‫الدليل الشامل لتعليم اللغة النجليزية ‪2‬‬

Appendix: A

LIST OF CONTRACTIONS

aren't ( are not ) she'll ( she will or she shall )

can't ( cannot ) she's ( she is or she has )
couldn't ( could not ) shouldn't ( should not )
didn't ( did not ) that's ( that is )
doesn't ( does not ) they'd ( they would or they had )
don't ( do not ) they're ( they are )
hasn't ( has not ) they'll ( they will or they shall )
haven't ( have not ) they've ( they have )
he'd ( he would or he had ) we 'd ( we would or we had )
he'll ( he will ) we'll ( we will or we shall )
he's ( he is or he has ) we're ( we are )
how's ( how is ) what's ( what is )
I'm ( I am ) won't ( will not )
I'll ( I will or I shall ) we've ( we have )
I've ( I have ) where's ( where is )
isn't ( is not ) who's ( who is or who has )
it's ( it is or it has ) wouldn't ( would not )
let's ( let us ) you'll ( you will )
mustn't ( must not ) you're ( you are )
she'd ( she would or she had ) you've ( you have )

A-1
 Appendix: B

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF CERTAIN IRREGULAR VERBS

Present Past Past Participle

arise arose arisen
awake awoke awakened

be was been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bind bound bound
bid bid bid
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought

cast cast cast

catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut

deal dealt dealt

dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found

B-1
Present Past Past Participle
flee fled fled
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen

get got gotten ( got )

give gave given
grind ground ground
grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit ( lighted )
lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant
meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

quit quit quit

read read read

ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run

B-2
Present Past Past Participle
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
shake shook shaken
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shed shed shed
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
slide slid slid
slit slit slit
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spin spun spun
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
strike struck struck
string strung strung
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung

B-3
Present Past Past Participle
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke ( waked ) woke ( waked )

wear wore worn
weave wove woven
weep wept wept
wet wet wet
win won won
wind wound wound
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written

B–4
 Appendix: C

PATTERNS OF IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Three Principal Parts the Same.

hit hit hit bid bid bid

quit quit quit
split split split hurt hurt hurt
burst burst burst
bet bet bet
let let let cost cost cost
set set set
shed shed shed
put put put spread spread spread
cut cut cut
shut shut shut cast cast cast

2. Last Two Principal Parts the Same.

a. Final Consonant Change Only

have had had

bend bent bent
make made made
spend spent spent
send sent sent
build built built

b. Vowel Change Only.

Meet met met
read read read
bleed bled bled
feed fed fed
lead led led

light lit lit

slide slit slit
sit sat sat
shoot shot shot
hold held held
win won won
shine shone shone

find found found

wind wound wound
bind bound bound

dig dug dug

stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck

C–1
 C. Vowel Change – Addition of –t or –d.
sleep slept slept mean meant meant
keep kept kept leave left left
creep crept crept flee fled fled
weep wept wept
tell told told
think thought thought sell sold sold
teach taught taught
buy bought bought lose lost lost
catch caught caught
fight fought fought hear hear hear
seek sought sought understand understood understood

3. Three Principal Parts Differ to Some Extent.

a. No Similarity.
be was been
go went gone
do did done

b. Vowel Change-Addition of –n.

arise arose arisen
ride rode ridden
drive drove driven
rise rose risen
fly flew flown

c. Vowel Change-No –n.

sing sang sung
swim swam swum
ring rang rung
begin began begun
drink drank drunk

d. First and Third Vowels Similar.

run ran run
come came come
blow blew blown
know knew known
eat ate eaten
grow grew grown
give gave given
throw threw thrown
see saw seen
draw drew drawn

e. Second and third Vowels Similar.

tear tore torn
wear wore worn
break broke broken
swear swore sworn
speak spoke spoken
bear bore born
choose chose chosen
steal stole stolen
get got got (gotten)
forget forgot forgotten

C–2
 Appendix: D

FOUR IMPORTANT SPELLING RULES

There are four spelling rules which will help you spell thousands of words.

