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• PRECIPITATION
• Rainfall intensity, duration and volume
• Snow Melt
• Groundwater
• LOSSES
• Evapotranspiration, Infiltration, Depression Storage
• RUNOFF
• Hydrograph, Peak flow and volume
Precipitation
Precipitation Data
Data Sources
• NOAA, National Weather Service
• SCS/CORPS/Flood Control Agencies
• Radio – TV Stations i.e. Weather Bug
• Public Works Departments
• Airports
• Weather Underground
• Private Data i.e. Weather Buffs
Precipitation Data Types
Point Source
• Fixed Time Intervals
• Variable Time Intervals
• Design Storms
Aerial
• Radar
• NEXRAD Weather Sensing Radar Doppler (Since 1991)
• Satellite Sensors
Precipitation Frequency/Probability
Event Frequency
• Uncertainties of nature
• Result from random (stochastic) components
• Data available is only a sample of the population
• Need to relate depth or intensity (depth/time) to duration aerial
distribution important
Example
• 10 times/100 years =0.10 or a 10% chance of occurrence in 100
Years
• Commonly referred to as a 10 year Storm
Rainfall Return Period and Risk
Return Period/Recurrence Interval – T
• T = 1/P(E) = 1/0.10 = 10 years
Risk
• That an event, P(E), will occur once in “n” successive years.
• R = (1 – 1 – 1/T)n
• T is the occurrence interval of that event based on probability of occurrence.
Challenge
• If several large storms occur frequently within a short time frame, public may not
understand recurrence interval.
Solution
• Use rainfall/time period rather than recurrence interval
• Example – Milwaukee, WI 10 year storm = 2.1 inches/1 hour
Rainfall – Point Source
Node - 1
Max Rainfall
0.0
0.5
1.0
Hydrology Rates
1.5
2.0
2.5
• Additional Factors
• Evapotranspiration • Season
• Duration of Rainfall Event
• Infiltration • Prior weather events
• Temperature, (snowfall events)
• Soil moisture storage
• Antecedent Rainfall
• Groundwater
• Depression storage
• Infiltration
• Evaporation
Runoff
• Hydrograph
• Peak Flow
• Volume
• Related to rainfall frequency
• Continuous Rainfall or Design Storm
• Terminology is used for Engineering purposes to
reflect frequency of occurrence
• Varies based on method and catchment
parameters
Streamflow Post Development
Schueler, 1987
Changes to Floodplain
Schueler, 1987
Rainfall and Runoff Results
Node - 18E1-135C
[Max Flo w = 2 6.6 9 55 ]
0.5
1.0
1.5
25
20
Flow (cfs)
15
10
0
1 Tue 8 Tue 15 Tue 22 Tue 1 Thu 8 Thu 15 Thu 22 Thu 1 Sun 8 Sun
Apr 2008 Time
Design Storms
• Concept
• A design storm of a given frequency will produce a simulated runoff peak and
volume having the same frequency. Example: a 5–year rainfall will produce a
5-year runoff peak flow and volume.
• Derived from
• Intensity – Duration – Frequency Data
• Historical Events
• Statistical or Stochastic Methods
• Used for
• Storage Basic Design
• Sewer Design
• Flood Mapping
Computational Methods
• Traditional
• Rational Method
• Quantified
• SCS – National Engineering Handbook
• Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph
• TR55
• Simulation
• TR20
• Storm Water Management Model – SWMM
• Hydraulic Engineering Center Series (HEC)
• HSPF
Flexible Rainfall Data Input
Rainfall
1 7 .5
Steps 1 0 .0
Rain (in./hr)
7 .5
and Earth Info Data 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
T i m e (m i n u te s )
800 900 1000 1100
• Horton
– with Cumulative Maximum Infiltration
• Green-Ampt
• Uniform Loss
– Proportional Loss
– Initial and Continuing Loss
– Initial and Proportional Loss
• SCS
– Fraction Initial Abstraction
– Fixed Depth Initial Abstraction
Horton Infiltration
Green-Ampt Equation
Runoff, Evaporation, Infiltration
Node - 3/2
Max Infiltration
0.5
1.0
Hydrology Rates
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area
• Percent Impervious
• Basin Slope and Width
• Rainfall
• Evaporation
• Infiltration Method
• Limitations
• Lumped Catchment Parameters
Runoff Mode Details
d
ds
Catchment Surfaces
Subcatchment Width
SWMM Runoff Input Data
SWMM Runoff Output Data
Node - RUNOFF
[Max Flow = 222.8755]
10
20
30
200
150
Flow ( cfs)
100
50
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Kinematic Wave Runoff
• CONCEPT:
• Similar to the USA EPA SWMM Runoff, it uses the kinematic
wave component of the St. Venant shallow flow equations
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area
• Percent Impervious
• Basin Slope and Width
• Rainfall
• Evaporation
• Infiltration Method
• Limitations
• Lumped Catchment Parameters
Kinematic Wave Runoff Input Data
Kinematic Wave Runoff Output Data
Node - KINEMATIC
[Max Flow = 253.6939]
10
20
30
250
200
Flow ( cfs)
150
100
50
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Laurenson Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by Laurenson (1964) by routing runoff through non-
linear catchment storage using separate hydrographs from
pervious and impervious areas.
