A. Vigueras-Rodriguez, L. E. Jensen, J.
speed when the pitch angle is held constant. Hjerrild, J, M. H. Donovan, H. Madsen, “Power Fluctuations From
Large Wind Farms”, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, No.
3, pp. 958-965, August 2007.
[4] Edgar A. DeMeo, William Grant, Michael R. Milligan and Matthew J.
Schuerger, “Wind Plant Integration”, IEEE Power and Energy Maga-
zine, Vol. 3, No. 6, pp. 38-46, 2005.
[5] A.J. Bowen, M. Cowie and N. Zakay, “The performance of a remote
wind-diesel power system,” Renew Energy, Vol. 22, pp. 429–45, 2001.
[6] Gilbert M. Masters, “Renewable and efficient electric power systems”,
John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, 2004.
[7] P. M. Anderson and Anjan Bose, “Stability simulation of wind turbine
systems”, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems. Vol. PAS 102,
No. 12, pp. 3791-3795, December 1983.
[8] A.M. Gole, R.W. Menzies, H.M. Turanli and D.A. Woodford, “Im-
proved Interfacing of Electrical Machine Models to Electromagnetic
Transients Programs”, IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. PAS-103, No. 9, pp.
2446-2451, Sept. 1984.
[9] PSCAD/EMTDC Power System Simulation Software user’s Manual,
Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada, EMTDC version
2, 1994 release.
[10] A. Murdoch and R.S. Barton, “Control design and performance analysis
Fig. 11. Wind speed and power output waveforms for case 3. of a 6 MW wind turbine-generator”, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus
and Systems, Vol. PAS 102, No. 5, pp. 1340-1347, May 1983.
Typically, a diesel generator has to be operated with at least
40% of the load. The terminal voltages remain constant Amit Kumar Jindal received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering
throughout the process. And the governor of the diesel genera- from G. J. University, Hisar, India in 1996, the M.Eng. degree in electrical
tor is controlling the frequency perfectly. engineering from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India in 1999, and the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from IIT Kanpur, India in 2006. Currently, he
C. Case 3 Sudden Wind Gust is a post-doctoral fellow in the Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. His research interests in-
In this situation, a wind gust is experienced. The wind speed clude modeling and simulation of power electronic circuits, power systems
is suddenly increased from a constant value of 10 m/s to a quality and custom power devices.
higher value of 12 m/s. Figure 11 shows the output power Aniruddha. M. Gole received the B.Tech. degree in electrical engineering
waveforms of wind and diesel generator. It is clearly shown in from IIT Bombay, India, in 1978 and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, in 1982. Currently, he is a Professor of
Fig. 11 that when there is a wind gust, the diesel and wind Electrical and Computer Engineering with the University of Manitoba. He
generator share powers among them in order to supply the holds the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
load. Hence the load is not affected by the wind gust at all and (NSERC) Industrial Research Chair in Power Systems Simulation at the Uni-
the total power delivered to the load remains constant. versity of Manitoba. In 2007 Dr. Gole was awarded the Nari Hingorani
FACTS Award from the IEEE Power Engineering Society.
579