Numerical Applications of TLLBM Part I: Flows in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity

Chapter 5
Numerical Applications of TLLBM
Part I: Flows in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity*
5.1 Background
Driven cavity flows are industrially important because these flows and the
structures that they exhibit play an important role in industry. For example, Aidun et al.
(1991) pointed out the direct relevance of cavity flows to coaters, and in melt spinning
processes used to manufacture microcrystalline material. The eddy structures found in
driven cavity flows give insight into the behavior of such structures in applications as
diverse as drag-reducing riblets and mixing cavities used to synthesize fine polymeric
composites (Zumbrunnen et al. 1995). However, in our view the greatest importance of
these flows is in the basic study of fluid mechanics. In no other class of flows are the
boundary conditions so unambiguous. Consequently, driven cavity flows offer an ideal
framework in which meaningful and detailed comparisons can be made between results
*
The works in this chapter have been published by:
1. C. Shu, X. D. Niu and Y. T. Chew, “Taylor series expansion- and least square-
based lattice Boltzmann method: two-dimensional formulation and its applications”, Physical
Review E., vol. 65, 036708, p1-13, 2002, The American Physical Society.
2. Y. T. Chew, C. Shu and X. D. Niu, “Simulation of Unsteady Incompressible Flows by Using Taylor
Series Expansion- and Least Square-Based Lattice Boltzmann Method”, International Journal of
Modern Physics C, vol.13, No. 6, p719-738, 2002, World Scientific Publishing Company.
Chapter 5 Numerical Applications of TLLBM Part I: Flow in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity 86
obtained from experiment, theory, and computation. In fact, as hundreds of papers
attest, the driven cavity problem is one of the standards used to test new computational
schemes. We here mention only Benjamin & Denny (1979), Ghia et al. (1982), Fuchs
& Tillmark (1985), Soh et al. (1988), Zang et al. (1993) and Ku et al. (1987). Another
great advantage of this class of flows is that the flow domain is unchanged when the
Reynolds number is increased. This greatly facilitates investigations over the whole
range of Reynolds numbers, 0<Re<∞. Thus the most comprehensive comparisons
between the experimental results obtained in a turbulent flow (Prasad & Koseff 1989)
and the corresponding direct numerical simulations (DNS) (Deshpande & Shankar
1994a, b; Verstappen & Veldman 1994) have been made for a driven cubical cavity.
Furthermore, driven cavity flows exhibit almost all phenomena that can possibly occur
in incompressible flows: eddies, secondary flows, complex 3D patterns, chaotic
particle motions, instabilities, transition, and turbulence. As a striking example, it was
in such flows that Bogatyrev & Gorin (1978) and Koseff & Street (1984b) showed,
contrary to intuition, that the flow was essentially 3D, even when the aspect ratio was
large. In this sense, cavity flows are almost canonical and will continue to be
extensively studied and used.
In this chapter, the proposed Taylor-series-expansion- and least-square-based
LBM (TLLBM) is applied to simulate the lid-driven cavity flows including 2D steady
polar and square cavity flows, and 2D unsteady square cavity flow. The numerical
work of Ghia et al. (1982), numerical and experimental work of Fuchs & Tillmark
(1985) and numerical work of Zang et al. (1994) are used as benchmarks to evaluate
the present results.

