Telecom Network Architectures

Samir Tohmé
PRISM Laboratory
Université de Versailles

0
 Functional Organisation of a telecommunication network

Service
Wired Wireless
Interface Interface

UE Core Net UE
NNI

UNI UNI

Access Networks

1
 Telecommunication Network Basic Components

These are Integrated Service fixed/mobile Digital Network with :

- End-to-End digital connectivity
- Common-channel signalling connectivity for communication control
- Multipurpose capability of User to Network Interfaces UNI
- Standard Network to Network Interface (NNI) and Inter-Network Interface
(INI)
The Digital Connectivity means
- Signals Digitization
- Digital Transmission
- Digital Switching

2
 High Level Function

Standard Interface S/T Standard Interface S/T

Circuit Switching Subnet

Circuit Switching Call Path

User to Network Signalling User to Network Signalling

Packet Switching Subnet

Terminal User Data Path Terminal

Local Local
Exchange Exchange

UNI NNI NNI UNI

User to User Signalling Common Channel Signalling User to User Signalling

Global Organization of the TelNet

3
 Service

CS

PS
T T
Sig
UNI NNI UNI
Man

4
 Telecommunication Network Basic Elements

Multiservice subnets (voice, data)

Access subnets : wired, wireless
Core subnets : circuit switching subnet, packet switching
subnet, signalling subnet, management subnet
Service subnet : Service Switching Point SSP, Service
Control Point SCP, Service Date Point SDP based on
signalling subnet

5
 Switching technologies

Circuit switching
-Network resources are allocated in dedicated mode to the communications
-Appropriate for communication where the delay requirements are strict
(Constant Bit Rate CBR traffic flows), for example the voice traffic

Packet switching
-Network resources are allocated in shared mode to the communications
-Appropriate for communication where the delay requirements are flexible
(non Real Time Variable Bit Rate nRT-VBR traffic flows), for example the
data traffic

6
 Three Planes Protocols Architecture

Management Plane

Layers Management
Control Plane User Plane
Higher Layers

Lower Layers

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 3 Planes Architecture

User Plane : it contains the protocol stack in charge of the

information exchange between users/applications
„ ATM
„ TCP/IP …
Control Plane : in charge of the signalling transfer within the Access
(Q931, SIP) and the Core (SS7, IP) Network
Management Plane : It contains the protocols stack of the
management distributed system (infrastructure elements and
services). The standard is based on TMN.
Service Plane : SS7, SIP
Standard reference interface : UNI and NNI

8
 Telecommunication Networks Standards

ISDN ITU-T/SG 18 Recommendations

I 100 : General
I 200 : Service Capabilities (Bearer Services, Teleservices)
I 300 : Network Aspects and Functions (functional principles,
reference model, addressing, routing, traffic control, QOS, . . . )
I 400 : ISDN UNIs (basic and primary rate layers 1-3,
multiplexing, Basic Call Control, . . . )
I 500 : NNIs
I 600 : Maintenance Principles (Subscriber Access, Subscriber
Installation)

Mobile Networks : 3GPP, 3GPP2

9
 1

1
M12
1
4 M23

Level 1 : 30 B M34
4
2.048 Mbit/s
Level 2 : 120 B 4
Level 4 : 1920 B
8.448 Mbit/s Level 3 : 480 B
139.264 Mbit/s
34.368 Mbit/s

The Hierarchy of Digital Multiplexes in Europe

Plesiochronous Multiplexing Hierarchy PDH

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 Digital Hierarchy in Europe and in USA

„ E1 : European Digital Signal 1, 2048 kbit/s speed, 32

octets frame of 125 micro seconds duration, the first octet
for synchronisation and the octet 16 for signalling
„ E2 = 4 * E1
„ E3 = 4 * E2 = 16 * E1
„ E4 = 4 * E3 = 64 * E1
„ T1 = DS1 1544 kbit/s speed (USA)
„ T3 = DS3 = 28 T1 44736 kbit/s (USA)

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 SDH : Synchronous Transport Module level 1

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 SDH Hierarchy

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 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and Optical Carrier

„ STM1 : Synchronous Transport Module 1

„ frame of 270 columns * 9 rows = 2430 octets
„ 125 micro seconds duration
„ 155.52 Mbit/s speed
„ STM4 = 4 * STM1 = 622.08 Mbit/s
„ STM16 = 16 * STM1 = 2.488 Gbit/s
„ OC1 : Optical Carrier 1 = 51.84 Mbit/s
„ OC3 = 3 * OC1 = 155.52 Mbit/s that is an STM1 frame

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 Wired access subnets

ISDN UNI basic access mode : 2B+D = 2*64 + 16 kbit/s

ISDN UNI primary access mode : 30B+D = 30*64 + 64
kbit/s
ADSL access : packet mode only (IP over ATM)
Access methods : Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA, Time Division Multiple Access TDMA or a
combination of these access methods

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 Wireless access subnets

Wireless LAN WLAN : packet mode only (IP over 802.11)

GSM : Circuit switching (12.2, 9.6 kbit/s), packet switching (up to
100 kbit/s in shared mode)
UMTS : packet switching (up to 2 Mbit/s)
Wireless Personal Area Network WPAN : packet switching (IP over
802.15)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Network WMAN : packet switching
(802.16 beyond 100 Mbit/s)
Access methods : FDMA, TDMA, Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA or a combination of these access methods

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 Core network subnets

• Second generation network :

– circuit switching (for voice and data services),
– packet switching (only for data services)
• Third generation networks : packet switching (for all
services)
• ATM / IP protocols

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 SS7 Protocols Architecture

SS7 Upper Layers Protocols :

„ISUP = ISDN User Part
„TUP = Telephone User Part
„SCCP = Signaling Connection
Control Part
„TCAP = Transaction Capabilities
Application Part
SS7 Lower Layers Protocols :
„MTP = Message Transfer Part layers
1, 2, 3

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 SS7 OSI

6 6 6

OMAP,MAP,INAP

ASEs Layer 7

6
TCAP
ISDN User Part ISUP
TC ? Layer 4 ?
6
Interm Serv Part ISP Layers 4-6
? ?
6

Sign Connec Contr Part SCCP

Layers 1-3
NSP ?
Signalling Network 6
Layer 3

Signalling link MTP Layer 2

Signalling Data Link Layer 1

? ? ?
SS7 Protocols and OSI

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 Signalling network subnet

• SS7 packet switching network in present generation

TN
• Lower layers : MTP3/MTP2/MTP1 or MTP3/ATM
(MTP is Message Transfer Part)
Upper / Intermediate layers : ISDN User Part ISUP over
SCCP or (Mobile Application Part MAP / Intelligent
Network Application Part INAP) over TCAP over SCCP

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 Core Network (CS) Control Plane (cont.)