Rule 1. Words Ending in silent –e. SHORT RULE

Before a vowel, drop the –e.
Before a consonant, let it be.

When a word ends in silent –e, drop the –e before a suffix beginning with a vowel,
but retain it before one beginning with a consonant.

Notice what happens to the final –e in the following words when a suffix is added.

close closed closing

take taker taking
arrange arrangement arranging

Rule 2. Final Consonants. SHORT RULE

C = Consonant Double one C after one V if it
V = Vowel accented be.

When a word ends in a silent consonant after a single vowel in an accented syllable,
you double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.

Notice what happens in these words of one syllable:

stop stopped stopping stopper

begin beginning beginner
help helped helping helper

Now look at these words:

ship shipped shipping shipment

The same general rule applies to words of more than one syllable if the accent falls
on the last syllable.

prefer preferred preferring refer referred referring

D–1
But look at these words:

prefer preferable refer reference

They end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it and are accented on the
last syllable. But the final consonant is not doubled before the suffix even though it
begins with a vowel.

Notice what happens to the accent in these words when the suffix is added, it is
shifted forward. When the accent does not remain on the syllable, the final consonant is
usually not doubled before a suffix.

The final consonant in any word is doubled before a suffix only under these
conditions:

a. The word must end in one consonant with one vowel before it.
b. If the word has more than one syllable, the accent must be on the last syllable and
remain on the same syllable.
c. The suffix must begin with a vowel.

Rule 3. Final-y. SHORT RULE

After a consonant, -y becomes –i.
After a vowel, -y stays –y.

If a consonant comes before final –y, -y changes to –i before all suffixes except –ing.

If a vowel comes before –y, -y does not change.

Notice these words with a consonant before final –y:

carry carried carries carrying
marry married marries marrying
study studied studies studying

Notice these words with a vowel before final –y:

delay delayed delays delaying
journey journeyed journeys journeying
employ employed employs employing

Notice these exceptions:

day daily
lay laid lain
pay paid

D–2
Rule 4. ei and ie.
SHORT RULE
Write i before e except after c
or when sounded like /e/ as in
neighbor and weigh.
Notice these principal situations in which the ei – ie problem arises:

c. i before e ( this covers most of the problem words. )

believe piece
friend niece

b. e before i after c

deceive receipt
receive ceiling

c. e before i when sounded like /e/

eight
neighbor
weigh

Notice these exceptions:

either their foreign

neither seize leisure

D-3
 Appendix: E

Formation of Comparative and Superlative

1. Most adjectives of one syllable, and some of more than one, from the Comparative
by adding er and the Superlative by adding est to the Positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Sweet sweeter sweetest
Small smaller smallest
Tall taller tallest
Bold bolder boldest
Clever cleverer cleverest
Kind kinder kindest
Young younger youngest
Great greater greatest
2. When the Positive ends in e, only r and st are added.
Brave braver bravest
Fine finer finest
White whiter whitest
Large larger largest
Able abler ablest
Noble nobler noblest
Wise wiser wisest
3. When the Positive ends in y, preceded by a consonant, the y is changed into i
before adding er and est.
Happy happier happiest
Easy easier easiest
Heavy heavier heaviest
Merry merrier merriest
Wealthy wealthier wealthiest
4. When the Positive is a word of one syllable and ends in single consonant,
preceded by a short vowel, this consonant is doubled before adding er and est.
Red redder reddest
Big bigger biggest
Hot hotter hottest
Thin thinner thinnest
Sad sadder saddest
Fat fatter fattest
5. Adjectives of more than two syllables, and many of those with two, form the
Comparative by using the adverb more with the Positive, and the Superlative by using
the adverb most with the Positive.
Positive Comparative Superlative
Splendid more splendid most splendid
Beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Difficult more difficult most difficult
Industrious more industrious most industrious
Courageous more courageous most courageous
Learned more learned most learned
Proper more proper most proper

E–1
 Appendix: F

VERB FORMS

( These are examples of standard conjugation. )

Verb: To Be ( Be: Simple Form )