5.2 Flows in A Square Cavity
In this case, the top lid moves from left to right with a constant velocity U.
Non-uniform meshes of 49×49 for Re = 100 and 400, 97×97 for Re = 1000, 145×145
for Re = 5000 and 10000 were used respectively for the calculation. The Reynolds
number was defined as Re = UL/υ (based on the lid velocity and the length of the
square cavity). The use of non-uniform mesh is desirable, especially for the cases of
high Reynolds number. This is because the thin boundary layer is attached to the solid
boundaries. So, to capture the thin boundary layer, the mesh spacing near the wall
should be very small. Apart from the solid wall, relatively large mesh spacing was
used. In this way, we can correctly simulate the thin boundary layer, and at the same
time, we can save the computational effort.
Initially a constant density, ρ =1, was prescribed for the whole cavity field, and
the velocities in the interior of the cavity were set to zero. On the top, the x-component
velocity is U, which was set to 0.15, and the y-component velocity is zero. At the end
of each time step, the density distribution function fα at the top was set to the
equilibrium state. The whole halfway wall bounce back boundary conditions were used
on the other three solid walls. For the upper two corners between the stationary wall
and the moving wall, which are singular points, it was found that treatment with the
moving wall or the stationary wall points had little difference in our simulations.
Fig. 5.1 showed the streamlines for different Reynolds numbers. The effects of
the Reynolds number on the flow pattern and the structure of the steady recirculating
vortices were clearly seen in this figure. Initially, the center of the primary vortex,
which is located 0.24 below the lid in the mid-plane, moved a little lower and to the
right when Re = 100 (Fig. 5.1(a)). But it was found that, for Re = 400 (Fig. 5.1 (b)), the
center of the primary vortex moves lower and back towards the center plane; and, as
Fig. 5.1 showed, as Re increases further, there is uniform tendency for the vortex
center to move towards the geometric center of the cavity.
To facilitate the discussion of the secondary vortices, we designated them
bottom right, bottom left, and top left; they were simplified as BR1, BR2, ..., BL1, BL2,
..., TL, where the subscripts indicated, except for TL, the member in a presumably
infinite sequence. As Re increases, although both BR1 and BL1 grew in size, BR1's
growth is greater, as are their strength (as can be seen from Fig. 5.1). The trajectory of
the vortice centers is complex, with the distance above the cavity bottom of the center
of BL1 being actually greater than that of BR1 for Re = 5000. Fig. 5.1(e) also showed
the growth of BR2 and BL2, which are small and weak at Re = 5000.
The emergence of the upper upstream vortex (TL1) represents a genuine change
in flow topology. Hints of its imminent appearance can be seen in the streamline
patterns at Re = 1000 (Fig. 5.1 (c)). Having emerged at a Reynolds number of around
1200 (Benjamin & Denny 1979), it grew in size and strength at least until Re = 10,000
(Fig. 5.1(e)). One must note that this secondary vortex, attached to a plane wall, is
quite different in character from the lower-corner vortices.

It should be clear from the above that even the two-dimensional flow in a cavity
of simple geometry can be complex and it would be very difficult to qualitatively
predict the changes that are likely to take place as the Reynolds number increases. The
vorticity contours of Fig. 5.2 provide insight into some general features of the flow
field as the Reynolds number increases. As Re→∞, one would expect thin boundary
layers to develop along the solid walls, with the central core in almost inviscid motion.
This was indeed seen in the figure. As Re increases, there is a clearly visible tendency
for the core fluid to move as a solid body with uniform vorticity. Apparently, the flow
structures agree very well with those of Ghia et al. (1982).
Table 5.1 gave the detailed comparison for locations of the vortex center
obtained by the present method and Ghia et al. (1982). The relative errors between the
two solutions were less than 4%. In this table, we also gave the CPU time (seconds)
spent in the present computation on the personal computer with Pentium III 866 and
364M memory. Although other information about this aspect is lacking, we still
believe, from our numerical simulations, that the computational efficiency of present
method was as good as that of the traditional CFD tools. The U and V velocities along
their respective central line were displayed in Fig. 5.3 for different Reynolds numbers.
Obviously, our simulation results are in good agreement with those of Ghia et al.
(1982).
5.3 Flows in A Polar Cavity
The polar cavity case was used to show the capability of the present method in
treating the flow problem with complex geometry. The geometry with a non-uniform
mesh was given in Fig. 5.4. The Reynolds number (based on the lid velocity and the
radius of the inner circle) was 350. Initially a clockwise velocity of U = 0.15 was set
on the inner lid and other conditions were the same as those in the square cavity case.
Fig. 5.5 showed the steady state azimuthal and radial velocity profiles along the line of
θ = 0. Results, which were obtained on 49×49, 65×65 and 81×81 non-uniform meshes,
together with the experimental and numerical results of Fuchs and Tillmark (1985) are
included in the figure for comparison. The results obtained by the present method
agreed well with those of Fuchs and Tillmark’s numerical simulation. The present
solutions also compared well with the experimental data and the discrepancy between
them may be attributed to the three-dimensional effect in the experiments in which
three-dimensional flow structures are observed. In Fig. 5.6, the streamlines obtained by
the present method on the mesh size of 81×81 were compared with those obtained
from the solution of Navier-Stokes equations (Zang et al. 1994). Again, good
agreement was achieved in the size of the vortices and location of the separation and
reattachment points.
5.4 Oscillating Flow in Lid Driven Cavity at Re = 400
The study of oscillating flow in a lid driven cavity poses a challenge to
researchers in fluid mechanics. In this case, a periodic velocity waveform was imposed
on the cavity lid and the time evolution observed in the flow was compared with the
numerical results of Soh et al. (1988) using the N-S equations. The periodic lid
velocity was given by a sinusoidal waveform:
u(t)=Ucos(ωt) (5.1)
where U is the maximum lid velocity during the cycle, ω is the frequency of the
oscillation and t is the time. The period of oscillation, T, is related to the frequency by
T=2π/ω. (5.2)
The simulation was performed with Re = 400 (Re = UL/ν, where L is the
characteristic length set as the length of top wall), frequency of ω = 1 and U = 0.15. A
non-uniform grid of 97×97 with denser distribution near the boundaries was used, and
the time step was set as, in the unit of L/U, 4.5×10-4. The oscillatory flow was assumed
to reach the periodic steady state when the differences of the velocity components u
and v of each point in the domain at two subsequent flow cycles are within a small
tolerance of ε=10-5.
The flow reached steady state after 7 cycles. Fig. 5.7 showed the time evolution
of the viscous drag on the lid, which was estimated using the same formula as given by
Soh et al. (1988). It can be seen that the drag settles down to be periodic very quickly,
more quickly than the entire flow field. The maximum drag occurs approximately at
phase of 15.96° before the lid velocity reached its peak.

