Guide By Prepared By

Prof. M.A.Patel Pithwa Alpesh.D

Prof. S.B.Jadeja Patel Samit.K

C.U.SHAH COLLEGE OF ENGG. & TECH.

WADHWAN CITY
Department of of Mechanical Engineering
 Acknowledgment

We gratefully acknowledgement the following reviews for their Insightful

Suggestion.

Prof. M.A.Patel (H.O.D. of Mechanical Department)

We are also thankful to Prof. S.B.Jadeja (Prof. in Mechanical

Department) for guide us & providing components.

Finally we express out deep appreciation to our fricnds who have

helped us Indirectly.

Pithwa Alpesh D.
Patel Samit K.
 Abstract
More people die on roads than in war. The protection of the
automobile and the passengers is the most important task. Loss of crores
of rupees is incurred as the automobiles are converted into pieces of junk.
We confront with one such news every day in our daily newspaper.

A trucker crushes a car at an intersection killing the driver instantly.

Reason: No cruise control or Maneuvering systems.

How can this be stopped ??

These accidents can be stopped by using appropriate safety devices in

vehicles and by carrying our appropriate safety tests for vehicles. This
paper describes various safety tests for automobiles and also gives
overview of some commonly used safety devices.
 INDEX
Sr No. TOPIC NAME PAGE No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Safety testing and its importance 2

2.1 Front Impact Test 2

2.2 Side Impact Test 3
2.3 Pole Test 3

3. Safety devices 4

4. Stability control system 5

5. Air bages 6

6. Safety seat belts 9

7. Collapsible steering wheel 10

8. Conclusion 11
1. Introduction :

Every year millions of people die due to road accidents and traffic
mishaps. Daily we confront one such news as mentioned below in our
daily news paper

A Porchse 911, crashes into a farm equipment carrier.

No one survives.
Reason :
Non working Anti ock Breaking System (ABS).

A Grand Cherokee flies in air

Reason : Tire Burst, The seat Belts breaks into tow and the door of the
car pops out. A woman and a six-year-old boy are killed.

The question arises is How can this be stopped? The answer to this
question may be yes we can avoid accidents but only if we use proper
safety devices. Today a wide variety of safety tests are also available
which can reduce the percentage of accidents. A small care of using safety
device may save millions of life.

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2. Safety testing and its importance :
Passenger cars are designed with a structure and features meant to
reduce the degree of injury to passengers in the case of a collision. The
method of testing used to evaluate these features must ensure that the
accidents simulated ate as realistic as possible and that the data obtained
from the tests is highly reliable.

In this test, dummies are placed in both the driver’s and front passenger’s
seats and the vehicle is made to collide with a concrete barrier. The
dummies are checked for injuries to the head, neck, chest and legs.
Following principle tests are popularly carried out for automobile safety.

2.1 Front Impact Test

Frontal impact takes place at 64kph (40mph), car strikes deformable

barrier that is offset.

In this test, dummies are placed in the driver’s and front passenger’s seats
and the test vehicle is made to collide head-on on the driver’s side (at an
offset of 40%) with an aluminum honeycomb. The dummies are checked
for injuries to the head, neck, chest and legs, the vehicle is checked for
damage and deformation, and the results are used to evaluate the degree of
passenger protection in 5 levels. Actual collisions of this type tend to
occur at speeds lower than that of this test. Note that the results of this
test do not apply to collisions at extremely high speeds, and other types of
collisions such as when passengers are not wearing seatbelts, and
collisions in which one of the vehicles is a large truck.

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2.2 Side Impact Test

Impact takes place at 50kph (30mph). Trolley fitted with a deformable

front is towed into the driver’s side of the car to simulate a side-on
crash.

Among the passenger injuries

which occur in automobile
collisions, side collisions cause
the most damage next to frontal
collisions. In this test, a truck
with a weight of 950 kg is
made to collide at a speed of 55
km/h with the side of a
stationary test vehicle with a
dummy in the driver’s seat or
the front passenger’s seats.

The dummy is checked for injuries to the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis
and the results are used to evaluate the degree of passenger protection in 5
levels.