SCCP services
Segmentation
Connectionless and connection oriented data transfer
Classe 0 : connectionless
Classe 1 : connectionless with resequencing
Classe 2 : connection oriented
Classe 3 : connection oriented with flow control
Several addressing schemes

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 TCAP

Transaction Capabilities Application Part :

9 ‘distributed SS7 processes’ dialogue management (comparable
to OSI ROSE or to RPC)
9 interfaces directly with SCCP-layer
9 component sub-layer
– manages service remote procedure call parameter coding and
decoding
9 transaction sub-layer
– manages TC-users’ communication (queries and responses)

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 TCAP Structure

User -TC ( MAP, INAP .. )

Component sub-layer

TCAP
Transaction sub-layer

Network SCCP
services layers
MTP

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 Examples of TCAP usage

Application process Application process

M AC F

SA O SA O SA O

ASE1 ASE1 ASE1

SACF

SACF

SACF
ASE2 ASE2 ASE2

TC AP TC AP TC AP

SC CP SC CP SC CP

M TP M TP M TP

a) Single Interaction b) M ultiple Coordinated Interaction

SAO = Single Association Object

SACF = Single Association Control Function
M ACF = M ultiple Association Control Function
ASE = A ssociation Service Elem ent

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 Mobile Application Part MAP

Provides the mobility management functions

Uses TCAP and SCCP
Interfaces : some
„ MAP/E : between MSCs for the Handover HO
„ MAP/D : between MSC et HLR
„ MAP/I : for SS between MSC and HLR
„ MAP/C : between HLR and GMSC
Procedures : 14 in GSM phase one, examples :
„ Registration / localization / deletion for MS
„ SS processing
„ Get the subscriber parameters (from the HLR)
„ Handoff processing

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 ISDN User Part ISUP

Handles the establishment and the release of the connection within the CS
subnet on SP to SP and end to end basis
33 Messages 8 groups
„ Forward call establishment (2)
„ Backward call establishment (3)
„ Global messages for call establishment (3)
„ Call supervision messages (2)
„ Circuit monitoring messages (9)
„ Trunk monitoring messages (8)
„ Signalling messages during the call (6)

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 ISUP Principle of Operation

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 Aims of SS7

TEX
Subscriber
LEX

Control of switching and

transmission resources
TEX LEX

Subscriber

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 SS7 Network Design

SS7 Network

STP STP
STP
STP
STP
STP

CS Network

LEX1 SP TEX1 SP

LEX2 SP
LEX 800 SP

2 Mbits/s CS links
SS7 Network links
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 Service Network Subnet

Based on
• Upper layer signalling protocols for the Service Control (MAP,
INAP)
• Data Basis : for mobility management and user capabilities
within GSM network
Home Location Register HLR,
Visitor Location Register VLR
• Advanced Addressing scheme
in GSM : MSISDN, IMSI, TMSI, . . .

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 Telecommunication Network Service Classes

Services in telecommunication network

„ Bearer services : describe the technical characteristics provided by the network
(rate, error probability, transmission mode ...) to a communication required by a
network user
„ Teleservices : describe the higher and the lower layers (bearer services)
provided by the network to the user applications (telephony, message
transmission, fax, WEB services, …)
„ Supplementary services : may be bearer services or teleservices (call
identification, call transfer, free phone, CCC, ...
These are provided by the network to the user in order to transport the user
applications within the framework of a Service Level Agreement SLA

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 Telecom Networks Service Attribute

1. Low layers attributes : Information Transfer Attribute, Access

Attributes
2. High layers attributes : Type of User Information, Higher Layer
Protocol Functions
3. General attributes : Supplementary services provided, QOS,
Interworking possibilities, Operational and commercial
These attributes define the scope of the service from the point of view of
the user and are exchanged at the UNI level with Signalling Protocols.

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 Teleservices

7
6
High Level
5 Functions
4 (if any)

3 3 3

2 2 2
1 1 1

Terminal ISDN Terminal

Bearer Services

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 ISDN Bearer Services

There exist 13 attributes. The most important are :

Information Transfer Attributes
- Information Transfer Mode : circuit, packet
- Information Transfer Rate : 64, 2*64, 384, 1536 and 1920 Kbit/s
- Information Transfer Capability : speech, audio 3.1 KHz, audio
7 KHz, audio 15 KHz, video, unrestricted digital information
- Information Transfer Structure : 8 KHz integrity, service data
unit integrity or unstructured
- Establishment of Communication (call by call, by reservation
or permanent)
- Communication Configuration : point to point, multipoint or
broadcast
- Information Transfer Symmetry : unidirectional, bidirectional
or bidirectional asymmetric

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 ISDN Bearer Services (cont.)

Access Transfer Attributes

• Access Channel and Rate : D (16), D (64), B, H0, H11 and H12
• Signalling Access Protocol :
– I430/I431 : Basic UNI/Primary UNI
– I450/451 : UNI Layer 3 Signalling Protocol (Q931)
– I461, I462, I463 : Support of DTEs
• Information Access Protocols : LAP-B, X25, I430, . . . , I463,
T.70-3

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 ISDN and GSM bearer services examples

-Switched Circuit in Transparent Channel B SCTB

-Switched Circuit in Non Transparent Channel B SCNTB
-64 kbit/s in connectionless mode
-Packet transfer at 64 kbit/s in B channel
-Packet transfer at 16 kbit/s in D channel
-Data link, 300 bit/s up to 9.6 kbit/s in reliable or transparent mode : 3.1 kHz
(asynchronous, synchronous), end to end digital transfer (asynchronous,
synchronous)
-Asynchronous access to a data communication network via a PAD, 300 bit/s up to
9.6 kbit/s (end to end digital transfer) in reliable or transparent mode
-Synchronous access to a data communication network, 2.4 kbit/s up to 9.6 kbit/s
(end to end digital transfer) in reliable mode

