ENO Emp - NM Salary DEP

1) To copy the contents of the table EMP to RAJ1…
CREATE table raj1 as select * from emp;
2) Create a table which contain structure is same as EMP…
CREATE table raj2 as SELECT * from emp where 2=200;
3) Copy emp table to the table which declare our own attribute names..
CREATE table raj1(eno,emp_nm,salary,dep) as SELECT empno,ename,sal,deptno

from emp;
ENO EMP_NM SALARY DEP

7369SMITH 800 20
7499ALLEN 1600 30
7521WARD 1250 30
7566JONES 2975 20
7654MARTIN 1250 30
7698BLAKE 2850 30
7782CLARK 2450 10
7788SCOTT 3000 20
7839KING 5000 10
7844TURNER 1500 30
7876ADAMS 1100 20
7900JAMES 950 30
7902FORD 3000 20
7934MILLER 1300 10
14 rows selected.
4) To improve performance we use NOLOGGING..
CREATE table raj2(eno,emp_nm,salary,dep) NOLOGGING as SELECT

empno,ename,sal,deptno from emp;
-1-
Select
Syntax:
SELECT<col>,<col>,<col> ….FROM <tabname><tabname><tabname>…..;
 It is a data query language or data retrieval language.

 * Represent only columns.
 We also give like this…
SELECT all * from emp;
5) giving Elias names to coloms..
SELECT empno enumber,ename Name from emp;
Note:- Elias name must not in oracle verbs..
Distinct
Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT <col>,<col>,<col> ….FROM <tabname><tabname><tabname>…..;
 To retrieve distinct rows from table.

 It is anci standard keyword.
 We will also use UNIQUE .
6).Display all the unique departments of the employees.
SELECT UNIQUE deptno from emp;
7).Display all unique commissions of employees.
SELECT DISTINCT comm from emp;
8) Display all the unique DEP and JOB combinations
SELECT DISTINCT deptno,job from emp;
 In above query first rows are selected on DEPTNO then it will go to the job.
 SELECT DISTINCT deptno,job from emp
DEPTNO JOB
10CLERK
10MANAGER
-2-
10PRESIDENT
20ANALYST
20CLERK
20MANAGER
30CLERK
30MANAGER
30SALESMAN
9 rows selected.
 select distinct job,deptno from emp;
JOB DEPTNO
ANALYST 20
CLERK 10
CLERK 20
CLERK 30
MANAGER 10
MANAGER 20
MANAGER 30
PRESIDENT 10
SALESMAN 30
9 rows selected.
-3-
Sorting:
Syntax:
SELECT [distinct] <col><col><col>,…. FROM <table><table>….

ORDER BY <col> [ASC/DESC],
<col> [ASC/DESC]…..;
note:- default sort order is ASCENDING order.
9). Display details of all employees the DECENDING order of there employees salary.
SELECT * from emp order by sal desc;
10). Display the descending order of their experience.
SELECT * from emp ORDER BY hiredate;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7499ALLEN SALESMAN 769820-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521WARD SALESMAN 769822-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566JONES MANAGER 783902-APR-81 2975 20
7698BLAKE MANAGER 783901-MAY-81 2850 30
7782CLARK MANAGER 783909-JUN-81 2450 10
7844TURNER SALESMAN 769808-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7654MARTIN SALESMAN 769828-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7839KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
7788SCOTT ANALYST 756619-APR-87 3000 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
14 rows selected.
11). Display the deportment number job, emp no, name & salary on the ASCENDING order of
deptno and DECENDING order of job.
SELECT deptno,job,empno,ename,sal from emp order by 1 asc,2 desc;
(Or)
SELECT deptno,job,empno,ename,sal from emp order by deptno asc,job desc;
DEPTNO JOB EMPNO ENAME SAL

10PRESIDENT 7839KING 5000
10MANAGER 7782CLARK 2450
-4-
10CLERK 7934MILLER 1300
20MANAGER 7566JONES 2975
20CLERK 7369SMITH 800
20CLERK 7876ADAMS 1100
20ANALYST 7788SCOTT 3000
20ANALYST 7902FORD 3000
30SALESMAN 7499ALLEN 1600
30SALESMAN 7654MARTIN 1250
30SALESMAN 7521WARD 1250
30SALESMAN 7844TURNER 1500
30MANAGER 7698BLAKE 2850
30CLERK 7900JAMES 950
14 rows selected.
12). Display all the commissions in DESCENDING order.
SELECT comm From emp order by comm desc;
COMM

1400
500
300
0
14 rows selected.
In above result all null values are came first that is because in oracle during data sorting NULL
VALUES will be consider as BIGGEST value.
 Hear oracle using SINGLE BYTE OVERHEARD mechanism during data sorting ware
aver NULL exist.
SINGLE BYTE OVERHEADE:-
-5-
In this mechanism oracle first sort all the not null values first, to biggest not null values
memory size one byte is added and this memory size is assigned to the null value, considering
null as biggest value.
To diplay null values last…
SELECT comm From emp order by comm desc NULLS FIRST;
COMM

0
300
500
1400
13). Display all the unique deportment number in ascending order.
SELECT DISTINCT deptno from emp order by 1;
DEPTNO
10
20
30
-6-
Where:
Syntax:
SELECT [distinct] <col><col><col>,…. FROM <table><table>….

WHERE <condition>
[ORDER BY <col> [ASC/DESC],
<col> [ASC/DESC]…..];
is to define the restrictions on data selection i.e retrieving specific rows of data based on some
condition.
OPERATORS SQL:-
Arithmetic operations:
+ . - , * , / .
Relational operator:-
< , >, <=, >=, =, IN, BETWEEN, LIKE, IS NULL.
Negation operations:
<> , !=, ^=  not equal to.
NOT IN, NOT BETWEEN, NOT LIKE, IS NOT NULL.
Logical operator:
AND, OR, NOT.
Set operators:
UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, MINUS.
-7-
EXAMPLES:
15). Display name, salary, daily salary, annual salary and experience of all the
employees.
SELECT ename,sal,sal/30 dsal,sal*12 asal,(sysdate-hiredate)/365 exp from emp;

ENAME SAL DSAL ASAL EXP
SMITH 800 26.6666667 9600 28.0832178
ALLEN 1600 53.3333333 19200 27.9051356
WARD 1250 41.6666667 15000 27.8996562
JONES 2975 99.1666667 35700 27.7928069
MARTIN 1250 41.6666667 15000 27.3023959
BLAKE 2850 95 34200 27.7133548
CLARK 2450 81.6666667 29400 27.6065055
SCOTT 3000 100 36000 21.7434918
KING 5000 166.666667 60000 27.1654096
TURNER 1500 50 18000 27.3571904
ADAMS 1100 36.6666667 13200 21.6503411
JAMES 950 31.6666667 11400 27.121574
FORD 3000 100 36000 27.121574
MILLER 1300 43.3333333 15600 26.981848
14 rows selected.
Note:
Date-date is allowed.(it returns days)
Date +date is allowed. (it returns days)
Date-number is allowed(it returns date).
16)display the details of all the managers
SELECT * from emp where job=’MANAGER’;

àsql > i (it use to add one more line to exist)
-8-
17).display all the employees working from deportment 30.
SELECT * from emp where deptno=30;

7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
6 rows selected.
18) List all the emp’s working for the manager 7698.
SELECT * from emp where mgr=7698;

7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
19).list all the emp’s who join after 1980.
SELECT * from emp where hiredate > ’31-dec-1980’;

-9-
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
13 rows selected.
20) list all the emp’s have an experience more then 27 years.
SELECT * from emp where (sysdate-hiredate)/365 >27;

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
11 rows selected.
21) display all the Clarks and salesman.
SELECT * from emp where job=’CLERK’ OR job=’SALESMAN’;

OR
SELECT * from emp where job IN (’CLERK’, ’SALESMAN’);
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
- 10 -
8 rows selected.
22).Display a detail’s of ‘FORD’,’JAMES’, ‘SMITHA’,’DAMS KING’ on descending

order of salary.
SELECT * from emp where ename in (‘FORD’,’JAMES’, ‘SMITHA’,’DAMS KING’)

order by ename desc;
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
23).Display all the employees join in the year 1980.
SELECT * from emp where hiredate between ’01-jan-1980’ and ’31-dec-1980’;

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
24).Display the employees receiving sal from 1250 up to 3000.
SELECT * from emp where sal between 1250 and 3000;

7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
10 rows selected.
25).List all the employees joined in beginning of the third quarter of 1981 still the end of
the second quarter of 1982.
SELECT * from emp where hiredate between '01-jul-1981' and '30-jun-1982';