2.3 Pole Test

In Germany over half such injuries occur when a car hits a pole or a tree.
In the new test, the car tested is propelled sideways at 29kph(18mph) into
a rigid pole. The pole is relatively narrow, so there is major penetration
into the side of the car.

In an impact without
the head protecting
airbag, a driver’s head
could hit the pole with
sufficient force to
cause a fatal head
injury.

Typically a head injury

criterion of 5000 is
possible, five times
that which indicates
the likelihood of
serious brain injury. In
contrast, the head injury criterion in these new crash tests with a head
protection airbag is around 100 to300, well below the injury reference
value. A side impact airbag with head protection makes this kind of crash
survivable despite the severity.

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3. Safety devices
ABS is an abbreviation for Anti-lock Brake System, and this device
maintains stability in the direction in which the vehicle is advancing and
enhances the possibility of avoiding an obstacle through wheel operation
by preventing the tires from locking (ceasing to rotate) when emergency
braking is applied.

Inside ABS
There are four main components to an ABS system:

• Speed sensors
• Pump
• Valves
• Controller

Speed Sensors

The anti-lock braking system needs

some way of knowing when a wheel
is about to lock up. The speed
sensors, which are located at each
wheel, or in some cases in the
differential, provide this
information.

Valves

There is valve in the brake line of each brake controlled by the ABS. On
some systems, the valve has three positions:

• In position one, the valve is open; pressure from the master cylinder
is passed right through to the brake.
• In position two, the valve blocks the line, isolating that brake from
the master cylinder. This prevents the pressure from rising further
should the driver push the brake pedal harder.
• In position three, the valve releases some of the pressure from the
brake.

Pump

Since the valve is able to release pressure from the

brakes, there has to be some way to put that
pressure back. That is what the pump does; when a
valve reduces the pressure in a line, the pump is
there to get the pressure back up.

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4. Stability control system
The operation and effects of the product:

Makes the vehicle stable when cornering when turning sharply to avoid an
obstacle or a surface that is unexpectedly slippery, the motion of the
vehicle often becomes unstable, for example skidding sideways. This
system has an apparatus which control the motion of the vehicle in such
cases to makes it more stable. If the vehicle begins to skid sideways, a
sensor detects this and the brakes at each wheel are suitably controlled so
that the vehicle does not spin out or make a wide turn. The ability of the
stability control system to maintain stability has limit, and there still is
the dander that reckless driving will cause unforeseen accidents. Even if
the stability control system is installed, always strive according to road
condition, and when the warning light is operation please drive with
special care.

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5. Air Bags
For years, the trusty seat belt provided the sole form of passive restraint
in our cars. There were debates about their safety, especially relating to
children, but over time, much of the country adopted mandatory seat-belt
laws. Statistics have shown that the use of seat belts has saved thousands
of lives that might have been lost in collisions.

Air bags have been under development for many years. The attraction of a
soft pillow to land against in a crash must be very strong – the first patent
on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World
War II! In the 1980s, the first commercial air bags appeared in
automobiles.

Statistics show that air bags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal
crash by about 30 percent. Newer than steering-wheel-mounted or
dashboard-mounted bags, but not so widely used, are seat-mounted and
door-mounted side air bags.

The Basics

Before looking at specifics, let’s review our knowledge of the laws of

motion. First, we know that moving objects have momentum (the product
of the mass and the velocity of an object). Unless an outside force acts on
an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and
direction. Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself,
loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not
restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is
traveling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision.

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Stopping an object’s momentum requires force acting over a period of
time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great
because the car’s momentum has changed instantly while the passengers’
has not – there is not much time to work with. The goal of any
supplemental restraint system is to help stop the passenger while doing as
little damage to him or her as possible. What an air bag wants to do is to
slow the passenger’s speed to zero with little or no damage. The
constraints that it has to work within are huge. The air bag has the space
between the passenger and the steering wheel or dash board and a fraction
of a second to work with. Even that tiny amount of space and time is
valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than
forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion.