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 Teleservices examples in ISDN and GSM

ISDN : Telephone service, Fax group 3 / 4, Data

services (Email, …)
GSM : Telephone service, Fax group 3, Data services,
SMS, Urgent Call

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 Supplementary Services : examples

Call offering supplementary services (I 252)

-Call Transfer CT
-Call Forwarding Busy CFB
-Call Forwarding No Reply CFNRy
-Call Forwarding No Reachability CFNRc
-Call Forwarding Unconditional CFU
Call completion supplementary services (I 253)
-Call Waiting CW
-Call Hold HOLD
-Completion of Calls to Busy Subscribers CCBS
Multiparty supplementary services (I 254)
-Conference Calling CONF
-Three/Multiple Party Service 3PTY/MPTY
Charging supplementary services (I 256)
- Credit Card Calling CCC

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 Addressing within the Telecommunication Network

ISDN Address Structure : E164 (see I330-I331)

• Country Code
• National Destination Code
• ISDN Subscriber Number
• ISDN Subaddress

In GSM network several addresses will be needed to identify and

locate correctly a mobile user. The Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number
MSISDN follows the E164 format but it cannot be used to route a
call within the CS core network.

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 Functional Groups and Reference Points

TE NT2 NT1 LT LE

ISDN Terminal
S T U V
Subscriber Digital
Line

TE TA
TE : Terminal Equipment

Non ISDN Terminal NT2 : Network Termination 2 (PBX for example), optional

NT1 : Network Termination 1 (provided by the operator

in Europe)

TE
TA : Terminal Adapter

LT : Line Termination
ISDN Terminal
LE : Local Exchange

Functional Groups and Reference Points

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 ISDN Basic Access

• In point to point configuration up to 1 km corresponding to a

maximum possible attenuation of 6 dB at 96 kHz
• In bus configuration, the maximum number of terminals is 8 for
traffic and impedance considerations
• Because of impedance considerations, the maximum distance
between the terminal and the bus is 10 m
• Hybrid configuration is possible in term of an extended bus
corresponding to a combination of the upper two cases : for
example 4 terminals spaced over a distance between 25 and 50 m
at 500 m

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 The Subscriber Access to ISDN
Basic Access

TE TE TE

S U

NT1 LT

2 wires, echo−cancellation
Total capacity : 192 000 bit/s

2B + D B = 64 000 bit/s
D = 16 000 bit/s
Available capacity : 144 000 bit/s

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 ISDN Basic Access (continued)

The functional links

- B1 and B2 channels : bidirectional, 64 kbit/s, set up in circuit
mode
- D channel : bidirectional, 16 kbit/s, operated in message mode
using LAP D protocol (HDLC family) and shared between all the terminals
in multipoint configuration
An available B channel will be allocated to a terminal following a circuit call
set up (a signalling message) sent by the terminal to the network using the
D channel.
The D channel is used to exchange the signalling messages between the
terminal and the network, it is also used to exchange data messages
between end terminals.

43
 Management of the Interface

D channel access contention resolution function : using the E bit

unidirectional 16 kbit/s channel from NT to TE transporting the D
channel echo transmitted by the terminals
Synchronization function : terminals are synchronized in terms of
bit, frame and multiframe clock on the NT. The bit clock (192 kbit/s)
is included in the signal. The frame clock (4 kHz) is transported by
the 2-bit pairs (F/L and Fa/N). The multiframe clock (200 Hz)
transported by the M bit (NT to TE), this clock is optional.
Activation-deactivation function based on the bit A (NT to TE)
Extra facilities (using M and Q bits)

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 The Subscriber Access to ISDN
Primary Access

TE TE TE

NT2 NT1

4 wires

TE TE TE

30B + D B = 64 000 bit/s

(or 23B + D)
D = 64 000 bit/s
Available capacity : 1 984 000 bit/s (or 1 536 000 bit/s)
H Channels : H0 = 6B H11 = 4H0 (24B) H12 = 5H0 (30B)

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 ISDN Primary Access Physical Layer

- One primary access is a 32 octets frame of 125 µs

duration
- Octet 16 for signalling channel
- Octet 1 for synchronisation
- 30 * 64 kbit/s channels for user communications
- A trunk includes at most 16 primary access frames

46
 D Channel access contention

The D channel operates at layer 2 using the LAP D

protocol
The terminals can monitor the D channel from the TE to
the NT because of the echo channel
The bus performs a logical AND operation on the
information transmitted by the different terminals
Inactive terminals transmit 1s

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 D Channel access contention (continued)

Before transmitting any LAP D frame, each terminal must verify that
the D channel is free : it is considered to be free when at least X = 8
consecutive 1s have been detected
During the transmission of a LAP D frame, the terminal compares
each transmitted bit with the content of the echo channel, The
transmission will stop when a difference is detected
Fairness mechanism : X may take several values, for example 8
and 10. The value of X will be set a higher value (10) after each
successful transmission and will be set back to lower value (8)
The value of X can be used to implement a priority mechanism
between the terminals

48
 Q931 Signalling (I451)

Main objectives : Ensure the network layer service in the

Control Plane with the following characteristics
- Able to handle a large class of services, including the
future B-ISDN Services.
- Ensures the CALL and the CONNECTION CONTROL.
- Provides Service Primitives with adjacent layers.
- Handles the message exchange.