Present Tense Present Perfect Tense

I am we are I have been we have been

you are you are you have been you have been
he, she, it is they are he has been they have been

Past Tense Past Perfect Tense

I was we were I had been we had been

you were you were you had been you had been
he was they were he had been they had been

Future Tense* Future Perfect Tense*

I will be we will be I will have been we will have been

you will be you will be you will have been you will have been
he will be they will be he will have been they will have been

Verb: to walk ( Walk: Simple Form )

Present Tense Present Perfect Tense

I walk we walk I have walked we have walked

you walk you walk you have walked you have walked
he, she, it walks they walk he has walked they have walked

Past Tense Past Perfect Tense

I walked we walked I had walked we had walked

you walked you walked you had walked you had walked
he walked they walked he had walked they had walked

* shall may be used, but it's less common.

F–1
Verb: To Walk ( Continued )

Future Tense* Future Perfect Tense*

We will have
I will have walked
walked
I will walk We will walk You will have
You will have
You will walk You will walk walked
walked
He will walk They will walk He will have
They will have
walked
walked

Verb: To Walk ( Progressive Form )

Present Tense

I am walking We are walking

You are walking You are walking
He, She, It is walking They are walking

Past Tense

I was walking We were walking

You were walking You were walking
He was walking They were walking

Future Tense*

I will be walking We will be walking

You will be walking You will be walking
He will be walking They will be walking

Present Perfect Tense

I have been walking We have been walking

You have been walking You have been walking
He has been walking They have been walking

Past Perfect Tense

I had been walking We had been walking

You had been walking You had been walking
He had been walking They had been walking

* see page F - 1

F–2
Verb: To Walk ( Continued )

Future Perfect Tense

We will have been walking

I will have been walking
You will have been walking
You will have been walking
They will have been
He will have been walking
walking

Verb: To See ( Passive voice )

Present Tense

I am seen We are seen

You are seen You are seen
He, She, It is seen They are seen

Past Tense

I was seen We were seen

You were seen You were seen
He was seen They were seen

Future Tense

I will be seen We will be seen

You will be seen You will be seen
He will be seen They will be seen

Present Perfect Tense

I have been seen We have been seen

You have been seen You have been seen
He has been seen They have been seen

Past Perfect Tense

I had been seen We had been seen

You had been seen You had been seen
He had been seen They had been seen

F–3
Verb: To See ( Continued )

Future Perfect Tense

I will have been seen We will have been seen

You will have been seen You will have been seen
He will have been seen They will have been seen

Verb: To Be ( Subjunctive Mood )

( Used in conditional contrary-
To-the-fact situation )

( If ) I were ( If ) we were
( If ) you were ( If ) you were
( If ) he, she, it were ( If ) they were

F–4
 Appendix: G

CAN and BE ABLE

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I come. I come. I come?

can can't Can
They help. They help. they help?
Present
Tense

Affirmative Negative

He is able to come. He isn't able to come.

They are able to help. They aren't able to help.
Present
Tense

Interrogative Short Answers

Is he to come? he is. he isn't.

able Yes, No,
Are they to help? they are. they aren't.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

She come. She come. she come?

could couldn't Could
You help. You help. you help?
Past
Tense

Affirmative Negative

She was able to come. She wasn't able to come.

You were able to help. You weren't able to help.
Past
Tense

Interrogative Short Answers

Was she to come? she was. she wasn't.

able Yes, No,
Were you to help? you were. you weren't.
.

G–1
Affirmative Negative

He to come. He to come.
will be able won't be able
We to help. We to help.
Future
Tense

Interrogative Short Answers

he to come? he he
Will be able Yes, will. No, won't.
we to help? we we

MAY: Probability MIGHT: Possibility

Affirmative

It rain tomorrow or it be sunny.

may may
She clean the house or she watch television.
might might
We stay ( at ) home or we go to the football game.

Negative
He attend the meeting.
may not
They go to the market.
might not
I have enough time to do everything.

MAY: Permission

Interrogative

I help you?
May
we use the record player?

