Paper No.

08079

Oxygen-Induced Corrosion of an Oil Refinery

Condensate Fractionation Unit

Azmi Mohammed Nor, Sa'adan Mat, & Ahmad Zaki Abas

PETRONAS
Lot 3288 & 3289, Off Jln Ayer Itam, Kaw. Institusi Bangi
43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
Fax: 603-8925-8875
E-mail: azminr@petronas.com.my
E-mail: saadan@petronas.com.my
E-mail: ahmadzakiabas@petronas.com.my

ABSTRACT

A Condensate Fractionation Unit (CFU) of an oil refinery suffered severe corrosion problems since
commissioning in 2000. In 2002, its overhead air-fin cooler was badly corroded and the source of
electrolyte was uncertain. The introduction of corrosion inhibitor and neutralizer to control the
corrosion problems resulted in jelly-like deposits with 90 percent iron oxide clogging the cooler and
reduction of its heat duty. Internal Rotary Ultrasonic Inspection suggested a corrosion rate of
1.24 mm/yr. The installation of wash water system to mitigate corrosion led to the corrosion of the
otherwise-dry upstream section of the CFU. In view of the problems, failure investigation was carried
out to ascertain the root cause(s) of the corrosion problems, including the possible source of water that
had caused overhead corrosion (prior to the introduction of wash water system). The work involved a
chemical and metallurgical analysis of the failed tubes, chemical analysis of the feedstock and wash
water, chemical analysis of the corrosion products, an in-situ visual inspection of the air fin tubes for
corrosion and fouling morphology, a failure history review, the corrosion control systems audit, and
process simulation.

Analysis of the wash water indicated a high amount of dissolved oxygen: - about 60 times higher than
the 50 ppb maximum limit. This led to the possibility of oxygen-induced corrosion being the dominant
corrosion mechanism as evidenced from the high percentage of magnetite in the corrosion deposits.
This was also supported by the presence of high amount of elemental sulphur (3200 ppm) when the
amount of sulphur in the LPG stream was less than 0.2 ppm. Examination of the pits revealed
characteristics of oxygen-induced corrosion. The location where the pits were scattered corresponded to
the areas constantly immersed in oxygenated water. The present oxygen-induced corrosion problem
resulted from the contamination of wash water. However, based on the process simulation the initial
corrosion mechanism, prior to the introduction of wash water system, could have been due to water from
the feedstock itself due to condensation.

1. INTRODUCTION

A condensate fractionation unit (CFU) fractionates natural gas condensate into a heavy naphtha
feedstock for the downstream aromatic facilities. The CFU has suffered severe corrosion problems
since its commissioning in 2000 in the overheads of the Naphtha Stabilizer (C 21103) and Deethanizer
(C 21105). The problems were first realized when a sour water booth (V 21103) collected a large
amount of water. It was initially suspected that the stabilizer reboiler (E21111) might have leaked, but
hydro-test proved otherwise. The presence of water caused the deethanizer condenser (E 21114) to
corrode badly and was retubed during the shutdown. Figure 1 shows the schematic of the CFU and also
gives an overview of the problem areas.

In May 2002, bank two of air-fin cooler (E 21105) leaked due to rows 4 and 5 tubes being badly
corroded and the tube bundles were subsequently replaced in October 2002. As a mitigation effort,
corrosion inhibitor and neutralizer were introduced in the stabilizer overhead in November 2002.
Three (3) months later, E 21105 experienced drop in its heat duty from an average of 8 MW to 6 MW.
Also, E 21114 leaked in November 2003. In December 2003, inspection found that jelly-like deposits
with 90 percent iron oxide had clogged E 21105; the tubes had severely thinned, and Internal Rotary
Ultrasonic Inspection suggested a corrosion rate of 1.24 mm/yr.

An additional mitigation effort, namely wash water, was therefore introduced in both overhead systems.
This caused a considerable increase in corrosion activity in the deethanizer overhead system as
measured by ER probes and iron counts. For this reason, wash water was discontinued. As for the
stabilizer system, wash water system was maintained, but a high corrosion activity was still observed. It
was therefore realized that the corrosion problems concentrated mainly downstream of stabilizer
overhead. Figure 2 summarizes chronologically the corrosion problems in relation to the introduction of
each of the three corrosion control methods.