- 11 -
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
26).Display all the employees how’s annual salary is ranging from 18000 to 42000.
SELECT * from emp where sal*12 between 18000 and 24000;

27).Display all the emp’s working for manager.
SELECT * from emp where mgr is NOT NULL;

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
13 rows selected.
28) Display all the five characters name.
SELECT ename from emp where ename LIKE‘-----‘;
Like:
The delimiter is used is used like character are:
 ‘_’ represent a single charactor.
 % to represent a group of characters.
- 12 -
 IS NULL to identify the null values.
 IS NOT NULL to identify not null values.
29).select the names starting with chars ‘S’.
select ename from emp where ename like ‘A%’;

ENAME
ALLEN
ADAMS
30).list all the names joining a January.
select * from emp where hiredate like '%JAN%';

7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
31).display all the emp’s joined in month which secound character is ‘E’.
select * from emp where hiredate like '%_E_%';

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
Note:
_% = %_ = %
Key:
Sql> C/J/E means Change where J replace with E.
32).List all the emp’s of 1980.

select * from emp where hiredate like '%80';
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800
33).display all the managers working for some other managers.
- 13 -
Select * from emp where job=’MANAGER’ and mgr is NOT NULL;
7782CLARK MANAGER 783909-JUN-81 2450
34).list all employees of department no.20 and receiving annual salary ranging
from 2200 and 40000.
Select * from emp where deptno=20 and sal*12 between 22000 and 40000;
ENAME SAL DEPTNO JOB ASAL

SMITH 800 20CLERK 9600
JONES 2975 20MANAGER 35700
SCOTT 3000 20ANALYST 36000
ADAMS 1100 20CLERK 13200
FORD 3000 20ANALYST 36000
35).display all the emp’s having experience more then 20 years and less then
30,not receiving any commission in the ascending order of salary.
select * from emp

where
(sysdate-hiredate)/365 >20 and
(sysdate-hiredate)/365 <30 and
comm is null order by sal;
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
Note: hear we not use BETWEEN for selecting experience bcz it was not
including 20 and 30.
Between is for including 20 and 30.
36).display details of all employees joined in 1981 but not belongs to the starting
month character ‘A’, working with not registering president and analyst.
select * from emp
- 14 -
where
hiredate between '01-jan-1981' and '31-dec-1981' and
hiredate not like '0%' and
hiredate not like '%_A%' and
job not in('PRESIDENT','CLARK');

- 15 -
Functions:
 Function is a predefined function perform a predefined program.
 Mostly function for calculation or manipulation purpose(not DML).
 EVERY FUNCTION IS RETURN A VALUE.
 For few function inputs are mandate or optional or not required.
(Depending upon the process capabilities )
function are two types:

1)single function:- a function witch process 1 row at a time and return a value .
2)group function :- a function witch process a set of rows at a time and return a
single values .
these functions based an the data types divided into 4 types :

1) number function or airthematic or scientific.
2) character function or string manipulation function.\
3)date function.
4)data convert function or TYPE COST function.
ARITHEMATIC FUNCTION:
a).ABC(number) :- it returns unsigned value.
Select abs(-34343) from dual;

ABS(-34343)
34343
b).ROUND():-
select round(345.126,2) from dual;

ROUND(345.126,2)
345.13
In above 345.126 is rounded up to 2 decimals it was 345.13 but if we give
345.124 it will round as 345.12.
select round(345.124,2) from dual;

ROUND(345.124,2)
345.12
We also round the integers..
Select round(51,-2) from dual;
- 16 -
ROUND(50,-2)
100
Select round(49,-2) from dual;
ROUND(49,-2)
0
TRUNC():-
Select trunc(1234.5678,3) from dual;

TRUNC(1234.5678,3)
1234.567
Select trunc(1234,-3) from dual;

TRUNC(1234,-3)
1000
Select trunc(1999,-3) from dual;

TRUNC(1999,-3)
1000
CEIL():-
 It rounding only decimal points.
 It always round to upper value.
Select ceil(1234.0000001) from dual;

CEIL(1234.0000001)
1235
Select CEIL(1234.99999) from dual;

CEIL(1234.99999)
1235
FLOOR():-
Select floor(1234.00001) from dual;

FLOOR(1234.00001)
1234
- 17 -
SQRT():-
Select sqrt(25) from dual;

SQRT(25)
5
MOD():-
Select mod(45,10) from dual;

MOD(45,10)
5
POWER():-
Select power(5,2) from dual;

POWER(5,2)
25
SIGN():-
 It returns –1 if it is negative otherwise it returns 0.
Select sign(100),sign(0),sign(-100) from dual;

SIGN(100) SIGN(0) SIGN(-100)
1 0 -1
GREATEST(),LEAST() :-
Greatest(),least() functions are also called as functions these two function
accept any no.of arguments these two function works with any data type but all
parameter of these function belongs to same data type.
Select greatest(1,12,35) from dual;

GREATEST(1,12,35)
35
NVL(<col>,<val>):-
 Null value conversion:- this function used to convert a null value into specified not
null value.
 This function required two parameters.
- 18 -
 This function works on any parameters belongs to same data type.
Example:
select nvl(comm,0) from emp;
and we also have function LOG(),LN(),EXP(),SIN(),COS(),TAN()
36).display the employee number, name, sal, annual salary rounded to nearest 100, daily
salary rounded the rupee and experience with 2 decimal places of all the emp’s
Select empno,ename,sal,
round(sal*12,-2) asal,
round(sal/30,0) dsal,
trunc((sysdate-HIREDATE)/365,2) exp
from emp;
EMPNO ENAME SAL ASAL DSAL EXP
7369SMITH 800 9600 27 28.08
7499ALLEN 1600 19200 53 27.9
7521WARD 1250 15000 42 27.9
7566JONES 2975 35700 99 27.79
7654MARTIN 1250 15000 42 27.3
7698BLAKE 2850 34200 95 27.71
7782CLARK 2450 29400 82 27.6
7788SCOTT 3000 36000 100 21.74
7839KING 5000 60000 167 27.16
7844TURNER 1500 18000 50 27.35
7876ADAMS 1100 13200 37 21.65
7900JAMES 950 11400 32 27.12
7902FORD 3000 36000 100 27.12
7934MILLER 1300 15600 43 26.98
37).display all salaries divided by 100.
Select * from emp where mod(sal,100)=0;

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
- 19 -
CHARACTER FUNTION:
UPPER():-
Select upper('rajender') from dual;

UPPER('R
RAJENDER
LOWER():
Select lower(‘RAJENDER’) from dual;

LOWER('R
rajender
INITCAP():
 The first letter of the word convert into upper case.
Select initcap('rajender mca') from dual;

INITCAP('RAJ
Rajender Mca
ASCII():
Select ascii(‘A’) from dual;

ASCII('A')
65
Select ascii('ABCDEF') from dual;
ASCII('A')
65
 So it converts only first char as ASCII.
CHR():
 It convert ASCII as character.

Select chr(65) from dual;
C
A
SUBSTR():
 It require three parameters
1).String
2).which position u want..
3).how many characters u want..
- 20 -
Select substr(‘ameerkpet’,6) from dual;
SUBS
kpet
Select substr(‘ameerpet’,2,4) from dual;

SUBS
meer
Select substr('ameerpet',-5) from dual;

SUBST
erpet
 It counts chars from reverse order.
Select substr('ameerpet',-5,2) from dual;
SU
er
 It counts chars from reverse order and select 2 chars from starting.
INSTR():
 It require four parameters
1).String
2).searching char
3).from which position
4).number of occurred position of that latter(ie.1 st ,2nd,3rd ).
Select instr('ameerpet','e',2,3) from dual;
INSTR('AMEERPET','E',2,3)
7
Display al the emp’s names having a character ‘L’ at least 2 times after the 2 nd
possion.
select * from emp where instr(ename,'L',3,2)>0;
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
LENGTH():
Select length(‘ORACLE’) from dual;

LENGTH('ORACLE')
6
LPAD():
 It pads from left side.
 string or number.
- 21 -
1) Max length of string u want.
2) Character to be filled.
Select lpad(‘5000’,6,’*’) from dual;
LPAD('
**5000
RPAD():
 It pads from right.
Select rpad('5000',6,'*') from dual;
RPAD('
5000**
LTRIM():
 It removes from extreme left.
 Default character which is trimmed is space character.
Select ltrim(‘AMEERPER’,’A’) from dul;
LTRIM('
MEERPER
Select ltrim('AAAAAAMEERPER','A') from dual;

LTRIM('
MEERPER
Select ltrim('AAAAAAMEERPER','AME') from dual;

