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fundamentals
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Pulkit Gupta
(pulkit@cse.iitb.ac.in)
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Devendra Bhave
(devendrah@cse.iitb.ac.in)
Date: August 18, 2007
Outline
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What is network?
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Basic requirements of a network
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Components of a network
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Protocols
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Classification of computer networks
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TCP/IP protocol stack
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Applications
What is a network?
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A computer network is "A set of data processing
nodes that are interconnected for the purpose of
data communication".[1]
Basic requirements for a network
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In order for a network to function, it must meet three basic
requirements:
- It must provide connections
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Connection refers to the hardware.
- It must provide communications
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Communication is the way in which the devices talk to each other.
- It must provide services
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Services are the things which are shared with the rest of the
network.
Components of network
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Message
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Sender
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Receiver
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Protocol
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Medium
Protocols
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Set of rules governing data communication.
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Integration of three basic functions:
‐ What is communicated?
‐ How is it communicated?
‐ When is it communicated?
Classification of computer networks
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On the basis of scale or extent of reach of network
‐ LAN, MAN, WAN
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On the basis of connection method
‐ hardware technology: Wired, Wireless, Hybrid
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On the basis of functional relationship
‐ ClientServer, Peertopeer
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On the basis of network topology
‐ Physical layout: Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring, Hybrid
Local Area Network
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In general privately owned, which covers a small area
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Network in a building
Metropolitan Area Network
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Extends over an entire city
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It may be a single network or a means of
connecting a number of LANs together.
Metropolitan Area Network
Wide area network
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Generally covers a country, a continent and can be
extended to the whole world
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Example: Internet
Mesh network
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Pointtopoint dedicated link between any two
nodes
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Elimination of traffic problem
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Provides security and privacy of data
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Robust
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Not Scalable
‐ Interface problem
Mesh network
Star network
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Each node is connected to the central
controller.
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It does not allow direct traffic between devices.
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Robust, provided the controller remains active
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Scalable
Star network
Bus network
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One long cable act as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network.
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Nodes are connected to bus cable by the drop lines
and taps.
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No security and privacy to data.
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Broadcasting of data
Bus network
Ring network
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Each device has a dedicated pointtopoint
connection only to the two devices on either
side of it.
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No broadcasting of data.
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Scalable
Ring network
Chat Program
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Type message ●
Display message
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Send message ●
Receive message
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Search computer at other ●
Connect with other
end computer
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Access medium ●
Access medium
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Transmit over medium ●
Receive over medium
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Physical Layer
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Task
Transmit raw bits over communication channel
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Fundamental unit of transfer: Bit
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Examples
Twisted pair
Coaxial cable
Optical fiber cable
Radio transmission
Microwave transmission
Physical Layer - Example
Fig.: Physical Layer Example
Data Link Layer
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Task
Provide raw transmission across a link
Error detection and correction
Flow control
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Fundamental unit of transfer: Frame
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Example
Protocols such as HDLC and PPP
Data Link Layer -
Example
Fig.: Data Link Layer Example
Network Layer
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Task
Hosttohost delivery
Routing
Congestion control
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Fundamental unit of transfer: Packet
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Example
IP
Network Layer - Example
Fig.: Network Layer Packet Transfer
Internet Protocol - IP
Fig.: IP Addressing
IP Example
Fig.: IP Addressing Example
Transport Layer
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Task
Processtoprocess message delivery
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Fundamental unit of transfer: TPDU
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Examples
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Transport Layer -
Example
Fig.: Transport Layer Functioning
Application Layer
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Task
Provides services to users
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Fundamental unit of transfer: Message
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Examples
WWW
Email
Chat
Multimedia streaming
Domain Name System -
DNS
Task
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To resolve host name
Internet name space
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Over 200 domains: Generic and Countries
Subdomains
Hosts
Domain Name System -
DNS
Fig.: DNS Hierarchy
Accessing Website
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Fig.: Looking up www.iitb.ac.in
Accessing Website
Fig.: Path for www.iitb.ac.in
Accessing Website
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8 4
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Fig.: Looking up www.iitb.ac.in
Thank You
●
Pulkit Gupta
pulkit@cse.iitb.ac.in
●
Devendra Bhave
devendrabhave@cse.iitb.ac.in
References & further reading
[1] Telecommunications, Glossary of Telecommunication Terms
[2] Behrouz A Forouzan, Data Communications Networking. Fourt Edition
Mc Graw Hill Publications.
[3] James Kurose, Keith Ross, Computer Networking. Pearson
Publications.