During the CFU shutdown in September 2004, it was observed that fouling had already taken place in
the following heat exchangers: E21113, E21114, E21115, and E21116. As for E21105, new tube
bundles had to be installed. With these problems in mind, a failure investigation was carried out to find
the root cause of the corrosion problems. This involved identifying the source of water and the
corrosive species. The investigation only focused on the deethanizer air fin cooler, E21105 as it had
been replaced a few times.

2. METHODOLOGY

To find the root cause of the corrosion problems, the following methods were employed:

2.1. Review of Corrosion Failure History and Operating History

Review of corrosion failures and operating histories entailed studying the inspection and monitoring
reports, repair records, previous metallurgical analysis, and turnaround reports. The review would give an
insight as to when the problem first occurred, upsets in operation , when corrosion controls were
introduced, which equipment experienced the problems, what types of corrosion inhibitor and pH
neutralizer were used, whether water could possibly be present in the system, and where fouling was
located inside the tubes. This enabled possible correlation between the inspection and operation data in
finding the root cause(s) of the failures and allowed analysis on the possible shift in corrosion mechanisms.
For example, it would be possible that the initial corrosion mechanism, prior to the introduction of
chemical treatment, was organic and inorganic acid corrosion, but the corrosion mechanism changed to
acid salt deposition (ammonium chloride) when chemical injection was introduced.

2.2. Audit of Corrosion Control Measures and Process Parameters

This audit included a thorough review of corrosion control systems, including facilities for corrosion
inhibitor, pH neutralizer injections and water washing. Information on the past effort to mitigate
corrosion was also analyzed to verify if the approach had failed due to incorrect implementation.
For example, the current practice of recycling sour water as water wash was investigated to see its
possible contributions to the failures.

The system audit also attempted to define the process conditions that might have played a role in
corrosion, i.e., failure cases-operating data relationship were established. e.g., whether the current
operating temperature would possibly lead to water condensation (the source of electrolyte). This was;
partly accomplished through process simulation. Another critical process parameter is velocity which
may determine the occurrence of flow-assisted corrosion (FAC). The audit helped in identifying the
location and types of data and samples required for analyses such as deposit scales, failed tubing
specimens and other data for process simulations.

2.3. Analytical Testing on Process Fluids and Fouling Materials

Analytical testing helped determine the presence of corrosive species in the process fluids (wash water,
gas condensate feedstock, and overhead LPG/fuel gas stream) and the fouling materials. The data
helped determine the corrosive species at work (hence, the corrosion mechanisms), and their sources.
The wash water analysis looked at possible corrosive environment in the tubes.

Wash water from two sources, steam condensate tank and sour water boot, were collected and analyzed
on-site and in the laboratory. Fouling materials were also collected from the tubes during the shutdown
and analyzed for chemical compounds and elements. Fuel gas/LPG was sampled from the overhead of
the stabilizer and analyzed for corrosive species, including sulphur.

The corrosive species of most interest were inorganic and organic acids, dissolved oxygen, hydrogen
sulfide, and organic amines used to neutralize the overhead system or any other tramp amines.
The presence of amine in water extract of the deposits could be related to fouling.

2.4. Metallurgical Analysis

The failed specimens retrieved during the shutdown were subjected to the following:
(a) Visual examination – to determine the nature or morphology of corrosion attack.
(b) Chemical compositional analysis– to verify the fabrication issues such as weld defects or
incorrect alloy materials. The composition of the metal in the corroded area can also identify
whether dealloying has occurred or impurity is present.
(c) Metallorgraphy and elemental analysis (SEM-EDAX) – to identify corrosive species.
A microscopic examination of grain structure can determine if mechanical factors play a role
during the corrosion attack (e.g., cavitation, flow assisted corrosion).

2.5. Process Simulation

The objective of the process simulation in this study was to determine whether water in overhead of the
stabilizer column might have come from the feedstock itself through condensation. The modelling
concentrated mainly on the stabilizer fin-fan cooler. The process simulation was carried out using
process simulation software called Hysys in which the moisture content in the feedstock was used as the
input.
 3. RESULTS

3.1. Field Data

3.1.1. Deposit Samples Figures 3 and 4 show the fouling samples collected at the tube inlets
and outlets, respectively. The inlet samples were basically dry and orange-brownish while the outlet
samples were dark-brownish and dry. The magnetic nature of the deposits suggested that they were
most probably magnetite ( Fe 3 O 4 ). A simple test by which HCl was poured into these deposits
indicated that both the inlet and outlet samples did not contain H2S as no rotten-egg smell was produced.