LTRI
RPER
RTRIM():
 It trimmed from extreme right.
Select rtrim('AAAAAAMEERPER','R') from dual;
RTRIM('AAAAA
AAAAAAMEERPE
Select rtrim('AAAAAAMEERPERRRRR','ER') from dual;
RTRIM('AAAA
AAAAAAMEERP
CONCAT():
 It joins two strings.
 We also use pipe simbole(||).
Select concat('this is ','my home…') from dual;
CONCAT('THISIS'
- 22 -
this is myhome…
Select 'this is '||'orcle class' from dual;

'THISIS'||'ORCLECLA
this is orcle class
TRANSLATE():
 It decode the given string.
 In this function first we give the string and then we specify the coding.
Select translate ('AMEERPET','ABCDEFGHIJKLM','123456789abcd')from dual;
TRANSLAT
1d55RP5T
REPLACE():
 This function find the string and replace with encoding string.
1).the main string.
2).string which is to be replaced with encoding.
3).encoding string or characters.
Select replace('AMEERPET','P','12345') from dual;
REPLACE('AME
AMEER12345ET
DECODE():
 It is like a NESTED IF-ELSE statement in languages.
 It decode different string with different coding.
Select job,decode(job,’CLERK’,’C’,
‘MANAGER’,’M’,
‘SALESMAN’,’S’,
‘UNKNOUN JOB’) from emp;
JOB DECODE(JOB,
CLERK C
SALESMAN S
SALESMAN S
MANAGER M
SALESMAN S
MANAGER M
MANAGER M
ANALYST UNKNOUN JOB
PRESIDENT UNKNOUN JOB
SALESMAN S
- 23 -
CLERK C
CLERK C
ANALYST UNKNOUN JOB
CLERK C
14 rows selected
 We also use CASE statement.
Select job,case job

When ’CLERK’ then ’C’,
when ‘MANAGER’ then ’M’,
when ‘SALESMAN’ then ’S’,
else ‘UNKNOUN JOB’
end job_code
from emp;
JOB JOB_CODE
CLERK C
SALESMAN S
SALESMAN S
MANAGER M
SALESMAN S
MANAGER M
MANAGER M
ANALYST UNKNOUN JOB
PRESIDENT UNKNOUN JOB
SALESMAN S
CLERK C
CLERK C
ANALYST UNKNOUN JOB
CLERK C
14 rows selected.
Note: hear job-code is alias name.
38).display all six character named employees.

Select ename from emp where length(ename)=6;
ENAME
MARTIN
TURNER
MILLER
- 24 -
39).display the all emp’s who’s joined in first 5 days of any month.
Select * from emp where substr(hiredate,1,2) between 1 and 5;
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
40).display enames having charact AEIOU IN SECOND position.

Select ename from emp where substr(ename,2,1) in(‘A’,’E’,’I’,’O’,’U’);
ENAME
WARD
JONES
MARTIN
KING
TURNER
JAMES
FORD
MILLER
8 rows selected
41)Display details of all emp’s of following formate.

Mr.smith is working with the dept 10 for the manager(mgrno) with a salary
Rs.1250 since 81.
select concat('Mr.',
concat(initcap(ename),
concat('is worcking for the dept ',
concat('deptno',
concat(' for the manager ',
concat(mgr,
concat(' as ',
concat(upper(job),
concat(' with a salary Rs. ',
concat(sal,
concat(' since ',substr(hiredate,8))))))))))) ) emp_details from em;
EMP_DETAILS
Mr.Smithis working for the dept deptno for the manager 7902 as CLERK with a salary
Rs. 800 since 80
Mr.Allenis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7698 as SALESMAN with a
salary Rs. 1600 since 81
Mr.Wardis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7698 as SALESMAN with a
- 25 -
Mr.Jonesis working for the dept deptno for the manager 7839 as MANAGER with a
Mr.Martinis working for the dept deptno for the manager 7698 as SALESMAN with a
Mr.Blakeis working for the dept deptno for the manager 7839 as MANAGER with a
Mr.Clarkis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7839 as MANAGER with a
Mr.Scottis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7566 as ANALYST with a
Mr.Kingis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager as PRESIDENT with a salary
Rs. 5000 since 81
Mr.Turneris worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7698 as SALESMAN with a
Mr.Adamsis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7788 as CLERK with a salary
Rs. 1100 since 87
Mr.Jamesis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7698 as CLERK with a salary
Rs. 950 since 81
Mr.Fordis worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7566 as ANALYST with a
Mr.Milleris worcking for the dept deptno for the manager 7782 as CLERK with a salary
Rs. 1300 since 82
14 rows selected.
42)encrypt all the employees names with special chares.
Data conversion function

1) IMPLECIT CONVERCTION:
when oracle convert the data in one format to other then it is called as
implicit converction
2) EXPLICIT CONVERCTION:-
these are three types..
 To_char()
 To_ number()
 To_date()
To_char():-
 To convert number into character.
 To covert date into character.
Formate:
To_char(number[,’FORMATE])
To_char(date[,’format’])
Select to-char(1234) from dual;
Vsize():- virtual memory function
 This function is to maser the memory in bytes.
- 26 -
 This function accept any data type required sing paramitor.
Select vsize(123456),vsize(to_char(123456)) from dual;

VSIZE(123456) VSIZE(TO_CHAR(123456))
4 6
Select to_char(123456,’9999999.99’) from dual;

TO_CHAR(1234
123456.00
Select to_char(sysdate) from dual;

TO_CHAR(S
10-JAN-09
Select to_char(sysdate,’mm/dd/yyyy’) from dual;

TO_CHAR(SY
01/10/2009
To number():-
Select to_number(‘123’) from dual;
TO_NUMBER('123')
123
Select to_number(‘123456.00’,999999.99) from dual;

TO_NUMBER('123456.00',999999.99)
123456
Select to_number(‘123456’,999999.99) from dual;

ORA-00939: too many arguments for function
(it gives error).
To_date:-
Select to_date(‘10123495’,’mm/dd/yyyy’) from dual;

TO_DATE('
12-OCT-95
Date function:-
Months _between(date,date)
 It gives the difference between the months.
- 27 -
Select months_between(sysdate,’09-jan-2000’) from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'09-JAN-2000')
108.045612
Select abs(months_between('09-jan-2000','09-mar-2008')) from dual;

ABS(MONTHS_BETWEEN('09-JAN-2000','09-MAR-2008'))
98
Add_months(date,number)
 Add no.of months to given date.

 Year must be -4713 and +9999 butnot ‘0’(zero).
Select add_months(sysdate,12) from dual;
ADD_MONTH
10-JAN-10
Last_day(date)
 It returns the last day of month.
Select last_day('09-feb-2000') from dual;
LAST_DAY(
29-FEB-00
Next_day(date,’day’)
 It returns first day(sun,mon….) after sys_date of the next week
 This function returns the date which specified from sysdate.
Select next_day(sysdate,’tue’) from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
13-JAN-09
Greatest():
Select greatest(’09-jan-2000’,’30-mar-1200’,’23-apr-1980’) from dual;

GREATEST('0
30-mar-1200
The above query(v(’09-jan-2000’) is not date it is characters.

The first one parameter data type is the measure of other data type.
Select greatest(sysdate,'09-feb-3000',sysdate,'09-jan-1200') from dual;

GREATEST(
09-FEB-00
- 28 -
Select greatest(’09-feb-3000’,sysdate,’09-jan-1200’) from dual;
GREATEST('0
10-JAN-09
Display the empno , name ,sal, daily sal of all the salesman (as per days of
month)
42) Select empno,ename,sal,sal/last_day(sysdate) ds-sal from emp where

job=’SALESMAN’) ;
ORA-00932: inconsistent datatypes: expected NUMBER got DATE

 Above last-day(sysdate) is returning a date which we are dividing with
number so this we convert into number or char.
Select empno,ename,sal,sal/to_number(substr(last_day(sysdate),1,2)) ds_sal

from emp where job='SALESMAN';
(or)
Select empno,ename,sal,sal/to_char(substr(last_day(sysdate),1,2)) ds_sal from emp
where job='SALESMAN';
EMPNO ENAME SAL DS_SAL
7499ALLEN 1600 51.6129032
7521WARD 1250 40.3225806
7654MARTIN 1250 40.3225806
7844TURNER 1500 48.3870968
43) Daily salary of previous month.
Select empno,ename,sal
Sal/(to_char(last_day(add_months(sysdate,-1),’dd’))) d_sal from emp;
EMPNO ENAME SAL DSAL
7369SMITH 800 25.8064516
7499ALLEN 1600 51.6129032
7521WARD 1250 40.3225806
7566JONES 2975 95.9677419
7654MARTIN 1250 40.3225806
7698BLAKE 2850 91.9354839
7782CLARK 2450 79.0322581
7788SCOTT 3000 96.7741935
7839KING 5000 161.290323
7844TURNER 1500 48.3870968
7876ADAMS 1100 35.483871
7900JAMES 950 30.6451613
7902FORD 3000 96.7741935
- 29 -
7934MILLER 1300 41.9354839
14 rows selected
44) display total no.of remaining day in the month after current date.
Select
to_char(last_day(sysdate),'dd')total_days,
To_char(sysdate,'dd') no_of_days_ex,
To_char(last_day(sysdate),'dd') - to_char(sysdate,'dd') no_of_days_re
from dual;
TO NO NO_OF_DAYS_RE
31 10 21
45)find the total no.of days of current year.