49
 Q931 Signalling (cont.)

Main characteristics (continued)

- Controls timers.
- Manages the network resources : channels, VCs, Call
References, . . .
- Provision of basic services and service facilities requested by the
users.
Possible separation between
- Call Control
- Resources Control (Bearer Control)

50
 Q931 Principle of Operation

51
 Message Type

33 types subdivided into 4 groups

• Call Establishment Messages : 6 messages
ALERTING, CALL PROCEEDING, PROGRESS, SETUP; CONNECT (+ with ACK)
• Call Information Phase Messages : 13 messages
USER INFORMATION; SUSPEND, HOLD, RESUME, RETREIVE (+ with ACK or
REJECT)
• Call Clearing Messages : 5 messages
DISCONNECT, RELEASE (+ with COMPLETE), RESTART
(+ with ACK)
• Miscellaneous Messages : 8 messages
SEGMENT, FACILITY, REGISTER, NOTIFY, STATUS
ENQ, CONGESTION CONTROL, INFORMATION, STATUS

52
 Message Type

The recommendation indicates also the domains where

these messages apply
• Circuit Switching
• Packet Switching
• User to User Connection
• Supplementary Services

53
 XDSL access network

xDSL technology

ISP
Ethernetlink ATM Switch Concentrator Internet
ATM Switch
DSLAM BAS

ADSL
Modem DSLAM
(IAD)

GW
ADSL ATM/Voice
router
(IAD)

Telephnone
Switch

54
 ADSL Technology

55
 Overview

56
 CUSTOMER PREMISES : LAN Configuration

57
 xDSL Technologies overview

Internet rate PC rate

Mode of Maximum Number
Technology Definition -> PC -> Internet
transmission Distance of pairs
(DL) (UL)
2 or 3
High data 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps
HDSL Symmetric 3.6 km following the
rate DSL 2.048 Mbps 2.048 Mbps
desired rate
High data
HDSL 2 Symmetric 1.544 Mbps 1.544 Mbps 3.6 km 1
rate DSL 2
Single line
SDSL Symmetric 768 Kbps 768 Kbps 3.6 km 1
DSL
- 192 Kb/s à - 192 Kb/s à
Single-Pair 1 or 2
2,3 Mb/s 2,3 Mb/s
SHDSL High-Speed Symmetric 5 km following the
- 384 Kb/s à - 384 Kb/s à
DSL desired rate
4.6 Mb/s 4.6 Mb/s
Asymmetric 128 Kbps à 9
ADSL Asymmetric 16-640 Kbps 5.4 km 1
DSL Mbps
Rate
RADSL Adaptive Asymmetric 0.6- 7 Mbps 128 kb/s-1 Mb/s 5.4 km 1
DSL
Very high
VDSL Asymmetric 15-53 Mbps 1.544-2.3 Mbps 1.3 km 1
data DSL

58
 Protocols architecture : Point to Point Protocol PPP

59
 Protocols architecture : L2TP Access Agregation

60
 Terminology

„ L2TP : Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol establishes a logical

layer two connectivity over which arbitrary layer 3
protocols (such as IP)
„ PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol
„ LAC : L2TP Access Concentrator
„ LNS : L2TP Network Server

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 Layer 2 Tunnelling Protocol

62
 xDSL protocols architecture

Forwarding

IP PPPoE Ethernet over ATM IP IP IP IP

RFC 1483B PPP PPP PPP PPP
PPP

MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC

Eth Eth
AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM
ADSL ADSL SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH SDH

Ethernet over ATM

(PPPoE/RFC 2516)

IP
PPP

MAC MAC
Eth Eth
AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM AAL5/ATM
ADSL ADSL SDH SDH SDH

63
 Evolution of Services : Intelligent Network Approach

Flexibility in the design, test and update of new services

Rapid service creation and deployment
Service creation by the end users
Possibility of maintaining within the network an IN and non-IN
technologies within a context of multivendor operations
Interfaces independent of the service and of the system
General principle : Separation between the service logic and the
network resources
ITU-T Recommendations :
-Q.120x Series : IN Global Architecture
-Q.121x Series : Capability Set specification

64
 Universal Personal Telephony UPT

UPT is an IN service to be provided by the Universal Mobile Telephony

System UMTS
Network and terminal independent user identification based on UPT
number UPTN
Personal mobility support
Universal access procedures across multiple networks
Personal charging and billing based on UPT number
Personal user control and flexibility based on UPT service profile
Security, privacy and protection from fraudulent use

65
 UPT Service Control Procedures

Personal mobility procedures

UPT call handling procedures
UPT service profile management
Supplementary services procedures
Exceptional procedures

66
 Virtual Private Network VPN

Closed User Group

Implementation over public switched telecommunication
network
Provision of private numbering plan
Call charging on the basis of duration of usage
(switched voice, switched data, both)
Single interface for all domestic and international needs

67
 IN Conceptual Model (1)

• Service Plane
• Global Functional Plane
• Distributed Functional Plane
• Physical Plane
ITU-T Recommendations Q ... series

68
 Intelligent Network Conceptual Model INCM

BCP : Basic Call Process

Service1 Service2 SIB : Service Independant Building Block
FEA : Functional Entity Action
POI : Point Of Initiation
SF1 SF2 SF1 POR : Point Of Return
Service Plane EF : Elementary Function
IF : Information Flows
PE : Physical Entity
INAP: IN Application Protocol
SF : Service Feature

POI SIB1

SIB2 Global
BCP Functional
POR Plane
SIBn

FE2 SCF FE5

Distributed
FE3 IF
SMF Functional
FE1 FE4 SSF Plane

PE PE
EF2 EF1
Physical
INAP Protocol Plane

69
 Service Plane

Service Plane defines

• Service description from the user point of view in terms of generic “Service
Features” SF
• A service can be viewed as a composition of several SFs, each SF is the smallest
element of the service which can be seen by the user
• The SFs are not atomic

Examples from CS1 services : Freephone FPH, VPN, Credit Card

Calling CCC, Universal Personal Telecommunication UPT... 25
identified in CS1.

CS2 and CS3 : Multimedia, Broadband Networks, Mobility,

Interoperability of IN with other future networks

70
 IN Services in CS1

Abbreviated dialling (ABD)

Account card calling (ACC)
Automatic alternative billing (AAB)
Call distribution (CD)
Call forwarding (CF)
Call rerouting distribution (CRD)
Completion of call to busy subscriber (CCBS)
Conference calling (CON)
(Credit card calling) (CCC)
Destination call routing (DCR)
Follow-me diversion (FMD)
Freephone (FPH)
Malicious call identification (MCI)
(Mass calling) (MAS)
Originating call screening (OCS)
Premium rate (PRM)
(Security screening) (SEC)
Selective call forward on busy/don't answer (SCF)
Split charging (SPL)
Televoting (VOT)
Terminating call screening (TCS)
Universal access number (UAN)
Universal personal telecommunications (UPT)
User-defined routing (UDR)
Virtual private network (VPN)

71
 Examples of CS.1 Service Features

38 features identified in CS1

• Call Logging
• Customer Profile Management
• Time dependent routing
• Authentication
• Customized recorded announcement

72
 Global Functional Plane

Model of the IN-structured network as a single entity. It provides a

text description of the Service from the user perspective.