G–2
LINKING VERB

looks great.
feels good.
It sounds O.K.
tastes bad.
smells terrible.

He looks a basketball player.

It feels a summer day.
She sounds like a New Yorker.
It tastes Swiss chocolate.
It smells expensive perfume.

They look as if they're tired.

We feel as though we're making progress.
You sound like You're an expert.
 G–3
MUST and HAVE TO

Affirmative Affirmative

She wait. She has to wait.

must
I pay. I have to pay.
Present
Tense

Affirmative Negative

He wait. He wait.
had to didn't have to
They pay. They pay.
Past
Tense

Interrogative Short Answer

Di he wait? he he
have to Yes, did. No, didn't.
d they pay? they they
Affirmative Negative

We wait. We won't have wait.

will have to
You pay You to pay.
Future
Tense

Interrogative Short Answer

we wait? we we
Will have to Yes, will. No, won't.
you pay? you you

G–4
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND

Subject Verb Gerund

They enjoyed watching the football game.

admit dislike mind remember

avoid enjoy miss risk
consider finish postpone save
debate imagine practice stop
delay keep protest suggest
discuss mention recommend

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE OR GERUNDS

Subject Verb Infinitive or Gerund
to swim
She likes in the ocean.
swimming

attempt deserve like remember

begin forget love start
bother hate prefer try
continue intend regret

VERBS FOLLOWED BY OBJECT + INFINITIVE ( WITH TO )

Subject Verb Object Infinitive ( with to )

I wanted to clean the windows.

advice choose get need teach

allow convince help order tell
ask encourage hire pay train
beg expect inspire remind want
cause force invite send warm

G–5
VERB AND PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY GERUND

Subject Verb + Preposition Gerund

We believe in helping our friends.

admit to
care about forget about pay for
apologize
complain about insist on plan on
for
count on laugh about succeed in
approve of
decide against lie about talk about/of
argue about
dream about/of look forward to think about/of
ask about
feel like object to worry about
believe in
 ADJECTIVE AND PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY GERUND

Subject Be Adjective + Preposition Gerund

He is afraid of losing his job.

afraid of concerned about/with happy about slow at

accustomed to disappointed about interested in sorry about/for
ashamed of disturbed about lucky at sure of
bad at excited about new at surprised at/about
bored with famous for opposed to tired of
capable of fast at proud of upset about/over
careful about fond of responsible for used to
certain of glad about sad about worried about
confident of good at sick of

G–6
PARTICIPLES USED AS ADJECTIVES

PRESENT PARTICIPLES

aching daring flattering promising

amazing depressing frightening relaxing
amusing deserving frustrating satisfying
annoying disappointing horrifying shocking
appealing disgusting inspiring surprising
astonishing embarrassing interesting terrifying
boring encouraging inviting tiring
changing entertaining irritating troubling
charming exciting lasting understanding
confusing fascinating pleasing upsetting
convincing
 PAST PARTICIPLES

amazed disappointed horrified satisfied

amused disgusted hurt scared
annoyed distinguished improved shocked
ashamed embarrassed injured surprised
astonished excited inspired terrified
bored favored interested tired
broken forgotten pleased troubled
complicated frightened protected upset
confused frustrated qualified wasted
depressed hidden relaxed worried
dignified

G-7
Appendix: H

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

There are three basic types of conditional sentences discussed in this appendix . each
type has two parts : the if-clause and the main clause.

REAL PRESENT / FUTURE CONDITION

This type of conditional sentence is used to show what may / will happen in the
present / future if a certain condition happens. When the if-clause has the present tense,
the main clause uses the present or future tense. Note that the if-clause may come
before or after the main clause. When the if-clause comes after the main clause, there
is no comma between the clauses.
 If Clause Main Clause

we drive to the beach.

If the weather is good,
we will drive to the beach.

he calls home every day.

If he can,
he's going to call home today.

Main Clause If Clause

Sam goes fishing on Fridays if he has time.