3.1.2. In-situ Water Analysis Water samples were collected from the following two locations:
• Sour water boot which recycles 80 percent of the wash water
• Wash water pump which channels steam condensate from its tank to wash water system so as
to provide 20 percent of make-up water.

The water samples were analysed in-situ for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen and
conductivity. Table 1 below shows their respective results:

Table 1 – Results of in-situ Analysis of Wash Water

Results
Properties Units Methods
V-21103 P-22202 B

1 pH - APHA 4500H 8.8 10.3

2 Temperature Deg C APHA 2550B 29 29

3 Dissolved oxygen ppm APHA 4500-OG 3.51 3.02

4 Conductivity µS/cm APHA 2510B 8 22

The above results show that the pH of both water sources was alkaline and that the water contained high
amounts of dissolved oxygen far exceeding the maximum amount of oxygen concentration acceptable in
wash water systems, namely 50 ppb (Timmins, pp 33).

3.2. Laboratory Data

Laboratory tests were subjected on retrieved failed tubes, the collected fouling, water samples, and
hydrocarbon samples (LPG and condensate):

3.2.1. Failed Tubes

a) Visual Inspection Figure 5 shows the as-received tube while Figure 6 shows the
internal side of the tube which suffered from pitting that scattered mainly around 4 o’clock to 8
o’clock bottom positions. Figures 7 and 8 show that the individual pits exhibit hemispherical
shapes with some pits merged.
 b) Metallurgical Analysis Table 2 shows the chemical compositions of the tube:

Table 2 – The Chemical Composition of the Tube as Compared against the Standard

Elements Tube sample (wt %) ASTM A 334 Grade 6 (wt %)

C 0.102 Max 0.30
Si 0.162 Min 0.10
Mn 0.477 0.29 - 1.06
P 0.011 Max 0.025
S 0.003 Max 0.025
Cr 0.116 -
Mo 0.037 -
Ni 0.102 -
Fe 98.99 -

The tube met the ASTM A334 (Grade 6) specification.

Figure 9 shows the microstructures of the seamless tube at 200 x magnifications.

The microstructure which consists of ferrite and pearlite reveals no defects such as void, inclusions or
contamination. Similarly, Figure 10 shows that the pits did not have any micro-structural defects such
as void or inclusions.

3.2.2. Fouling Samples Table 3 below shows the results of the X-ray Fluorescence
Spectrometer (XRF) and X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) for the inlet deposits (orange-brownish, dry
samples) and outlet deposits (dark-brownish, dry samples):

Table 3 – The Elements of the Inlet and Outlet Deposits

Weight %
Element
Inlet Deposit Outlet Deposit

Carbon (C) 0.30 0.29

Magnesium (Mg) 0.01 0.01
Aluminium (Al) 0.21 0.40
Silicon (Si) 0.34 0.43
Phosphorus (P) 0.01 -Not Detected-
Sulphur (S) 0.32 1.07
Calcium (Ca) 0.04 0.01
Chromium (Cr) 0.05 0.6
Manganese (Mn) 1.07 0.41
Iron (Fe) 97.62 97.29
Nickel (Ni) 0.03 0.04
 The XRF results above indicate that the main element of both deposits is iron which constitutes
about 97 percent of the chemical compositions. Table 4 shows the chemical compounds present in the
inlet deposits and the two types of outlet deposits:

Table 4 – The Chemical Compounds of the Inlet and Outlet Deposits

Sample Compounds

Inlet Deposit Fe3O4 (major)

(Orange-brownish) Fe3S4 (minor)

Outlet Deposit Fe3O4 (major)

(dark-brownish and dry) Fe3S4 (minor)

The above results show that the major compound in the samples was magnetite with minor
amount of iron sulphide in the form of Greigite (Fe3S4). Table 5 shows the analytical results carried out
on the deposits collected from the tube inlets and outlets:

Table 5 – The Chemical Compounds of the Inlet and Outlet Deposits

Sample
Tests Test parameters Outlet Bank 4, Row 5 Inlet Bank 4, Row 5
(Dark-brownish) (Orange- brownish)
Loss of Ignition Inorganic content, (wt %) 47.63 72.76