It contains
• Basic Call Process BCP SIB
• Service Independent building Blocks SIBs
• Point Of Initiation POI and Point of Return POR between the
BCP and a chain of SIBs
• Global Service Logic GSL which describes how service features
are built using SIBs

A SIB has reusable network-wide capabilities. Each SIB is a

complete activity

73
 Global Functional Plane (cont.)

Service description by a chain of SIBs under the control of the

Global Service Logic.

A GSL is
• Points of interaction with the Basic Call Process BCP : POI, POR
• SIBs modules
• Links between SIBs and with the points of interaction of the BCP
• Call Instance Data CID : Input data parameters, Bearer
Service data parameters, Output data parameters

74
 Global Service Logic GSL

GSL Global Service Logic

Sib 1 Sib 2 Sib 3 Sib 6

Sib 4 Sib 5

POI BCP POR POR

Point Of Initiation Basic Call Process Point Of Return

75
 POI / POR

POI POR

• Call originated •Continue with existing data

• Address collected • Proceed with new data
• Address analysed • Handle as transit
• Call arrival • Clear call
• Busy • Provide call party handling
• No answer • Initiate call
• Call acceptance
• Active state
• End of call

76
 Examples of SIB

Some examples from CS1 [Q.1213] where 14 SIBs has been standardized :
• Basic Call Process BCP
• Algorithm
• Charge
• Compare
• Distribute call over service logic
• Log (store call information)
• Queue events
• Screen (filter number)
• Service data managements
• Verify
• User Interaction
• Translate
• Status notification
• Limit

77
 Global Functional Plane

données SSD
de soutien

entrée sorties
logique Sib logiques

CID
données
d'instances
entrée sortie

Service Support Data SSD are service static data

allowing the configuration of the SIB (ex : type of
charging).
Call Instance Data CID are service dynamic data related
to the service (ex : number of the calling line) .
78
 Distributed Functional Plane

This plane provides a distributed view of the IN and defines

• Functional Entities FEs
• Each FE may perform a variety of Functional Entity Actions
FEAs
• SIBs can be described by a collection of FEAs in different FEs
and information flow between FEAs
• A given FEA may not be distributed across FEs

79
 Distributed Functional Plane

FEs in charge of the executions of services

• Call Control Agent Function CCAF (located in the user terminal)
• Call Control Function CCF (located in the switch)
• Service Control Function SCF
• Service Data Function SDF
• Service Switching Function SSF in charge of the interaction
between the CCF and the SCF
• Service Resource Function SRF
FEs in charge of the management and creation of services
• Service Creation Environment Function SCEF
• Service Management Access Function SMAF
• Service Management Function SMF

80
 Distributed Functional Plane (cont.)

81
 Distributed Functional Plane : UPT example

The Service Management Function SMF is used to provide

• Subscriber Profile Management
• Subscriber Traffic Monitoring
The Service Control Function SCF and the Service Data Function
SDF are used to provide
• Location Registration
• UPTN Authentication
• Customized Service Control

82
 SSF / CCF Model

The Basic Call Process BCP is described by a Basic Call State Model
BCSM.
• Basic Call Manager BCM
• IN-Switching Manager IN-SM
• Feature Interaction Manager FIM / Call Manager CM
The BCSM representation
• is a high level finite state machine description of the CCF
activities
• provides a model of the CCF and determines aspects visible
the IN service logic instances
• identifies the points of interaction between IN service logic
instances and the basic call and connection control capabilities
• models existing switch processing of basic 2-party calls and
reflects the functional separation between the originating and
terminating portions of calls

83
 Physical Plane

Defines the Physical Entities PE

• The Service Switching Point SSP contains the SSF
• The Network Access Point NAP contains the { CCAF, CCF }
• The Service Control Point SCP contains the { SCF, SDF}
• The ADjunct AD is equivalent to an SCP directly connected to
an SSP
• An Intelligent Peripheral IP provides resources and contains
the SRF
• The Service Node SN contains the {SCF, SDF, SRF}
• The Service Data Point SDP contains the { SDF }
• The SMP, SCEP and SMAP resp contain the SMF, SCEF and
SMAF

84
 Physical Plane

85
 Physical Plane Protocol

TCAP provides
• Dialogue management (equivalent to ROSE)
• Interface with SCCP
• Structure : Component sublayer, Transaction sublayer
TCAP provides the following services to the INAP upper layer
• Set of different functional Service Elements SE : Operation-El,
Error-El, Result-El
• OSI Rose user -protocol
• INAP data services defined with ASN1

86
 IN / GSM Convergence

The initial GSM architecture does not follow the IN model. The
enhancement of this architecture toward the IN model is done with
CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile network Enhanced
Logic). This defines
• A protocol : CAMEL Application Part CAP between the MSC
and the SCP
• A new function gsmSSF within the MSC
• Originating CAMEL Subscriber Information which identifies
the subscriber and the address of the SCP the MSC has to
contact
• CAP Message Set (reduced)
• CAP-BCSM defined

87
 Camel Architecture

88
 Fixed / Mobile Networks Convergence

I P C o re N e tw o r k

G SM M e d ia A c c es s S y ste m
UTRAN
G P R S /E D G E

W L A N /B l u e to o th S a te l lite N e t w o r k

AD SL

S e rv ic e s
a nd
A p p lic a t io ns

E nd U ser

89
 SIP, H.323 & MGCP and multimedia communication

Signalling & Call Control Signalling &

Gateway Control
H.323 Media
H.225
Audio/
Video
H.245 Q.931 RAS SIP MGCP
RTP RTCP RTSP

TCP UDP

IP

90
 Place of SIP within the IP multimedia protocols architecture

91
 Session Initiation Protocol SIP (RFC 2543)

92
 Call Model

1 - Registration, initialisation and server location

2 - Description of the media to be used
3 - Check if the called party will respond
4 - Connection establishment
5 - Modify the call (if needed)
6 - Terminate the call