46) find the total no.of days of any given year.
Least():-
DATE FORMATES:
d - for day of week.

dd - for date
ddd - for day of the year
dy - week day in character from (mon,tue..)
- 30 -
day - it week day in character from (Monday,Tuesday,…)
select to_char(sysdate,'d dd ddd dy day') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DDDDDDDYDAY'
7 10 010 sat saturday
MONTH FORMATES:
select to_char(sysdate,'mon month mm rm Rm') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'MONMONTHMMR
jan january 01 i I
YEAR FORMATES:
select to_char(sysdate,'y yy yyy yyyy') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDA
9 09 009 2009
select to_char(sysdate,'year') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR')
two thousand nine
select to_char(sysdate,'YEAR') from dual;

TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YEAR')
TWO THOUSAND NINE
TIME FORMATES:
select to_char(sysdate,'hh hh12 hh24 mi ss sssss') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HHH
11 11 11 27 04 41224
Select to_char(sysdate,'am pm') from dual;
TO_CH
am am
Select to_char(‘09-jan-2100’) from dual;
ORA-01722: invalid number
Note: we not able to convert int char to character.
Select to_char(to_date('09-jan-2100'),'am pm') from dual;

TO_CH
am am
Select to_char(sysdate,'ad bc a.d. b.c.') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE
ad ad a.d. a.d.
Note: ‘a.d. b.c.’ for this we must give the dots(.) at end.
- 31 -
SP: spelling
Select to_char(sysdate,'ddsp') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSD
ten
TH:
Select to_char(sysdate,'ddth') from dual;
TO_C
10th
Select to_char(sysdate,'ddthsp') from dual;
(or)
Select to_char(sysdate,'ddspth') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDAT
tenth
Week format;
W -- week of the month.

WW -- week of the year.
Q -- quarter of the year.
J -- it gives the number of days between 1-jan-4413 BC from current date.
Iw --
Select to_char(to_date('25-dec-2009'),'w ww') from dual;
TO_C
4 52
Select to_char(to_date('25-dec-2009'),'q') from dual;

T
4
Select to_char(to_date('25-dec-2009'),'j') from dual;
TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('25-DEC-2009'),'J')/365
6726.55068
Select to_char(to_date('25-dec-2009'),'iw i iy iyy iyyy iyyyy') from dual;

TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('25-DEC
52 9 09 009 2009 20099
47)display current date in folling formate.

Saturday 10th January 2009 ad.
select to_char(sysdate,'day')||
to_char(sysdate,' ddth ')||
to_char(sysdate,' month ')||
to_char(sysdate,' yyyy bc ') from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY')||TO_CHAR(SYS
- 32 -
saturday 10th january 2009 ad
48)display current date in folling formate:

saturday the 10th of january 2009 12:32::42
select to_char(sysdate,'day')||'the'||
to_char(sysdate,' ddth ')||' of '||
to_char(sysdate,' month yyyy hh24:mi::ss')
from dual;
TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DAY')||'THE'||TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,
saturday the 10th of january 2009 12:32::42
49)display all the emp’s 1 st and 4th quarter of 1981 and 1983.
S
select * from emp

where to_char(hiredate,'q') in (1,4) and to_char(hiredate,'yyyy')in(1981,1988);
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
50).list all the employees joined on Sunday.
Select * from emp

Where to_char(hiredate,’dy’)=’SUN’;
no rows selected
Note: hear ‘dy’ not take as a ‘SUNDAY’…it takes as ‘SUNDAY---‘.
In week strings ‘Wednesday’ have the highest length so other week string are
trimmed. So we do like this…
Select * from emp

Where rtrim(to_char(hiredate,'fmday'))='sunday';
Also we use
FM:- Full Mode.
Select * from emp
Where to_char(hiredate,'fmday')='sunday';
- 33 -
FOREIGN KEY(reference constraint)

Reference constraints is to define a relationship between the columns of different
tables and even between the columns of same table(self reference).
 Reference constraint is to implement normalization.
 Reference constraints define the table as a dependent table or in child
table or detailed table.
 Reference constraints is defines the column as a foreign key column.
 A foreign key always refers to the primary key of some other table or in
some table.
Note:option it refers to unique dey column.
The table to which the foreign key referring is called master table.
 The clause those used along with reference constraints are
i) Foreign key
ii) On delete cascade
iii) On delete set null
i) foreign key : it is optional in the case of column level constraints but
it mandate for table level constraint.
ii) On delete cascade: it is a permission to oracle to delete the data
from master table those it is having dependent information.
Oracle delete both master and child data for specified master row.
iii) on delete set null: it is also a permission or a pre-Image to oracle
to delete master record without deleting it’s corresponding child
record .but it update all the foreign key value of the delete master
recodes to nulls
create table dept1

(
deptno number(2) primary key,
dname varchar2(10) not null,
loc varchar2(10) not null
);
insert into dept1 values(30,'fin','ban');
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10acc hyd
20acc hyd
30fin ban
- 34 -
create table emp2
(
empno number(2) primary key,
ename varchar2(10) not null,
sal number(7) not null,
job varchar2(10) not null,
deptno number(2) references dept on delete cascade
);
insert into emp2 values(2,'raJU',4000,'CLEARK',20);
EMPNO ENAME SAL JOB DEPTNO
1ravi 3000CLEARK 10
2raJU 4000CLEARK 20
Page no 41 to 51 pending …………….
- 35 -
TABLES
Emp:
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
Dept :
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20RESEARCH DALLAS
30SALES CHICAGO
40OPERATIONS BOSTON
Salgrad:
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
- 36 -
JOINS
Display the details of the jems.
Select * from emp where ename=’JAMES’;

Note: the above query based on ‘equvi join.
 The above query is not based on no join bcz the quary is not based on
single table.
Display the location where james is working.
Select loc from emp,dept where ename=’JAMES’;

Note: the above query os based on equvi join.
 Hear we not comparing colums of bouth the tables.
Select dept.loc from emp,dept where emp.ename=’JAMES’ and
dept.deptno=emp.deptno;
LOC
CHICAGO
Elias:
Select d.loc from emp e,dept d where e.ename=’JEMS’ and d.deptno=e.deptno;
51).diplay all the emps of sales deportment.
Select e.* from emp e,dept d where d.dname='SALES' and d.deptno=e.deptno;

7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
6 rows selected.
52) display the all the salesman’s of sales deportment.
Select e.* from emp e,dept d

where d.dname='SALES'and
e.job='SALESMAN'and
- 37 -
d.deptno=e.deptno;
53)display the all the employees along with location and experience of all
employees.
Select e.*,d.loc,(sysdate-e.hiredate)/12 exp from emp e,dept d
where
d.deptno=e.deptno;
EMPN HIREDAT COM DEPTN
ENAME JOB MGR SAL LOC EXP
O E M O
17-DEC- 854.29778
7369SMITH CLERK 7902 800 20DALLAS
80 9
SALESMA 20-FEB- CHICAG 848.88112
7499ALLEN 7698 1600 300 30
N 81 O 3
SALESMA 22-FEB- CHICAG 848.71445
7521WARD 7698 1250 500 30
N 81 O 6
02-APR- 845.46445
7566JONES MANAGER 7839 2975 20DALLAS
81 6
SALESMA 28-SEP- CHICAG 830.54778
7654MARTIN 7698 1250 1400 30
N 81 O 9
01-MAY- CHICAG 843.04778
7698BLAKE MANAGER 7839 2850 30
81 O 9
09-JUN- NEW 839.79778
7782CLARK MANAGER 7839 2450 10
81 YORK 9
19-APR- 661.46445
7788SCOTT ANALYST 7566 3000 20DALLAS
87 6
PRESIDEN 17-NOV- NEW 826.38112
7839KING 5000 10
T 81 YORK 3
TURNE SALESMA 08-SEP- CHICAG 832.21445
7844 7698 1500 0 30
R N 81 O 6
23-MAY- 658.63112
7876ADAMS CLERK 7788 1100 20DALLAS
87 3
03-DEC- CHICAG 825.04778
7900JAMES CLERK 7698 950 30
81 O 9
03-DEC- 825.04778
7902FORD ANALYST 7566 3000 20DALLAS
81 9
NEW 820.79778
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-821300 10
YORK 9
14 rows selected.
53)display the managers of all the location in the descending order of their
salaries.
Select e.*,d.loc,(sysdate-e.hiredate)/12 exp from emp e,dept d
- 38 -
where
e.job='MANAGER'and
d.deptno=e.deptno order by e.sal;
ENAM HIREDAT DEPTN
EMPNO JOB MGR SAL COMM LOC EXP
E E O
MANAGE NEW 839.79886
7782CLARK 783909-JUN-81 2450 10
R YORK 2
MANAGE 01-MAY- CHICAG 843.04886
7698BLAKE 7839 2850 30
R 81 O 2
MANAGE 845.46552
7566JONES 783902-APR-812975 20DALLAS
R 9
54) Display all managers and analyst of both accounting and research
deportment having a experience when it from 27 to 29 years, not receiving any
commission but working for some manager.
select e.* from emp e,dept d