Sam will go fishing this Friday

She goes to the movies every week if she has extra money.
She will go to the movies this week

UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION

If-clauses that refer to an unreal, or hypothetical, situation* in the present use verbs
in the subjective mood. Their forms are the same as those of the past tense, except for
the verb be. Were, not was, is used with singular nouns and I, he, she, and it.

* Such a situation is also called a contrary-to-fact condition.

H–1

If Clause Main Clause

If he exercised regularly, he would probably feel better.

If we left earlier, we could get home before dark.
If I were you, I'd follow the doctor's advice.

Main Clause If Clause

 Bob wouldn't get so confused if he followed instructions.
You could get your money back if you had your sales slip.
This might be a better movie if it weren't so long.

PAST UNREAL CONDITION

Another type of conditional sentence is used to show a past unreal condition or

situation. It tells what could, would, or might have happened in the past if a certain
condition or situation had been true. The if-clause has the past perfect tense, and the
main clause uses could have / might have would have + a past participle.

If Clause Main Clause

If we had left earlier, we might have been on time.

If you had had more money, you could have bought a house.
If Jay had seen the doctor, he wouldn't have gotten so ill.

Main Clause If Clause

Ed could have passed if he had studied harder.

He might have gone with you if you had invited him.
Jane would have called John if she hadn't been so busy.

H–2
DIRECT SPEECH:
General Statements REPORTED SPEECH ( SAY )

She said, "They're leaving today." She said (that) they were leaving that day.
He said, "Anne called yesterday." He said (that)Anne had called the day before.
They said, "We can't work tomorrow." They said (that) they couldn't work the next day.

DIRECT SPEECH:
Statements to a Particular Person REPORTED SPEECH ( TELL )
She said to Nick, "I like my job." She told Nick (that) she liked her job.
I said to Jimmy, "I've met your father." I told Jimmy (that) I had met his father.
Bob said to Jane, "I won't forget you." Bob told Jane (that) he wouldn't forget her.

MODALS

Mona said to Fred, "you should buy a car." Mona told Fred (that) he should buy a car.
Fred said to Mona, "I would if I could." Fred told Mona (that) he would if he could.

I said to her, "I might not be on time." I told her (that) I might not be on time.
She said to me, "You could if you tried." She told me (that) I could if I tried.

IMPERATIVE

He said to Linda, "Open the window." He told Linda to open the window.
I said to Marty, "Call Mrs. Golo." I told Mary to call Mrs. Golo.

She said, "Don't walk on the grass." She said not to walk on the grass.
They said, "Don't wait for us." They said not to wait for them.

VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE ( without TO ) or –ING FORM

She heard him play (playing) the piano.

He felt her touch (touching) his arm.
We saw them leave (leaving) the house.

SOMEONE ELSE, SOMEWHERE ELSE, SOMETHING ELSE

She didn't call Peter. She called someone else.

She didn't go to Joe's Café. She went somewhere else.
She didn't have fish for lunch. She had something else.

H–3
DIRECT SPEECH
Yes / No Questions REPORTED SPEECH

I asked Mabel, "Is Sam working this week?' I asked Mabel if Sam was working that week.
She asked me, "Did you call last night?" She asked me if I had called the night before.
We asked Sam, "Can you help us tomorrow?" We asked Sam if he could help us the next day.

DIRECT SPEECH
WH- Questions REPORTED SPEECH
He asked Nancy, "Where do you live?" He asked Nancy where she lived.
She asked us, "Who have you spoken to?" She asked us who we had spoken to.
We asked Fred, "When will you come back?" We asked Fred when he would come back.

ACTIVE VOICE

Past
TO BE Participle

He delivers the mail at ten o'clock. The mail is delivered at ten o'clock.
The men are building a new bridge. A new bridge is being built
They're going to sell that house. That house is going to be sold
The people will elect a new mayor. A new mayor will be elected by the people.
Someone has eaten all the food. All the food has been eaten
Nancy wrote that letter. That letter was written by Nancy.
The girls had left the door open. The door had been left open.
You can wear jeans anywhere. Jeans can be worn anywhere.
They should give Otis a chance. Otis should be given a chance.
We have to save City Park. City Park has to be saved

H-4