The instantaneous streamlines obtained by present method and those of Soh et
al. at t = χT where χ = 0.2, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95 and 1.0
were shown in Fig. 5.8-1 and Fig. 5.8-2, respectively. As time advances, the direction
of the lid movement and the center of the vortex changes. The lid velocity passes
through zero at t = T/4, after which it reverses direction. As a result, at t = 0.3T a
counter rotating vorticity is formed in the flow field at the left corner of the cavity. As
the magnitude of the velocity increases in the negative x direction, the size of the
second vortex created in the upper left corner of the cavity also increases. At the same
time, the primary vortex continuously shrinks until t = T/2. At this point, the velocity
reaches its maximum in the negative x direction and the second vortex, which has
formed in the left corner of the cavity, attains its maximum size and occupies the entire
domain.
After this point, the streamlines at each time step are the mirror images of the
streamlines at time from t = 0 to T/2. This conclusion can be made by comparing Fig.
5.8-1 and Fig. 5.8-2. The results are in good agreement with those of Soh et al. (1988).
5.5 Concluding Remarks
The 2D steady flows in a lid-driven square cavity at different Reynolds
numbers were first investigated by the new TLLBM. The present numerical
computation confirmed the flow features in the cavity domain obtained in numerical
and experimental studies by other researchers.

Simulations of 2D steady flows in a lid-driven polar cavity showed that our
TLLBM can be applied to the problems with complicated geometrical boundary which
cannot be done by the standard LBE.
Since the LBE can be recovered to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, it
should be able to simulate the unsteady problems and this has been confirmed by
applying our TLLBM to the oscillatory flow in a lid-driven square cavity.

Table 5.1 Comparison for locations of primary vortex center of the lid-driven
square cavity at different Reynolds numbers
Reynolds number 100 400 1000 5000 10000
Ghia
(0.61,0.73) (0.56,0.61) (0.54,0.56) (0.52,0.54) (0.51,0.51)
Vortex et al.
Center Present
(0.61,0.73) (0.56,0.60) (0.54,0.56) (0.53,0.56) (0.51,0.52)
method
CPU (seconds) by
present method 195.521 600.3833 3567.650 20443.85 64401.57
(a) Re = 100, 49×49 (b) Re = 400, 49×49 (c) R e= 1000, 97×97
(d) Re = 5000, 145×145 (e) Re = 10000, 145×145
Figure 5.1 Streamlines of the lid-driven square cavity flows at different Reynolds
numbers
(a) Re = 100, 49×49 (b) Re = 400, 49×49 (c) Re = 1000, 97×97
(d) R e= 5000, 145×145 (e) Re = 10000, 145×145
Figure 5.2 Vorticity contours of the lid-driven square cavity flows at different
Reynolds numbers
1 0.6
Ghia's data
0.8 0.4
Present
0.2 result
0.6
0
0.4 Ghia's data
-0.2
Present
0.2 result -0.4
0 -0.6
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
U-Y X-V
(a) Re = 100, 49×49
1 0.6
Ghia's data
0.8 0.4
Present
0.2 result
0.6
0
0.4 Ghia's data
-0.2
Present
0.2
result
-0.4
0
-0.6
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
U-Y X-V
(b) Re = 400, 49×49
1 0.6
Ghia's data
0.4
0.8 Present
0.2 result
0.6
0
0.4 Ghia's data
-0.2
Present
0.2 -0.4
result
0 -0.6
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
X-V
U-Y
(c) Re = 1000, 97×97