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Storage Delay parameter
• Manning’s n
• Slope
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Lumped Catchment Parameters
Laurenson Input Data
Laurenson Output Data
Node - LAURENSON
[Max Flow = 140.5219]
10
20
30
140
120
100
Flow ( cfs)
80
60
40
20
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
SCS Hydrology
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by the USDA NRCS (formerly SCS)
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area
• Rainfall
• Time of Concentration
• Curve Number
• Shape Factor
• Limitations
• Limited Infiltration
• Limited use for continuous rainfall
• Do not use for storms less than 0.5 inches
• Do not use for frozen ground conditions
SCS Hydrology
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by the USDA NRCS (formerly SCS)
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area
• Rainfall
• Time of Concentration
• Curve Number
• Shape Factor
• Limitations
• Limited Infiltration
• Limited use for continuous rainfall
• Do not use for storms less than 0.5 inches
• Do not use for frozen ground conditions
SCS Details
•
–
•
–
–
–
–
•
–
SCS Infiltration
Initial Abstraction, Ia=0.2*S (Default)
Potential Maximum Abstraction, S=(1000/CN)-10
Pe=(P-Ia)^2/(P-Ia+S)
SCS Runoff Input Data
SCS Runoff Output Data
XP-SWMM Time Series
SCS TRIANGULAR SCS-DEPTH
200
180
160
140
120
Value
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time
Rational Method
• CONCEPT:
• Method developed by Emil Kuichling in 1889 (Q=C i A) as a
simplified approach to runoff using the Design Storm Approach
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area
• Intensity – Duration – Frequency Curves
• Drainage Coefficient (0 to 1.0)
• Time of Concentration
• Limitations
• Limited Infiltration
• No hydrograph
Rational Method
Qpeak=k*CIA
k=unit conversion constant
C=runoff co-efficient
I=intensity against the ToC
A=catchment area
• CONCEPT:
• Curves used with the Rational Method (Q = C i A). Method to
estimate peak flow based on total watershed area at specific
locations. The duration of the rainfall must be equal to the Time
of Concentration, Tc.
• Tc = Inlet Time
• (overland flow plus channel flow to first inlet) plus time of flow
in the system to the point of design
Typical IDF Curve
Rational Method Global Input Data
Rational Method Input Data
Rational Method Output Data
Node - Method
[Max Flow = 91.8844]
80
Tc
60
Flow ( cfs)
40
20
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Unit Hydrograph(s)
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by different engineers in various areas as a simplified
approach to runoff
• Data Needs (varies depending on method selected)
• Effective Rainfall Duration
• Peak Direct Runoff Rate
• Basin Lag Time
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Time of Concentration
• Runoff Curve Number
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Can over estimate peak runoff rate
• Not valid for storm durations over 24 hours
Nash Unit Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Developed in 1957, a conceptual catchment model that
rout an unit inflow through a series of identical linear
reservoirs.
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Time of Concentration
• Exponent (Basin lag)
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• requires calibration data to base input data
Nash’s Unit Hydrograph
Hydroeurope2010 – Team 8
Nash’s Unit Hydrograph Input Data
Nash’s Unit Hydrograph Output Data
Node - NASH
[Max Flow = 197.5133]
10
20
30
200
150
Flow ( cfs)
100
50
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Snyder’s Unit Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by Snyder (1938) as a synthetic unit hydrograph for
basins ranging from 10 to 10,000 mi2.
• Data Needs (varies depending on method selected)
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Basin Lag Time
• Storage Coefficient
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Can over estimate peak runoff rate
• Not valid for storm durations over 24 hours
Snyder’s Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
Snyder’s Unit Hydrograph Input Data
Snyder’s Unit Hydrograph Output Data
Node - SNYDER
[Max Flow = 148.4071]
10
20
30
140
120
100
Flow ( cfs)
80
60
40
20
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Santa Barbara Unit Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Based on the SCS methodology, it uses incremental runoff
depths, instantaneous hydrographs, imaginary reservoir
and the basin time of concentration.
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Rainfall
• Time of Concentration
• Curve Number
• Limitations
• Basins larger than 1,000 acres
SBUH Input Data
SBUH Output Data
Node - SBUH
[Max Flow = 125.5993]
10
20
30
120
100
80
Flow ( cfs)
60
40
20
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Alameda Unit Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Developed as a modification of the Snyder method for the
Alameda County Flood Control District.
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Stream Length
• Centroid Length
• Stream Slope
• Basin ‘n’
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Can over estimate peak runoff rate
• Not valid for storm durations over 24 hours
Alameda Unit Hydrograph Input Data
Alameda Unit Hydrograph Output Data
Node - ALAMEDA
[Max Flow = 113.9665]
10
20
30
100
80
Flow ( cfs)
60
40
20
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Time Area Unit Hydrograph
• CONCEPT:
• Developed by Watkins (1963) using separate hydrographs from
pervious and impervious areas along with the time of
concentration.
• Data Needs
• Drainage Area (impervious and pervious)
• Time of Concentration
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Can over estimate peak runoff rate
• Not valid for storm durations over 24 hours
Time – Area Method
Time Area Unit Hydrograph Input Data
Time Area Unit Hydrograph Output Data
Node - TIMEAREA
[Max Flow = 194.1467]
10
20
30
200
150
Flow ( cfs)
100
50
0
1 Fri 3AM 6AM
Jan 1993 Time
Flow Comparison
• Data Needs
• Land surface grid (DTM) needed
• Rainfall applied grid cells
• Initial & continuing losses
• Surface roughness
• Rainfall
• Limitations
• Only one type of infiltration (initial and continuing)
2D Direct Rainfall
Questions
Thank you!
Bob.Carr @xpsoftware.com
XP Software, Inc.
1-888-554-5022
www.xpsoftware.com
sales@xpsoftware.com