Loss of Ignition Organic content, (wt %) 52.37 27.24

Titration Chloride (mg/L) 32.9 19.4

pH pH at 25 Deg C 6.04 6.13

The loss of ignition test revealed that the inlet deposits contain high amount of inorganic content.
The dry outlet deposits contain slightly higher organic content than inorganic content. These results
suggest that most probably the inlet deposits were mainly corrosion products while the outlet deposits
might have come from a mixture of corrosion products and the hydrocarbon itself or any other organic
chemicals such as organic-amine corrosion inhibitor. The dark-brownish outlet deposits also contain
slightly higher amount of chloride than orange- brownish inlet deposits. The pH of both deposits were
near-neutral.

3.2.3 Condensate Feedstock Samples were collected from the top, middle, and bottom of the
two tanks (TC and BC feeds) and from the location where the condensate from these three locations
mixed as well as the blend from both tanks. Table 6 below shows the results of the chemical analysis:
 Table 6 – The Results of Chemical Analysis on Feedstock Condensates

Chloride Hydrogen Mercaptan

Sampling Water Content
Content Sulphide Sulphur
Location (mass %)
(mg/L) (ppm) (ppm)
TC Tank 29101
0.01 <0.1 1.4 <0.1
(bottom)
TC Tank 29101
0.01 <0.1 1.6 <0.1
(middle)
TC Tank 29101
0.01 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
(top)
TC Tank 29101
0.01 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
(mix)
BC Tank 29102
0.01 <0.1 1.7 <0.1
(bottom)
BC Tank 29102
0.01 1.1 <0.1 <0.1
(middle)
BC Tank 29102
0.01 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
(top)
BC Tank 29102
0.01 <0.1 1.6 <0.1
(mix)
80% BC +20% TC
0.01 <0.1 1.5 0.6
(mix)

The results show that the TC mixture contains some amount of water, but a low amount of H2S
and mercaptan. The BC mixture was similar except the amount of its H2S is considerable. The mixture
of TC and BC also contains low amount of chloride, but a considerable amount of H2S and mercaptan.
More importantly, the feedstock mixture contains some amount of water, H2S, and mercaptan before it
is fed into the CFU. Although the amount of H2S is relatively high, its concentration is far below the
maximum limit of 1000 ppm (Timmin, pp. 33).

3.2.4 LPG/Fuel Gas The LPG/fuel gas were sampled from the overhead of the stabilizer for
sulphur content as other tests were not possible. The results revealed less than 0.2 ppm of sulphur.

3.2.5 Wash Water Analysis The water collected from the sour water boot (V-21103) and wash
water pump (P-22202B), are shown in Table 7 below:

Table 7 – The Chemical Properties of the Wash Water Sources

Results
Properties Units Methods
V-21103 P-22202 B
1 Chloride mg/L APHA 4500-CL 3.6 3.6
2 Sulphate mg/L HACH 8051 Not detected Not detected
3 Dissolved iron mg/L APHA 3120 B 0.097 0.034
4 Ferrous ion mg/L APHA 3500-Fe B Not detected Not detected
5 Bicarbonate mg/L APHA 2320 B 64.10 3.20
6 Carbonate mg/L APHA 2320 B Not detected Not detected
2-
7 Sulphide mg/L APHA 4500-S F Not detected Not detected
8 Ferric chloride mg/L Calculation 0.282 0.099
 The above results show that both sour water and steam condensate contain some amount of
chloride, dissolved iron, bicarbonate, and ferric chloride. The chloride level is nevertheless far below
the maximum limit, namely 50 ppm. However, bicarbonate content in sour water is considerable.

3.3 Process Modeling

The modeling only focused on the amount of water that would be condensed in the stabilizer cooler due
to the presence of moisture in the feedstock condensate. Figure 11 shows the chemical composition of
the feedstock in mass fraction. The amount of moisture present is 0.001 percent which means that the
amount of water in vapor phase entering the air-fin cooler would be 102.7 kg/hr as shown by Figure 12.
When the moisture condenses out, it would produce about 102 kg/hr of water in aqueous phase with a
large portion (89 kg/hr) in the liquid phase as shown in Figure 13. This indicates that water inside the
air-fin cooler could come from the feedstock itself even when the water wash system is not utilized.