where e.job in ('MANAGER','ANALYST') and
d.dname in('ACCOUNTING','RESERCH') and
(e.comm is null or e.comm=0) and
months_between(sysdate,e.hiredate)/12 between 27 and 29 and e.deptno=d.deptno;
55) display the details of all the employees along with their grades.
select e.*,s.grade from emp e, salgrade s where e.sal between s.losal and
s.hisal;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO GRADE

7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20 1
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20 1
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30 1
7521WARD SALESMAN 769822-FEB-81 1250 500 30 2
7654MARTIN SALESMAN 769828-SEP-81 1250 1400 30 2
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10 2
7499ALLEN SALESMAN 769820-FEB-81 1600 300 30 3
7844TURNER SALESMAN 769808-SEP-81 1500 0 30 3
7566JONES MANAGER 783902-APR-81 2975 20 4
7698BLAKE MANAGER 783901-MAY-81 2850 30 4
7782CLARK MANAGER 783909-JUN-81 2450 10 4
7788SCOTT ANALYST 756619-APR-87 3000 20 4
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20 4
7839KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10 5
14 rows selected.
- 39 -
56)display all the grade 3 and 4 managers.
select e.*,s.grade from emp e,salgrade s where e.job='MANAGER'and s.grade in(3,4) and
e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO GRADE
57)display all grade 2 employees of 1981.

select e.* from emp e,salgrade s where s.grade=2 and to_char(e.hiredate,'yyyy')=1981
and e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
58) display employes number and name salary,daily salary grade in terms of *’s
location of all the employees.
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,decode(s.grade,1,'*',2,'**',3,'***',4,'****',5,'*****')
grade
from emp e,dept d,salgrade s
where e.deptno=d.deptno and
EMPNO ENAME SAL GRADE
7369SMITH 800*
7876ADAMS 1100*
7900JAMES 950*
7521WARD 1250**
7654MARTIN 1250**
7934MILLER 1300**
7499ALLEN 1600***
7844TURNER 1500***
7566JONES 2975****
7698BLAKE 2850****
7782CLARK 2450****
7788SCOTT 3000****
7902FORD 3000****
7839KING
59)display all the grade of 4 and 5 employees of accounting and readerch

department
select e.* from emp e,salgrade s,dept d
where s.grade in (4,5)and
d.dname in('ACCOUNTING','RESERCH') and
e.deptno=d.deptno and e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal;
- 40 -
60)display empno,name,sal,grade deptname of all emps those how belongs to

first three grads and belongs to sales departments receiving some commission or
those how belongs to grades 4 and 5 working with location with NEW YORK
with annual salary more then 30000 without commission working for some
manager whose number is 3rd digit should not be divisible by 2 or 4.
Select e.eno,e.name,e.sal,s.grade,e.deptno from emp e,dept d,salgrade s

Where
(
s.grade in (1,2,3) and
d.name='SALES'AND
(e.comm is not null or e.comm<>0)
)
--condition 2--
(
(s.grade in (5,4) and d.loc='NEW YORK')
e.sal*12>3000 and (e.comm is null or e.comm=0)
e.mgr is not null and
(
mod (substr(e.mgr,3,1),2)<>0 or
mod (substr(e.mgr,3,1),4)<>0
)
) and
(e.deptno=d.deptno and e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal);
EMPNO ENAME SAL GRADE DEPTNO
7499ALLEN 1600 1 30
7521WARD 1250 1 30
7654MARTIN 1250 1 30
7844TURNER 1500 1 30
7499ALLEN 1600 2 30
7521WARD 1250 2 30
7654MARTIN 1250 2 30
7844TURNER 1500 2 30
7499ALLEN 1600 3 30
7521WARD 1250 3 30
7654MARTIN 1250 3 30
7844TURNER 1500 3 30
7782CLARK 2450 4 10
13 rows selected.
- 41 -
SELF J0IN:-
 It is for join objects of same table.
 This we will use when we have to retrieve row’s from column where
checking condition on same column.
 Join condition must be on comparing column.
 Select data table and the table checking condition must be different.
61) display details of the employees hose salary is more then JEMS salary.
Select a.* from emp a,emp b where b.ename=’JEMES’ and a.sal>b.sal;

7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
12 rows selected.
62) display the details of all the employees hose job is same as BLACK.
Select a.* from emp a,emp b where a.job=b.job and b.ename='BLAKE';

64) Display the details of all the emp’s how are senior to to president.
Select b.* from emp a,emp b where a.job=’PRESIDENT’ and b.hiredate <a.hiredate;
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
- 42 -
8 rows selected
65) Display the details of all the emp’s who are senior of their own MANAGER’S .
select b.* from emp a,emp b where a.mgr=b.empno and b.job=’MANAGER’;
8 rows selected.
NEW MODELS FOR JIONS:

Display the employees number,name,sal,deptname of all the employees.
Select emp e inner join dept d on (e.deptno=d.deptno);
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO DEPTNO DNAME LOC
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20 20RESEARCH DALLAS
7499ALLEN SALESMAN 769820-FEB-81 1600 300 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7521WARD SALESMAN 769822-FEB-81 1250 500 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7566JONES MANAGER 783902-APR-81 2975 20 20RESEARCH DALLAS
7654MARTIN SALESMAN 769828-SEP-81 1250 1400 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7698BLAKE MANAGER 783901-MAY-81 2850 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7782CLARK MANAGER 783909-JUN-81 2450 10 10ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7788SCOTT ANALYST 756619-APR-87 3000 20 20RESEARCH DALLAS
7839KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10 10ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
7844TURNER SALESMAN 769808-SEP-81 1500 0 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20 20RESEARCH DALLAS
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30 30SALES CHICAGO
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20 20RESEARCH DALLAS
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10 10ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
Note:
 Hear default Is inner join.
 Natural join automatically define join condition on the common column of
the table.
 No separate join condition is allowed.
 The table name qualifier is not allowed for joining column.
 Select deptno from emp e join dept.d using (deptno);
Using clause is useful to put you’r subjection to oracle to indicate to which
column the join to be defind.
Display the enum,ename,sal,grade of all the emp’s’
- 43 -
select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,s.grade from emp e inner join salgrade s on (e.sal between
s.losal and s.hisal);
EMPNO ENAME SAL GRADE
7369SMITH 800 1
7876ADAMS 1100 1
7900JAMES 950 1
7521WARD 1250 2
7654MARTIN 1250 2
7934MILLER 1300 2
7499ALLEN 1600 3
7844TURNER 1500 3
7566JONES 2975 4
7698BLAKE 2850 4
7782CLARK 2450 4
7788SCOTT 3000 4
7902FORD 3000 4
7839KING 5000 5
Display the salesmans of the sales dept in the desc order of there salaries.
Select e.*,d.dname from emp e inner join dept d on (e.deptno=d.deptno) where

e.job='SALESMAN'and d.dname='SALES' order by e.sal desc;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO DNAME
7499ALLEN SALESMAN 769820-FEB-81 1600 300 30SALES
7844TURNER SALESMAN 769808-SEP-81 1500 0 30SALES
7521WARD SALESMAN 769822-FEB-81 1250 500 30SALES
7654MARTIN SALESMAN 769828-SEP-81 1250 1400 30SALES
Display the empno,ename,sal,grade,loc of the all the emp’s.
Select e.empno,e.ename,e.sal,s.grade,d.loc from (emp e inner join dept d