There are three parts to an air bag that help to accomplish this feat:

• The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the
steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door.
• The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. Inflation
happens when there is a collision force equal to running into a brick
wall at 10 to 15 miles per hour (16 to 24 km per hour). A mechanical
switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical
contact, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred. The sensors
receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip.

• The air bag’s inflation system reacts sodium azide (NaN3) with
potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. Hot blasts of the
nitrogen inflate the air bag.

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The inflation system is not unlike a solid rocket booster. The air bag
system ignites a solid propellant, which burns extremely rapidly to create
a large volume of gas to inflate the bag. The bag then literally bursts from
its storage site at up to 200 mph (322kph) – faster than the blink of an
eye ! A second later, the gas quickly dissipates through tiny holes in the
bag, thus deflating the bag so you can move.

Even though the whole process happens in only one-twenty-fifth of a

second, the additional time is enough to help prevent serious injury. The
powdery substance released from the air bag, by the way, is regular
cornstarch or talcum powder, which is used by the air bag manufacturers
to keep the bags pliable and lubricated while they’re in storage.

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6. Safety Seat Belts
A typical seatbelt consists of a lap belt, which rests over your pelvis, and
a shoulder belt which extends across your chest. The two belt sections are
tightly secured to the frame of the car in order to hold passengers in their
seats.

When the belt is worn correctly, it will apply most of the stopping force to
the rib cage and the pelvis, which are relatively sturdy parts of the body.
Since the belts extend across a wide section of your body, the force isn’t
concentrated in a small area, so it can’t do as much damage. Additionally,
the seatbelt webbing is made of more flexible material than the dashboard
or windshield. It stretches a little bit, which means the stop isn’t quite so
abrupt. The seatbelt shouldn’t give more than a little, however, or you
might bang into the steering wheel or side window. Safe seatbelts will
only let you shift forward slightly.

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In a typical seatbelt system, the belt webbing is connected to a retractor
mechanism. The central element in the retractor is a spool, which is
attached to one end of the webbing. Inside the retractor, a spring applies a
rotation force, of torque, to the spool. This works to rotate the spool so it
winds up any loose webbing.

The central operating element in this mechanism is a weighted pendulum.

When the car comes to a sudden stop, the inertia causes the pendulum to
swing forward. The pawl on the other end of the pendulum catches hold of
a toothed ratchet gear attached to the spool. With the pawl gripping one
of its teeth, the gear can’t rotate counter-clockwise, and neither can the
connected spool. When the webbing loosens again after the crash, the gear
rotates clockwise and the pawl disengages.

The safety belt pretensioners are actuated by a gas generator triggered by

the airbag control unit . The pretensioners have a lower deployment
threshold than the front airbags so that they may deploy in a collision that
is not enough to deploy the front airbags . When activated, the pretensioner
tightens the webbing. Because the webbing is now tighter across the body,
occupants participate earlier in the vehicle ride down and loadings on the
body are distributed more uniformly over the entire restraint sequence, the
risk of injury declines.

7. Collapsible Steering Wheel

Earlier accident studies have shown that a rigid steering column represents
a special danger to the driver. Since the 1960s there have been various
designs to reduce the risk of injury. For example, steering column and
steering wheel forwards, away from the driver. Since the introduction of
the airbag, the steering column’s job has become more complex. It has to
supplement the protective potential of the safety belt and the airbag.
Telescoping linkages and additional joints largely uncouple steering wheel
movement from bulkhead deformation. If the impact does not exceed a
certain severity, the steering wheel and the airbag remain in a defined
position in front of the driver. An integrated sliding mechanism with a
damping function reduces the loads on the chest and head to the extent
technically feasible. These elements are a good supplement to the belt
force limiters.

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8. CONCLUSION:
From above discussion the conclusion that can be drawn upon is little
care to tie your seat belt or little cost to have airbags can save a valuable
life, so every individual should try to use this safety devices and every car
company should have their vehicles tested thoroughly for safety as “safety
can save lives.” We cannot give one so let’s save life.

Safety Features of Modern Automobiles

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