4. DISCUSSION

4.1 Corrosion Products

The corrosion products are mainly magnetite as revealed by XRD and supported by magnetic tests.
XRF indicates further that the main element of the deposits is iron. The orange-brownish colour of the
corrosion products instead of fully black colour indicates that the corrosion products also contain some
hematite. It is very likely that the corrosion products came from the corrosion of the tube material itself
instead of being a carry over from other parts of CFU. Previous inspection data indicate that the
upstream equipment did not experience severe corrosion (the fouling found upstream of the stabilizer
was coke-like deposits). Morphologically, the corrosion attack, as revealed by metallography and SEM,
did not propagate preferentially, suggesting that the material itself did not contain any impurity or
anomalies such as inclusions. This is also supported by the results of chemical composition which
indicates that the material met the specification.

The corrosiveness of the internal environment can be deduced from on-site water analysis which
suggests that dissolved oxygen might have been the major corrosive species. The amount of dissolved
oxygen in the sour water and in the steam condensate, both used as water wash, was about 60 times
higher than the maximum limit (50 ppb). The possibility of corrosion by oxygen is supported further by
the pit morphology; semi-hemispherical pits and tubercle formation (Figure 14) are characteristic of
oxygen corrosion (Champion Technologies, 2004; Herro & Port, pp. 37, pp 108). Tubercles formed
only at areas between 4 o’clock and 8 o’clock bottom position since these areas were constantly
immersed in water which contained ample amount of dissolved oxygen. The pits were formed beneath
tubercles as a result of differential aeration or oxygen concentration cells. The top side of the internal
tube might have been exposed to condensed water or wash water; nevertheless, due to gravity, water
would not have been collected and hence, tubercles did not develop in these areas.

The presence of elemental sulphur in the corrosion products also suggests the role of dissolved oxygen
as the main corrosive species. This is because hydrogen sulphide (H2S) present in the feedstock (see
Table 6) will only be oxidized to elemental sulphur in the presence of dissolved oxygen by the following
reaction (Timmins, pp. 31):

H2S + O2 → H2O + S↓ (6.1)

It is less likely that the elemental sulphur might have come from the LPG/fuel gas stream itself since the
stream only contained less than 0.2 ppm sulphur while XRD results in Table 3 show that the elemental
sulphur in the air-fin cooler was 3200 ppm.

Although oxygen corrosion was dominant, it is possible that acid corrosion also contributed to the
failure of the tubes, albeit as a secondary mechanism; that is, oxygen and acid corrosions might have
worked synergistically. The presence of acid corrosion is indicated by the presence of iron sulphide and
chloride ion in the deposits. Acid corrosion, in this case, might have been limited to inside the pits; that
is, the aggressive anions, namely sulphide and chloride, were attracted to the ferrous ions generated
inside the pits. This may explain why chloride was detected only by titration and in relatively low
amount (below the XRF sensitivity of 100 ppm; see Table 5). The first indication of acid corrosion
being possibly limited to inside the pits was that the pH of sour water used for water wash was alkaline.
This suggests that the water wash system managed to overcome dew point corrosion, which typically
would lead to acid corrosion. Since amine was injected into the system as a corrosion inhibitor, the
presence of hydrochloric acid would have resulted in the formation of amine-hydrochloric salt, but XRD
results do not show its presence. Another indication was that had the environment been acidic, the
formation of tubercles would not have been possible since, at low pH; oxides will dissolve, preventing
the formation of tubercles (Herro & Port, pp. 46). Also, the pH of the corrosion products itself was near
neutral instead of being acidic.

Since oxygen came into picture when water wash system was introduced into the CFU system, a
question may arise: why did corrosion occur even prior to the introduction of water wash system?
The possible reason could be that the earlier corrosion attack might have been mainly due to organic
acid, namely fatty acid, as reported in the following document entitled “Engineering Design Basis for
Wash Water Injection dated April 15, 2003. Water wash system may have solved acid corrosion
problems, but it introduced oxygen corrosion. Note that for organic acid corrosion, free water is not
required for corrosion to occur (Hansen & Puyear, pp 150).