93
 Examples of VoIP session with SIP (1)

xx@enst.fr yy@prism.uvsq.fr

INVITE yy@prism.uvsq.fr

SIP 100 Trying

SIP 180 Ringing

SIP 200 OK

ACK

COMMUNICATION
 BYE

SIP 200 OK

UAC UAS
94
 VoIP with SIP (2)

uvsq.fr
prism.uvsq.fr

Location Server
. fr
r ism.uvsq
p
enst.fr
V I T E yy@ nentl
y
I N r m a
Pe r
Moved sm.uvsq.f
m.uv sq.fr 0 1 r i
E yy@pris SIP 3 ct: zz@p
IN VI T co nt a
Trying ACK
SIP 100 yy@prism.uvsq.fr
Ringing
SIP 180
O K
SIP 200 INVITE
zz@pr
ism.uv
sq.f r
SIP 18
0 Ringing
xx@enst.fr SIP 20
ACK 0 OK

ACK
zz@prism.uvsq.fr

BYE
SIP 200 OK BYE
SIP 200 OK
Proxy

95
 VoIP with SIP (3)

uvsq.fr

.f r
@ pr ism.uvsq
enst.fr yy
INVITE
tly
d Per manen
1 Move
SIP 30 Location Server
ACK Redirection Server

INVIT
E zz@
prism
xx@enst.fr .uvsq
.fr
SIP 1
00 Tr
SIP 1 ying
80 Ri
nging
SIP 2
0 0 OK
ACK
zz@prism.uvsq.fr

Proxy

96
 User Agents

Une application qui initialise, reçoit et termine les appels.

„ User Agent Clients (UAC): Une entité qui initialise les appels
„ User Agent Server (UAS) : Une entité qui reçoit des appels

User Agent

97
 Proxy Server

„ Un programme intermédiaire qui joue le rôle de serveur et de client, pour envoyer des requêtes
sous le nom des clients.
„ Les requêtes sont servies en interne ou bien en les passant à un autre serveur (après traduction)
„ Il interprète, réécrit ou traduit une message de requête avant de le faire passer

User Agent
Proxy
Server

98
 Location Server

Utilisé par un serveur

Proxy pour obtenir
des informations sur
le lieu du réseau de
Location
l’appelé
Server

User Agent
Proxy
Server

99
 Redirect Server

„ Un serveur qui accepte des requêtes SIP,

transforme leurs adresses en de nouvelles
adresses et retourne ces adresses au client
„ Contrairement au Proxy server, le serveur
Redirect ne peut pas initialiser une requête
SIP
„ Contrairement au user agent, le serveur
Redirect ne peut pas accepter ou terminer
Location Redirect un appel
Server Server

User Agent
Proxy
Server

10
0
 Registration Server

„ Un serveur qui accepte les

requêtes REGISTER
„ Supporte l’authentification
„ Peut être monté en parallèle sur
un Proxy ou Redirect Server et
peut offrir les services de
localisation
Location Redirect Registration
Server Server Server

User Agent
Proxy
Server

10
1
 SIP Distributed Architecture

Location Redirect Registration

Server Server Server

PSTN

User Agent
Gateway
Proxy Proxy
Server Server

10
2
 Examples of VoIP session with SIP (1)

xx@enst.fr yy@prism.uvsq.fr

INVITE yy@prism.uvsq.fr

SIP 100 Trying

SIP 180 Ringing

SIP 200 OK

ACK

COMMUNICATION
 BYE

SIP 200 OK

UAC UAS
10
3
 Messages SIP, méthodes et réponses

Méthodes SIP
„ INVITE
Initialise un appel en invitant un utilisateur à participer dans une session
„ ACK
Confirme que le client a reçu une réponse à la demande d’initialisation l’appel INVITE
„ BYE
Indique la fin d’un appel
„ CANCEL
Termine une requête en attente ou non aboutie
„ REGISTER
Enregistre un agent
„ OPTIONS
Utilisé pour se renseigner sur les capacités d’un serveur
„ INFO
Utilisé pour transporter de l’information comme la tonalité DTMF

10
4
 Messages SIP, méthodes et réponses

Réponses SIP

„ 1xx : info
„ 2xx : Succès
„ 3xx : Redirection
„ 4xx : Requête non aboutie
„ 5xx : Serveur en panne
„ 6xx : Erreur globale

10
5
 Adressage SIP

„ Identifié par un SIP URL de format utilisateur@host

„ Exemples des SIP URLs:
„ sip:tohme@prism.uvsq.fr
„ sip:tohme@192.168.0.14
„ sip:33139253055@prism.uvsq.fr

10
6
 Simplified Call Model with SIP

User Agent Proxy Server Location/Redirect Server Proxy Server User Agent
INVITE INVITE
302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
Call INVITE
Setup 302
(Moved Temporarily)
ACK
INVITE
180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing) 180 (Ringing)
200 (OK) 200 (OK) 200 (OK)
ACK ACK ACK

Media
RTP MEDIA PATH
Path

Call BYE BYE BYE

Teardown 200 (OK) 200 (OK) 200 (OK)

10
7
 SIP and the quality of service

Scénario

10
8
 H323

H.323

H.225

H.245 Q.931 RAS

TCP UDP

IP

10
9
 H323 Main Elements

Gatekeeper
Multipoint
Control Unit

Packet
Circuit
Based
Switched
Networks
Networks
Terminal Gateway

11
0
 Terminals

Les terminaux H.323 doivent supporter

„ H.225 Call Control Signaling.
„ H.245 Control Channel Signaling.
„ les protocoles RTP/RTCP
„ Codecs Audio

11
1
 Gateway

Le Gateway offre le service de traduction

„ Exemple: il peut traduire des entités provenant d’un réseau paquet, en des entités allant vers un
réseau commuté
„ Peuvent offrir le service de transformation de codecs entre des réseaux H.323 et des réseaux
non H.323

11
2
 Gatekeepers Functions

„ Address translation
„ Admission control
„ Bandwidth control
„ Zone management
„ Call control signaling
„ Call authorization
„ Bandwidth management
„ Call management

11
3
 Multipoint Control Unit

MCU soutient les conférences de plus de 3 terminaux

Composants :

„ Multipoint Controller (MC) qui offre des fonctions de contrôle

„ Multipoint Processor (MP) qui reçoit et traite les messages audio/vidéo/data

11
4
 H.323 standards

Call Control and Signaling

Call Control and Signaling

H.245 H.323
„ Capabilities advertisement, media channel establishment, and
conference control.
H.225
H.225
„ Q.931 - call signaling and call setup.
H.245 Q.931 RAS
„ RAS - Registration nd other Admission control with a
gatekeeper.