on(e.deptno=d.deptno)) inner join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and s. hisal);
EMPNO ENAME SAL GRADE LOC
7369SMITH 800 1DALLAS
7876ADAMS 1100 1DALLAS
7900JAMES 950 1CHICAGO
7521WARD 1250 2CHICAGO
7654MARTIN 1250 2CHICAGO
7934MILLER 1300 2NEW YORK
7499ALLEN 1600 3CHICAGO
7844TURNER 1500 3CHICAGO
7566JONES 2975 4DALLAS
7698BLAKE 2850 4CHICAGO
- 44 -
7782CLARK 2450 4NEW YORK
7788SCOTT 3000 4DALLAS
7902FORD 3000 4DALLAS
7839KING 5000 5NEW YORK
Display all the managers of grade 4 working for NEWYARK,CHICAGO.
Select e.*,s.grade,d.loc from (emp e inner join dept d on(d.deptno=d.deptno)

inner join salgrade s on(e.sal between s.losal and hisal))
where s.grade =4 aND e.job='MANAGER' AND d.loc in('NEW YORK','CHICAGO');
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO GRADE LOC
NEW
YORK
7566JONES MANAGER 783902-APR-81 2975 20 4CHICAGO
NEW
YORK
7698BLAKE MANAGER 783901-MAY-81 2850 30 4CHICAGO
NEW
YORK
7782CLARK MANAGER 783909-JUN-81 2450 10 4CHICAGO
SUB QUERY’S:-
It is alternative way of defining self join.

 As if query (Q1) retrieve the data from a table based on some condition
,and that codiction gers the input from condition gets from the same table
based on another query (Q2).then Q2 is called as sub query Q1 is main
query.
 Always sub query afe enclosed within parenthesis always subquerys are
executed first. Maximum of 255 sub querys are one another can be
defined always inner most sub-query executed first the propagation is
always from inner most to the outer.
Select * from emp where sal>(select sal from emp where ename=’JAMES’) ;
Select * from emp where job=(select job from emp where ename=’BLAKE’);
66) Display details of all the emp’s of employees of ACCOUNTING dept table
whose job is name as JONES job.
Select * from emp e,dept d where d.dname='ACCOUNTING' and

e.job=(select job from emp where ename ='JONES') and e.deptno=d.deptno;
EMPN ENAM MG HIREDAT COM DEPTN DEPTN
JOB SAL DNAME LOC
O E R E M O O
7782CLAR MANAGE 78309-JUN- 245 10 10ACCOUNTI NEW
- 45 -
YOR
K R 981 0 NG
K
67) display the details of employees whose jobs are same as the jobs of
RESEARCH deportment and restrict the details of the employees of research
deportment from output.
Select * from emp
Where job in
(
select distinct e.job from emp e,dept d where d.dname='RESEARCH' and
e.deptno=d.deptno
)
and
deptno<>(select deptno from dept where dname='RESEARCH');
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
67) display employees details of employees of both ACCOUNTING and sales

deportment where the employees of grade 4.
Select e.* from emp e,dept d
Where d.dname in ('ACCOUNTING','SALES') and e.job
In
(
select distinct e.job from emp e,salgrade s where s.grade=2 and e.sal
between s.losal and s.hisal
) and e.deptno=d.deptno;
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
68) display details of all emp’s are those who belongs to deportment where
ADAMS,MANGARS MANAGERS MANAGER is working.
Select * from emp

Where deptno =
(
select deptno from emp
- 46 -
where empno=(
select mgr from emp
where empno=
(
select mgr from emp
where empno= (select mgr from emp where
ename='ADAMS')
)
)
);
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
69) diplay the details of all the employees whose salary is less then PRESIDENT
salary and it should be more then salary of the employees 7900 employees and
belongs to any department except FORD’s department and join after SMITH but
before ADAMS.
To solve above query we will see this……

 Display the details of the all the employees deportment 10 whose salaries
is more then any employees of department 20.
Select * from emp where
(
( select sal from emp where deptno=10)>(select sal from emp where
deptno=20)
);
ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more than one row
To solve above we use FILLERS.

>ALL  >5000
<ALL  <1300
>ANY  >1300
<ANY  <5000
=ANY  =1300 OR =2400 OR =5000

IN(1300,2450,5000)
=ALL  =1300 OR =2400 OR =5000
select sal from emp where deptno=10 and sal> any(select sal from emp where
deptno=20);
- 47 -
70) select details of deportment 10 and 30 whose salaries are more then the
salary of all the employees of deportment 20.
Select * from emp where deptno in (10,30) and sal> all(select sal from emp where
deptno=20);
71) display the details of all the employees if there is any employees with a name
‘JEMES’ exist in database.
Select * from emp where exists (select * from emp where ename='JAMES');
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7876ADAMS CLERK 778823-MAY-87 1100 20
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
72) display details of all employees of FORUQ

select * from emp where not exists(select * from emp where ename=’FORUQ’);
GROUP FUNCTION: -
A function which process a set of rows at a time and returns a single
value.
1.max()
2.min()
3.sum()
4.avg()
5.count()
note:-
all the above functions required a single paramitor.
All group functions are ignored null values.
- 48 -
 Max,min and count function work on any data type but sum and avg work
on only number data type.
1.max(<col name>)
73) Display the junior most employee and display junior most employee hire
date.
Select max (hiredate) from emp;
MAX(HIRED
23-MAY-87
74) Display the highest salary of grade ‘4’.

Select max(e.sal) from emp e,salgrade s s.hisal where s.grade=4 and e.sal between s.losal
and s.hisal;
MAX(E.SAL)
3000
75) Display all the details of highest paid employees of ‘RESEARCH’

deportment.
Select * from emp
Where sal=( select max(e.sal) from emp e,dept d where d.dname='RESEARCH'
and e.deptno=d.deptno) and deptno=(select deptno from dept where
dname='RESEARCH');

7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
Note: hear in sub query gives max sal of RESEARCH deportment,one more
time we checking for research deportment way bcz if not give that select
statement select all the rows which have greatest sal of emp but we want only
REASERCH dept.
2.min()
 Is to find the minimum of column value.
76) Display the details of the senior most employees

Select * from emp where hiredate=(select min(hiredate) from emp);
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
77) display the lowest paid employee working under ‘BLAKE’.
Select * from emp
Where sal =
(
Select min (sal) from emp where mgr= (select empno from emp where
ename=’BLAKE’)
- 49 -
) and
Mgr= (select empno from emp where ename =’BLAKE’);
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
3 sum (<col name>)
 Is to find the total all column values.

Display the total experience of all the mangers.
Select sum (months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12) exp from emp where
job=’MANAGER’;
78) Find the total experiences of all the employees’ year how managers to others
are.
Select (months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12) total_exp from emp
Where empno in (select distinct mgr from emp);
TOTAL_EXP
27.7887991
27.7081539
27.6033152
21.7431001
27.1651432
27.1194442
79).CONVERT NUMBERS INTO WORDS.

Select to_char(to_date(round(sum(months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12)),'j'),'jsp')
total_exp from emp where empno in( select distinct mgr from emp);
TOTAL_EXP
one hundred fifty-nine
In above query we are trying to convert the number into words.for this,it is not
possible bcz we not convert number to char.so hear we first convert number into
date(hear also we not convert number into date it only available in junior
level(‘j’),so using this we done above.)
Round is round the number bcz decimal number we cannot change into date.
4) Avg(<col name>)
 is it find the avg of all column values
80)To display the avg of all the analyst.

Select avg(sal) from emp where job=’ANALIST’;
81) Display the details of the all the employees hose salary is more then the avg
sal of all the emp’s.
- 50 -
Select * from emp where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp);
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
6 rows selected.
82) display the details of all the employees of accounting department,hose salary
is more then the avg salary of accounting department employees.
Select e.* from emp e,dept d where d.dname=’ACCOUNTING’and e.sal>(select
avg(e.sal) from emp e);
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
6 rows selected.
5) COUNT (<col name>)
 Is to count the number of rows in the given set or given column.
83) Count the number of tables in the emp table.

Select count(empno) from emp;
84)display the number of employees join in 1981.

Select count(empno) from emp where to_char(hiredate,’yyyy’)=1981
COUNT(EMPNO)
10
85) count the number of employees belongs to grade 2.
Select count(*) from emp e,salgrade s where s.grade=2 and e.sal between s.losal and
s.hisal;
COUNT(*)
3
- 51 -
GORUP BY CLAUSE:
Select [distinct] <col>,<col>,…

From <tab>,<tab>,…..
[where <condation>]
GROUP BY <col>,<col>,…
[order by <col>,[asc/desc],<col>…]
 This clause tell oracle to group rows based on distinct values that exist for
specified columns i.e creats a data set, containing several sets of record
sets,and not on individual records.
Restrictions:
1) the columns those are specified is the group clause are only allowed in the
select statement .
2) columns other then the columns specified in the group by can also be
used in the select but along with group functions (for summery result).
ROLLUP: it is used to give total number of columns.
CUBE : it is used to give total number of rows.
86) display the number of employees belongs to each year.

