SYNOPSIS

WIND
TURBINE
GENERATOR

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. A.P.SINGH VIKRANT KAUSHIK
H.O.D VINAY KR. SHARMA
ATUL SHAKTI
SANJAY SINGH
SUPERVISIOR TARUN BHARDWAJ
SIR ASHUTOSH ERNEST-E-ALBERT
 ABSTRACT

Wind power is one of the most environment friendly means to generate electricity. The time
taken to set up a wind power project is very short compared to the time taken to set up a
conventional thermal power plant using coal or nuclear energy. A wind farm can be set up in
areas where the wind is fast enough to power a wind turbine. If wind turbines are set up in all
available locations, the energy generated will exceed the world's power requirements

The Wind Turbine generator will consist of a High Voltage DC motor, aluminum/plastic blades,
a 6/12V battery, an inverter (optional) and a bulb (CFL or a LED). To recreate high wind
speeds, we will make use of a Dessert Cooler to rotate our blades which will in turn rotate the
shaft of the DC motor. This will generate electricity which can be used to charge the battery.
The battery is charged only when the voltage generated by the turbine is more than the voltage
rating of the battery. After the battery an inverter is used to convert DC to AC. The generated
electricity can thus be used to light a bulb.

The Voltage output from the wind turbine varies wildly with wind speed. You would be very
liable to damage the inverter or other appliance by running it connected directly to the wind
turbine without a battery bank and control on charge in the system. The load from the battery
bank smoothes out the Voltage to something the inverter can handle, and provides power during
periods of little or no wind.
 INTRODUCTION

Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by
the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are
modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion
energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.
A wind turbine consists of blades which rotate on the application of winds and hence rotates the
shaft of a dynamo which converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy and this can be
further stored in a battery. The stored energy is then converted to AC and used for several
purposes.

Figure 6.1: Picture of a Wind Turbine

Wind Turbines and the Energy in Wind

A wind turbine is a device for converting the kinetic energy in wind into the mechanical energy
of a rotating shaft. Usually that rotating mechanical energy is converted immediately by a
generator into electrical energy. In the large turbines, such as those shown in the picture above,
there is generally a generator on top of the tower. The generator is usually connected to the
turbine shaft through gears which turn the generator at a different speed than the turbine shaft.
Fancy power electronic controls convert the electricity into the correct frequency and voltage to
feed into the power grid (probably 60 Hertz or 50 Hertz depending on which country you live
in).

The first law of thermodynamics tells us the energy out of a wind turbine has to equal the energy
in. The energy in is the kinetic energy from the wind's velocity and air density. It is not possible
to convert all of the wind's kinetic energy into mechanical energy. Some energy must remain in
the wind. The "energy out" is the energy converted by the turbine blades into mechanical energy,
plus whatever energy is left in the air after it passes through the turbine rotors.

How much energy is in the wind? And how much of

that energy can a wind turbine "catch"? Oops, I
mean how much of the wind's energy can a wind
turbine convert into useful electrical energy? As
with all real devices, wind turbines have their
limitations. We can't get it all.

The "D" represents the diameter of the turbine

blades. The blue oval is to show that the circular
area of wind swept by the blades is the area
available for producing power. Kinetic energy is
always a function of mass and velocity. So to know
the energy in the wind we have to know the wind's
velocity as well as the density of the air. The density is the mass per unit volume (kilograms per
cubic meter [kg/m^3], or pounds mass per cubic foot [lbm/ft^3] are a couple of typical examples
of units of density).

Of course, what we are really interested in as engineers and producers or users of electricity is
the power we can get out of the wind. Power is how fast we are producing or using a quantity
energy. Power has units of energy divided by time. A Watt is a unit a power. It represents one
joule of energy transformed every second. A 60 Watt light bulb converts 60 joules of energy
every second into light and heat (mostly heat - don't touch the bulb).

The formula below shows how to calculate the power in the wind (not the power available to us
because we can't get it all):
Efficiency Varies with Wind Speed

A given wind turbine has a "design point" that generally defines its peak efficiency at the wind
speed for which the system is designed. At wind speeds above and below the design speed the
efficiency is the same or less - maybe much less. If a turbine's best efficiency is 40% at a wind
velocity of 9 meters per second (about 20 mph), it will be 40% only at that wind speed. At all
other wind speeds it will be something worse. That wind turbine will generally operate at lower
than its best efficiency, because wind speeds are never constant or average.

The electric power actually produced will be still lower because the generator efficiencies are
also less than 100% (generally in the mid- or low-90's at best), and there are further losses in
the conversion electronics and lines. But this is true of all power technologies. When all these
losses are figured in, you might, if you are lucky, be getting 35% or so of the wind's energy
actually delivered as useful electrical energy to the end user in the very best conditions. The
average might only be in the twenties.

In the formula above, then, we have to add one more number that I don't show. That number is
an efficiecy number that would have to supplied by the manufacturer of the wind turbine, or
experimentally determined by you if you make it yourself. It will not be one number, but a
variable that is a function of wind speed.
9. BLOCK DIAGRAMS