TCP UDP

IP

11
5
 H.323 Standards

Data/Fax
Data/fax

T.120 H.323
• For Data conferences
Data/Fax
T.38
• For Fax T.120 T.38

TCP

IP

11
6
 H.323 regroupe plusieurs normes

Media
Media
H.261 and H.263
„ Video Codecs.

G.711, G.723, G.729 G.711

H.261
G.723
„ Audio codecs. H.263
G.729
RTP/RTCP RTCP
„ Media.

RTP

UDP

IP

11
7
 H.323 Components and Signaling

H.225/RAS messages H.225/RAS messages

over RAS channel over RAS channel
Gatekeeper
H.245 messages (optional) H.245 messages (optional)

H.225/Q.931 messages over

call signaling channel
PSTN
H.245 messages over
Terminal call control channel Gateway

H.245 : A protocol for capabilities advertisement, media channel establishment and conference control.
H.225 : Call Control.
Q.931 : A protocol for call control and call setup.
RAS : Registration, admission and status protocol used for communicating between an H.323 endpoint and a gatekeeper.

11
8
 Call Model

Call setup
Description du media à utiliser
Etablissement de connexion Audio/vidéo
Modification de l’appel
Terminaison de l’appel

11
9
 Simplified H.323 Call Setup

Admission Request
„ Both endpoints have previously Admission Confirm
registered with the gatekeeper.
„ Terminal A initiate the call to the
gatekeeper. (RAS messages are Setup
exchanged).
„ The gatekeeper provides information Call Proceeding
for Terminal A to contact Terminal B. Admission Request
„ Terminal A sends a SETUP message
to Terminal B. Admission Confirm
„ Terminal B responds with a Call Alerting Connecting
Proceeding message and also
contacts the gatekeeper for
permission.
„ Terminal B sends a Alerting and Terminal Capacity Set
Connect message. Master/Slave determination
„ Terminal B and A exchange H.245
messages to determine master slave, Terminal Capacity Set + Ack
terminal capabilities, and open logical Master/Slave determination + Ack
channels.
„ The two terminals establish RTP Terminal Capacity Set Ack
media paths. Master/Slave determination Ack

Open Logical Channel

RAS
Open Logical channel + Ack
Q.931
Open Logical channel Ack
H.245

MEDIA RTP

12
0
 SIP/H323

Points communs : ce sont des protocoles très similaires :

„Call control, call setup
„Terminaison
„Les services de bases: FW, TR, RET, IDENT

12
1
 Strong Points of…

H.323
„ Defines sophisticated multimedia conferencing. H.323 multimedia conferencing can support
applications such as whiteboarding, data collaboration, or video conferencing.
SIP
„ Supports flexible and intuitive feature creation with SIP using SIP-CGI (SIP-Common Gateway
Interface) and CPL (Call Processing Language).
„ Third party call control is currently only available in SIP. Work is in progress to add this
functionality within H.323.

12
2
 SIP vs H.323

Information SIP H.323

Standards Body IETF. ITU.

Relationship Peer-to-Peer. Peer-to-Peer.
Origins Internet based. Telephony based.
Syntax and messages from call signaling protocol from ISDN
HTTP.
Client Intelligent user agents. Intelligent H.323 terminals.
Core servers SIP proxy, redirect, location, and H.323 Gatekeeper.
registration servers.
Current SIP within UMTS. Widespread.
Deployment

12
3
 SIP vs H.323

Information SIP H.323

Server Stateless or stateful. Version 1 or 2 – Stateful.

Processing Version 3 or 4 – Stateless or
stateful.
Quality of SIP relies on other protocols such Bandwidth management/control
Service as (RSVP, COPS, … ) to and admission control is managed
implement or enforce quality of by the H.323 gatekeeper.
service. The H323 specification
recommends using RSVP for
resource reservation.

12
4

Information SIP
Security Registration - User agent
registers with a proxy server.
Authentication - User agent
authentication uses HTTP digest
or basic authentication.
Encryption - The SIP RFC
defines three methods of
encryption for data privacy.
Endpoint Uses SIP URL for addressing.
Location and Redirect or location servers
Call Routing provide routing information.
12
5
SIP vs H.323
H.323
Registration - If a gatekeeper is
present, endpoints register and
request admission with the
gatekeeper.
Authentication and Encryption -
H.235 provides recommendations
for authentication and encryption
in H.323 systems.
Uses E.164 or H323ID alias and a
address mapping mechanism if
gatekeepers are present in the
H.323 system.
Gatekeeper provides routing
information.
 MGCP

Media Gateway Control Protocol MGCP

A protocol for controlling telephony gateways from external call control
elements called media gateway controllers or call agents

MGCP

UDP

IP

12
6
 Media Gateway Control Protocol

MGCP : Media Gateway Control Protocol

Controlling Telephony Gateways from external Call Control elements called
media gateway controllers (Call Agent)
A Master/Slave protocol, where the gateways are expected to execute
commands sent by the Call Agents
MGCP was itself a combination of two proposal:
9 Simple Gateway control protocol (SGCP)
9 Internet Protocol Device Control (IPDC)
Derived as MEGACO since Feb. 1999.
1999. 7. Internet Draft of MGCP Version 1

12
7
 MGCP Components

Call agent or media gateway controller Call Agent or Call Agent or

Media Gateway Media Gateway
„ Provides call signaling, control and processing Controller Controller
intelligence to the gateway. (MGC) (MGC)
„ Sends and receives commands to/from the
gateway.

Gateway MGCP MGCP

„ Provides translations between circuit switched
networks and packet switched networks.
„ Sends notification to the call agent about endpoint
events.
„ Execute commands from the call agents.