Select to_char(hiredate,’yyyy’) year, count(*) no_of_emps from emp
GROUP BY to_char(hiredate,’yyyy’);
87) display max,min salary of each location grade wise..

select d.loc,s.grade,max(e.sal),min(e.sal) from emp e,dept d, salgrade s
where d.deptno=e.deptno and e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal group by d.loc,s.grade;
LOC GRADE MAX(E.SAL) MIN(E.SAL)
DALLAS 1 1100 800
DALLAS 4 3000 2975
CHICAGO 1 950 950
- 52 -
CHICAGO 2 1250 1250
CHICAGO 3 1600 1500
CHICAGO 4 2850 2850
NEW YORK 2 1300 1300
NEW YORK 4 2450 2450
NEW YORK 5 5000 5000
9 rows selected.
88) display number of Clark’s working for each deportment.

Select deptno,count(*) from emp
Where job='CLERK' group by deptno;
DEPTNO COUNT(*)
10 1
20 2
30 1
89) select to_char(hiredate,'yyyy') year, to_char(hiredate,'mm') month,count(*)

no_of_emps
from emp
group by rollup(to_char(hiredate,'yyyy'),
to_char(hiredate,'mm'));
YEAR MO NO_OF_EMPS
1980 12 1
1980 1
1981 02 2
1981 04 1
1981 05 1
1981 06 1
1981 09 2
1981 11 1
1981 12 2
1981 10
1982 01 1
1982 1
1987 04 1
1987 05 1
YEAR MO NO_OF_EMPS
1987 2
14
16 rows selected.
HAVING CLAUSE: -
- 53 -
Select [distinct] <col>, <col>,……----5
From <tab>,<tab>,…-----------1
[where <condiction>]-----------2
group by <condiction>---------3
HAVING <condiction>---------4
[order by <col> [asc/desc]]---6
 having clause is used only along with group by clause.

 Having clause is to check the condition on individual groups defined by
group by clsuse.
90) display the deportment where at least 5 emp’s are working.

Select deptno,count(*) no_of_emps
From emp
Group by deptno
Having count(*)>=5;
DEPTNO NO_OF_EMPS
20 5
30 6
91)display grade to which atleast 3 employees belong to …

select s.grade ,count(*) no_of_emps
from emp e,salgrade s
where e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal
group by s.grade
having count(*) >=3;
GRADE NO_OF_EMPS
1 3
2 3
4 5
92) display the count of the employees belongs to grade In each deportment
where it is more then 2.
Select e.deptno,s.grade,count(*)
From emp e,slagrade s
Where e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal group by e.deptno,s.grade
Having count(*)>2
DEPTNO GRADE COUNT(*)
20 4 3
93)display deportment where maximum number of employees are working.

Select deptno,count(*) from emp
- 54 -
Group by deptno
Having count(deptno)=(select max(count(deptno)) from emp group by deptno);
DEPTNO COUNT(*)
30 6
94)display the details of managers fro whom max employees rae working .
select * from emp
where empno=( select mgr from emp group by mgr having count(*)=(select
max(count(*)) from emp group by mgr));
95)display location where lowest avg salary is paid.

Select d.loc from emp e,dept d
Where d.deptno=e.deptno
Group by d.loc
Having avg(e.sal)=(select min(avg(e.sal)) from emp e,dept d where d.deptno=e.deptno
group by d.loc);
LOC
CHICAGO
96) avg salary based on grades

select d.loc ,avg(e.sal) from emp e,dept d where d.deptno=e.deptno group by d.loc;
LOC AVG(E.SAL)
CHICAGO 1566.66667
DALLAS 2175
NEW YORK 2916.66667
97)details of highest paid employee

select * from emp where sal=(select max(sal) from emp);
98) if the number of emp’s dept 30 are more the 5 displays all those emp’s other
than don’t display.
Select * from emp
Where deptno=30 and exists (select deptno from emp where deptno=30 group
by deptno having count(*)>6);
no rows selected
Select * from emp
Where deptno=30 and not exists (select deptno from emp where deptno=30 group by
deptno having count(*)>6);
- 55 -
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30
6 rows selected.
99)Display details of highest paid employees of each deportment

select * from emp
where (deptno,sal) in(select d.deptno,max(e.sal) from emp e,dept d where
e.deptno=d.deptno group by d.deptno);
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
 It is a condition correct when deptno,sal both set match with in(deptno,sal)
100)display lower paid employess of each location

select e.*,d.loc from emp e,dept d
where (d.loc,e.sal) in ( select d.loc.min(e.sal) from emp e,dept d where d.deptno=e.deptno
group by d.loc) and e.deptno=d.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO LOC
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20DALLAS
7900JAMES CLERK 769803-DEC-81 950 30CHICAGO
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10NEW YORK
101) display the highest paid employees of each year..

select * from emp
where (to_char (hiredate,'yyyy'),sal) in (select to_char(hiredate,'yyyy'),max(sal) from
emp group by to_char(hiredate,'yyyy'));
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
7934MILLER CLERK 778223-JAN-82 1300 10
CO RELATED SUBQUERY:
- 56 -
102)display details of employees hose salary is more then avg sal of there won
deportment.
Select * from emp x
Where sal>(select avg(sal) from emp y where y.deptno=x.deptno)
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
6 rows selected.
103)Display the details of all the employees hose salary is less the avg salary of
there job
Select * from emp x where sal=(select max(sal) from emp y where y.deptno=x.deptno);
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20
104)Display employees whose salary is more then of their won location

select e.*,x.loc from emp e,dept x where e.sal>=(select max(e.sal) from emp e,dept y
where y.loc=x.loc and e.deptno=y.deptno) and e.deptno=x.deptno;
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO LOC
7698BLAKE MANAGER 783901-MAY-81 2850 30CHICAGO
7788SCOTT ANALYST 756619-APR-87 3000 20DALLAS
7839KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10NEW YORK
7902FORD ANALYST 756603-DEC-81 3000 20DALLAS
105) display the details of employees whose experience is more then the
employees of their won grade.
select e.* from emp e,salgrade s where
months_between(sysdate,e.hiredate)/12 >=
(select max(months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12) from emp e,salgrade g
where g.grade=s.grade and e.sal between s.losal and g.hisal)
and
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
- 57 -
106) display the details all the employees where all senior to there own
managers.
Select e.* from emp e, emp m where e.mgr = m.empno and e.hiredate<m.hiredate;
7369SMITH CLERK 790217-DEC-80 800 20
6 rows selected.
107)display 2nd highest salary.

Select * from emp e
Where (select count(distinct sal) from emp s where s.sal >e.sal)=2;
Select * from emp where (select max(sal) from emp e where sal<(select max(sal)
from emp));
Select sal,densc_rank() over(order by sal desc) from emp;
Select * from (select sal,dense_rank() (order by sal desc) rank from emp) where
rank=&rank;
Select * from (select rownum rank,sal from(select distinct sal from emp order by
1 desc) where rank=&rank)
- 58 -
………………………Multiple updates………………….
INDEX
 Every index maintain two columns

i) Key column: - it has max of 32 column
ii)Row id.
 When a key column of index is built on or multiple column combination
then it is called composite key, concatenate key.
 Max 32 columns are allowed.
 The first column of the concatenated key is called priority column.
 The index with a concatenated key concatenate key are composite key.
 32 are allowed only for B-tree index.
 Oracle 8i introduced a new type index called as bit map index,in which the
data is stored based on function.
 In bit-map max 30 colums are allowed for the comcatination key.
 In oracle 9i bit-map indexes are begin enhanced wit multi table concept.
i.e the bit map index also be created in the joining column of the query.
Cordiality level: -duplication level types are

i) High (B-tree preferred)
ii) Normal Bit-map preferred)
iii) Low (Bit-map preferred)
If the table is transaction table or heap table B-tree is preferred.
Heap table :
Heap table is a table in which the table is stored in the order the way you
enter.
 Oracle 9i introduced a new type of is IOT
In which data is stored in the sorted order of primary key value for IOT
primary key is must.
 IOT’s are exclusively design for data ware has data Base and heep table
mend for transaction D.B in which data modification is common task.
 These table are require explicit indexes
 Every index occupy memory creates data intendency more no.of indexes
creates performance issu that grade performance.
This B-tree indexes two types:
i)non unique index:
- 59 -
ii)unique index.
 Constants is a part of definition of table index is external object.
 By default primary key column have unique indexes created by orcle.
 Creation of unique indexes on primary key and unique key not allowed.
INDEX:
Syntax:
CREATE [unique] INDEX <index name>ON <table name>
(<col>, <col>……);
1)Create an index on COMM column.