Another possible reason could be that the introduction of wash water into an otherwise dry system led to
corrosion of the overhead. The corrosive species (inorganic acids) present in the system in the absence
of water prior deprived the inorganic acids of electrolyte to cause corrosion in the deethanizer overhead
as water condensation might have been unlikely due to its higher operating temperature. As for the
stabilizer overhead, water as the electrolyte might have come from the feedstock. As indicated by the
modelling results, moisture in the feedstock can condense out inside the air-fin cooler.

4.2 An Overview of the Corrosion Control Methods

The corrosion inhibitor failed to control corrosion due to dissolved oxygen in the air cooler tubes.
Since it is meant control acid corrosion and not oxygen corrosion. The effectiveness of the inhibitor was
also affected by the formation of corrosion products that prevented it from contacting the metal surface.
The absence of acid salts in the deposits shows that water wash system may have functioned effectively
in washing away the salt deposits (if present) and diluting the acid environment. However, the current
practice of recycling 80 percent of wash water from sour water boot might have contributed to oxygen
contamination. As for the neutralizer, the absence of salt deposits suggests that the neutralizer may have
been able to prevent the formation of acid salts.
 5. CONCLUSIONS

1. The most probable cause of corrosion was oxygen-induced corrosion. The foulant formed led to
under deposit pitting in the tubes.

2. The mechanism of corrosion in the stabilizer air cooler tubes was likely due to the presence of
dissolved oxygen whose concentration was about 60 times higher than the minimum 50 ppb
specification. Acid corrosion, if present, was limited to inside the pits.

3. The mitigation systems (inhibitor and neutralizer) may have been effective in controlling acid
corrosion and formation of salt deposits but are not effective in controlling oxygen corrosion.

4. The most likely source of oxygen is through the water wash system.

6. REFERENCES

1. Dillon, C.P. Corrosion Control in the Chemical Process Industries. 2nd ed., USA: Materials
Technology Institute, 1997.

2. Hansen D.A and Puyear R.B. Materials Selection for Hydrocarbon and Chemical Plants. New
York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1996.

3. Brandt D.A. Metallurgy Fundamentals. USA: The Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 1985.

4. Timmins, P. F. Predictive Corrosion and Failure Control in Process Operations as Applied to the
Refining, Petrochemical and Process Industries. Ohio: ASM International, 1996.

5. Herro, H.M. and R.D Port. The NALCO Guide to Cooling Water Systems Failure Analysis.
USA: McGraw-Hill, 1993.

6. Bott. T.R. Fouling of Heat Exchangers. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., 1995.

7. American Society for Metals. Metals Handbook of Metallography and Microstructure. 9th ed.,
Vol.9, Ohio: ASM International, 1995.

8. American Society for Metals. Metals Handbook of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 9th ed.,
Vol. 11, Ohio: ASM International, 1986.

9. ASTM International. E3 (01). Standard Practice for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens.

10. ASTM International. ASTM E136 (98). Standard Practice for Preparation of Metal and Alloy
Samples by Electric Arc Re-melting for the Determination of Chemical Composition.

11. ASTM International. G46 (94) Re-approved 2005. Standard Guide for Examination and
Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion.
 Figure 1 – PFD and Corrosion Problems Summary

Figure 2 – Overhead Corrosion Problems in Relation to the Chronological Corrosion Control Methods
 Figure 3 – Orange-Brownish, Dry Deposits Collected from the Tube Inlet

Figure 4 – Dark-Brownish and Dry Deposits Collected from the Tube Outlet

Figure 5 – The As-Received Air-Fin Cooler Tube

Figure 6 – The Internal Area of the Tube Experienced Pitting

Figure 7 – The Pits have Hemispherical Shapes

Figure 8 – An Individual Pit Displays a Hemispherical Shape

 Figure 9 – Metallography Image Showing Ferrite and Pearlite
with Small Size of Grain Microstructure. 200 X

Figure 10 – Composite Metallography Image Showing Ferrite and Pearlite

with Small Size of Grain Microstructure at Pit Area. 200 X
Figure 11 – The Chemical Composition of the Feedstock in Mass Fraction
Figure 12 – The Amount of Water in Vapor Phase Entering the Air-Fin Cooler
 Figure 13 – The Amount of H2O Inside the Stabilizer Air-Fin Cooler

Figure 14 – Visual Inspection by Borescope Revealed the Presence of Tubercles