Media Gateway Media Gateway

(MG) (MG)

12
8
 Simplified Call Flow

Call Agent
„ When Phone A goes off hook Media Gateway Controller
Gateway A sends a signal to the call
agent.
„ Gateway A generates dial tone and
collects the dialed digits.
„ The digits are forwarded to the call i ng
agent. er
b 55
N um 2530 MGCP MGCP
„ The call agent determines how to 01
39
route the call. message Called Party
„ The call agent sends commands to
Gateway B.
„ Gateway B rings phone B. RTP/RTCP
„ The call agent sends commands to A B
both gateways to establish RTP/RTCP
sessions. Ringing
Calling Party

tonality

12
9
 MGCP Commands

Call Agent Commands: Gateway Commands:

„ EndpointConfiguration „ Notify
„ NotificationRequest „ DeleteConnection
„ CreateConnection „ RestartInProgress
„ ModifyConnection
„ DeleteConnection
„ AuditEndpoint
„ AuditConnection

13
0
 Characteristics of MGCP

MGCP:
„ A master/slave protocol.
„ Assumes limited intelligence at the edge (endpoints) and intelligence at the core (call
agent).
„ Used between call agents and media gateways.
„ Differs from SIP and H.323 which are peer-to-peer protocols.

„ Interoperates with SIP and H.323.

13
1
 MGCP, SIP and H.323

„ divides call setup/control and media In this example, an H.323 gateway is

establishment functions. “decomposed” into:
„ does not replace SIP or H.323. –A call agent that provides signaling.
„ interoperates with H.323 and SIP.
–A gateway that handles media.
MGCP protocol is used to control the
„ A call agent accepts SIP or H.323 call setup
requests.
gateway.
„ The call agent uses MGCP to control the media H.323 Gateway
gateway.
H.323
„ The media gateway establishes media sessions
with other H.323 or SIP endpoints.
MGC H.323
Gateway
MGCP

Media RTP/RTCP
Media Gateway

13
2
 Comparison Example

H.323 MGCP
1. A user picks up analog phone and 1. A user picks up analog phone and dials a
dials a number. number.
2. The gateway determines how to 2. The gateway notifies call agent of the phone
route the call. (endpoint) event.
3. The two gateways exchange 3. The Call agent determines capabilities,
capabilities information. routing information, and issues a command
4. The terminating gateway rings the to the gateways to establish RTP/RTCP
phone. session with other end.
5. The two gateways establish
RTP/RTCP session with each other.
2 Call Agent/
3 Media
5.RTP/ Gateway
RTCP 4 Controller
1
H.323 H.323
1
Gateway Gateway RTP/
Gateway A RTCP Gateway B

13
3
 MEGACO/H.248 : MGCP – System Architecture

H.323 H.323
CALL AGENT Terminal
(MGC)

H.323
SS7/ISUP
TCAP SCP
H.323
MTP3
MTP2
MTP1 IP Network
M
G

P
CP

MG C
PSTN
RTP/UDP/IP

Gateway Residential
Gateway

13
4
 MEGACO/H.248

MEGACO = Name of MGCP

Distributes functionality between Media Gateways and a central Media
Gateway Controller
MEGACO is a common IETF’s (MGCP) and ITU’s MDCP
ITU-T and RFC 3015 of IETF
a coordinated standard between IETF (MEGACO) and ITU(H.248)
Principle
„ Media Gateways are low-intelligence distributed devices
„ Media Gateway controller provides call/connection control, call-related service and PSTN signaling
interfaces
„ Can interwork with H.323/SIP terminals or networks

13
5
 MEGACO/H.248 Components

Master Slave Model

Media Gateway (MG)
9 Media mapping and/or transcoding functions between dissimilar networks (PSTN and IP
Network)
9 Acknowledge requests and instructions from MGC
Media Gateway Controller (MGC)
9 Controls one or more Media Gateways
9 Call admission and billing
9 Signaling interface to PSTN
9 Translation for other protocols; e.g., H.323 or SIP
Signaling Gateway (SG)
9 Communicate with SS7 system

13
6
 MEGACO/H.248

TCAP SCP TCAP SCP

MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 SG SG MTP2
MTP1 MTP1

MGC MGC

•PSTN
PSTN IP
PSTN Network PSTN

MG MG

13
7
 Comparisons

H.323 SIP MEGACO

Binary notation Text-based Text and binary
Coding (ASN.1) (like HTTP) Versions

QoS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS RTP, DiffServ, MPLS

Protocol Multiple, Integrated with Integrated with TCP/IP

Complexity circuit-oriented TCP/IP suite suite; Protocol Interworking

Terminal Moderate; Flexible;

Flexible with gateway
Complexity Terminal based Gateway oriented

Server SIP servers Media Gateway

Gatekeepers are stateful
Complexity can be stateless Controllers are stateful
Services left to application; Standard PSTN services;
Standard PSTN services;
Services Defined under H.450
Interworking with PSTN Other services left to
under study applications
Specification ITU Standard IETF RFC IETF and ITU

13
8
 VoIP issues in Rel 5 of UMTS

New features introduced in All IP Release

„ Provisioning of IP-based multimedia service
„ Packet based network transport. Replace circuit switched transport
„ IP transport within the UTRAN
„ Network architecture is independent of the transport layer, based on IP or ATM
All IP Release support two types of real-time service
„ Circuit switched voice service
„ IP-based multimedia service
All IP Release’s MSC is split into
„ A control part : MSC server
„ A transport part : Media Gateway Controller MGC

13
9
 VoIP : All-IP UMTS solution

14
0
 VoIP Issues

Voice quality
9 Can delay be acceptable reduced?
9 Can VoIP be as good or better than PSTN?
9 How good is good enough?
Reliability
9 How long until VoIP can provide lifeline service?
9 Will companies trust VoIP as their only long distance?

Inter-working with the public Switched Telephone Network

9 SS7/IN capabilities
9 Number portability
Standards
9 Call control
9 Service access

14
1
 VoIP Issues (cont.)

Interoperability
9 Vendor gateway to vendor gateway
9 Vendor gateway to PSTN for advanced features

Incumbent carrier migration

9 Circuit switched net migration to IP
9 Does VoIP make sense for POTS subscribers?

Numbering plans
9 E.164 vs. IPv6 vs. ?

Regulations
9 What happens to industry growth if arbitrage opportunity
disappears?

14
2
 Some Conclusions concerning the VoIP

Today, the focus of Voice over IP is cheap long distance

Longer term, the focus is on a more efficient infrastructure and

the ability to create new applications

There is much work to be done on quality, reliability,

standards, service creation and integration with the Public
Switched Telephone Network

14
3