create index e_noind on emp(comm);
2)create an index on job column
create index on emp(job);
3)create an index on lower case emp names on employees .
4) Create index on experience of employees
Create index l_ind on emp(months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12);

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01743: only pure functions can be indexed
Note: sysdate is changed daily so we can’t create index in it.
5) Create index on the hiredate column on descending column
create index n_index on emp((hiredate) order by desc);

ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis
So we do like this:
create index hiredate_ind on emp(hiredate desc);
6)create composite index on deportment number and job columns in the

ascending deportment number is descending.
create index dept_ind on emp(deptno asc,job desc);
7). Create reverse key index on grade column of sal grade table.
Create index g_ind on salgrade (grade)reverse

 It starts searching is done in B-tree from leaf node.
8)Create a reverse key index on the department column number of dept table on
descending order
- 60 -
create index raj on dept(deptno desc) reveres ;
. ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02158: invalid CREATE INDEX option
Note: index can’t use both desc and reverse.
9) create unique index on deptno on emp.
Create unique index dept_u_index on dept(deptno);
10)create a bitmap index on the department number column of emp table;
create bitmap index bm_deptno on emp(deptno);
CLUSTER
Syntax:
Create cluster <cluster name> (<colname> data type (width));
Create index <inde name> on cluster <cluster name>;

 A cluster is a definition of common column, which is used for deferent
tables.
 Cluster is required for those tables are commonly used together using join
condition.
 Every cluster must require cluster index.
 Cluster is created before insert the data into the cluster table .
create cluster dnoclu(dno number(2));
create table tab1(dept number(2) primary key,dname varchar2(10))cluster

dnoclu(dept);
VIEW
 It is a logical representation.
 Register into disk.(it store in compilation version).
 It not use any memory to store the data, that’s way it is a virtual table.
 It is vary versatile in nature because parametric mehanisum.
 Security.
Syntax:
Create view <view name>
[<col>,<cpl>,..] as select statement.
- 61 -
i)Create a view to list all the clarks.
Create view cl_view as select * from emp where job=’CLACK’;
View created.
Desc cl_view
Name Null? Type
EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)
ENAME VARCHAR2(10)
JOB VARCHAR2(9)
MGR NUMBER(4)
HIREDATE DATE
COMM NUMBER(7,2)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
SALARY NUMBER(7,2)
ii) Create a view to display the employee number, name, salary and deptno of all
the emp’s on the descending order of deptno employees.
Create view raj

As
Select ename,empno,sal,deptno from emp order by deptno desc;
Note: order by clause is invalid in view definition up to oracle 8i in 9i it is allowed.
iii). Create a view to list the employee no,ename,and experience of all the emp’s
create view exp as select ename,empno,months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12

from emp;
ORA-00998: must name this expression with a column alias
Note:All the columns of the views those are derived from arethematic
expressions, psedo columns and function-based columns must required, column
name aliases.
create view exp as select ename,empno,months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12

exp from emp;
iv)create a view to list empno,name,salary,grade and location of all the

employees.
Create view emp_raj
As
Select e.ename,e.empno,s.grade,d.loc, from emp e, salgrade s, dept d
Where e.sal between s.losal and s.hisal and e.deptno=d.deptno;
v)create a view to list employees of deptno 20
create a view r_dept
- 62 -
as
select * from emp e where deptno=20 with check option;
read only: it is only for see.
Rules for DML on view:
 For data deletion:

Data deletion is not possible if the view is derived from more then
one data base table.
 For data updating:
Updating is not allowed more then one table ,* updating is not
allowed on the columns of the view those are derived from
airhematic expression, psudo coloumn and function.
 For data insertion:

Above 2 rules
And it is not possible to insert the data into view of the view is
missing the mandatory columns of the database table.
View trigger:
Oracle 8i interduced view trigger concept which allowes the view to accept
the DML operations to view. Through view is violating the above rules.
We not built index on view.
Alter view <view name> compile;
Replace view <view name> as select statement…
The above commend is use when the view is created on a table if the table Is
deleted and again I created table with same name and definition by this
command we retrieve the view.
 We create a view without a base table is called forced table is called

forced table:
Create force view <view name>
As select statement…
To know hole deffination:
Select * from user_views where view_name=’view_name’;
To drop:
Drope <view> <view name>;
- 63 -
SYNONYM
 Synonym is a data base object

 Synonym is alternate name is to the data object.
 A synonym is to providing security to data base object as well as providing
convenience during data query.
Types of synonym:
i)private synonym:
private synonym is a synonym created by any valid user of
database as well as by the DBS.
ii)public synonym
it is created only by the DBS.
Syntax:
Create [public] synonym <syn name> for <object name >;
1)create a synonym for emp table.

Create synonym emp_sy for emp;
2)create a synonym for view emp_details.

Create synonym emp_d_syn for emp_details.
3)create synonym for above synonym.

Create synonym edj for emp_d_syn;
4)create public synonym for emp table.

Create public synonym emp for scott.emp;
- 64 -
- 65 -

ENO Emp - NM Salary DEP

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1) To copy the contents of the table EMP to RAJ1…

CREATE table raj1 as select * from emp;

2) Create a table which contain structure is same as EMP…

CREATE table raj2 as SELECT * from emp where 2=200;

CREATE table raj1(eno,emp_nm,salary,dep) as SELECT empno,ename,sal,deptno

ENO EMP_NM SALARY DEP

4) To improve performance we use NOLOGGING..

CREATE table raj2(eno,emp_nm,salary,dep) NOLOGGING as SELECT

SELECT<col>,<col>,<col> ….FROM <tabname><tabname><tabname>…..;

 It is a data query language or data retrieval language.

 We also give like this…

SELECT all * from emp;

5) giving Elias names to coloms..

SELECT empno enumber,ename Name from emp;

Note:- Elias name must not in oracle verbs..

SELECT DISTINCT <col>,<col>,<col> ….FROM <tabname><tabname><tabname>…..;

 To retrieve distinct rows from table.

 We will also use UNIQUE .

6).Display all the unique departments of the employees.

SELECT UNIQUE deptno from emp;

7).Display all unique commissions of employees.

SELECT DISTINCT comm from emp;

8) Display all the unique DEP and JOB combinations

SELECT DISTINCT deptno,job from emp;

 select distinct job,deptno from emp;

SELECT [distinct] <col><col><col>,…. FROM <table><table>….

SELECT * from emp order by sal desc;

10). Display the descending order of their experience.

SELECT * from emp ORDER BY hiredate;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

SELECT deptno,job,empno,ename,sal from emp order by 1 asc,2 desc;

DEPTNO JOB EMPNO ENAME SAL

12). Display all the commissions in DESCENDING order.

SELECT comm From emp order by comm desc;

SINGLE BYTE OVERHEADE:-

To diplay null values last…

SELECT comm From emp order by comm desc NULLS FIRST;

13). Display all the unique deportment number in ascending order.

SELECT DISTINCT deptno from emp order by 1;

SELECT [distinct] <col><col><col>,…. FROM <table><table>….

SELECT ename,sal,sal/30 dsal,sal*12 asal,(sysdate-hiredate)/365 exp from emp;

16)display the details of all the managers

SELECT * from emp where job=’MANAGER’;

àsql > i (it use to add one more line to exist)

SELECT * from emp where deptno=30;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

SELECT * from emp where mgr=7698;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

19).list all the emp’s who join after 1980.

SELECT * from emp where hiredate > ’31-dec-1980’;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

SELECT * from emp where (sysdate-hiredate)/365 >27;

21) display all the Clarks and salesman.

SELECT * from emp where job=’CLERK’ OR job=’SALESMAN’;

22).Display a detail’s of ‘FORD’,’JAMES’, ‘SMITHA’,’DAMS KING’ on descending

SELECT * from emp where ename in (‘FORD’,’JAMES’, ‘SMITHA’,’DAMS KING’)

23).Display all the employees join in the year 1980.

SELECT * from emp where hiredate between ’01-jan-1980’ and ’31-dec-1980’;

24).Display the employees receiving sal from 1250 up to 3000.

SELECT * from emp where sal between 1250 and 3000;

SELECT * from emp where hiredate between '01-jul-1981' and '30-jun-1982';

SELECT * from emp where sal*12 between 18000 and 24000;