1 0.6
Ghia's data
0.4
0.8 Present
0.2 result
0.6
0
0.4 Ghia's data
-0.2
Present
0.2 -0.4
result
-0.6
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
X-V
U-Y
(d) Re = 5000, 145×145
1 0.6
Ghia's result
0.8 0.4
Present Result
0.2
0.6 Ghia's
result 0
0.4 Present
-0.2
result
0.2
-0.4
0 -0.6
-0.5 0 0.5 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
U-Y X-V
(e) Re = 10000, 145×145
Figure 5.3 U (left) and V (right) velocity profiles along vertical and horizontal
central lines of the square cavity at different Reynolds numbers
Figure 5.4 Geometry and a typical non-uniform mesh for the flow in a polar lid-
driven cavity
0.75
ur / U 0.5
uθ / U
0.25
-0.25
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
( r − r0 ) / r0
Figure 5.5 Comparison of radial ( ur ) and azimuthal ( uθ ) velocity profiles along

the line of θ = 0 0 in the polar cavity at Re = 350 ( numerical data by Fuchs &
Tillmark; experimental data by Fuchs & Tillmark; — Present result of 49×49; – – –
Present result of 65×65; — – — Present result of 81×81)
(a) Present result (81×81) (b) N-S solution of Zang et al. (1994)
Figure 5.6 Comparison of streamlines in the polar cavity between the present
method and the N-S Solver
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
Drag
Drag
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
-30 -30
-40 -40
0 0.5 1 t/T 1.5 2 5 5.5 6 t/T 6.5 7
(a) Initial evolution (b) Final stage of evolution
Figure 5.7 Time evolution of drag on the cavity lid for oscillatory flow
(a) t=0.2T (b) t=0.3T (c) t=0.35T
(a’) t=0.2T (b’) t=0.3T (c’) t=0.35T
(d) t=0.4T (e) t=0.45T (f) t=0.5T
(d’) t=0.4T (e’) t=0.45T (f’) t=0.5T
Figure 5.8-1 Instantaneous streamlines in the first half period for the oscillatory lid-
driven cavity flow (1st and 3rd rows) and Soh et al. (2nd and 4th rows)
(a) t=0.7T (b) t=0.8T (c) t=0.85T
(a’) t=0.7T (b’) t=0.8T (c’) t=0.85T
(d) t=0.9T (e) t=0.95T (f) t=T
(d’) t=0.9T (e’) t=0.95T (f’) t=T
Figure 5.8-2 Instantaneous streamlines in the second half period for the oscillatory
lid-driven cavity flow (1st and 3rd rows) and Soh et al. (2nd and 4th rows)

Numerical Applications of TLLBM Part I: Flows in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity

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Numerical Applications of TLLBM Part I: Flows in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity

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Chapter 5

Numerical Applications of TLLBM

Part I: Flows in 2D Lid-Driven Cavity*

processes used to manufacture microcrystalline material. The eddy structures found in

boundary conditions so unambiguous. Consequently, driven cavity flows offer an ideal

obtained from experiment, theory, and computation. In fact, as hundreds of papers

range of Reynolds numbers, 0<Re<∞. Thus the most comprehensive comparisons

in incompressible flows: eddies, secondary flows, complex 3D patterns, chaotic

particle motions, instabilities, transition, and turbulence. As a striking example, it was

extensively studied and used.

In this chapter, the proposed Taylor-series-expansion- and least-square-based

the present results.

5.2 Flows in A Square Cavity

time, we can save the computational effort.

center to move towards the geometric center of the cavity.

To facilitate the discussion of the secondary vortices, we designated them

quite different in character from the lower-corner vortices.

of simple geometry can be complex and it would be very difficult to qualitatively

structures agree very well with those of Ghia et al. (1982).

5.3 Flows in A Polar Cavity

them may be attributed to the three-dimensional effect in the experiments in which

5.4 Oscillating Flow in Lid Driven Cavity at Re = 400

The study of oscillating flow in a lid driven cavity poses a challenge to

velocity was given by a sinusoidal waveform:

phase of 15.96° before the lid velocity reached its peak.

The instantaneous streamlines obtained by present method and those of Soh et

through zero at t = T/4, after which it reverses direction. As a result, at t = 0.3T a

5.5 Concluding Remarks

The 2D steady flows in a lid-driven square cavity at different Reynolds

and experimental studies by other researchers.

Simulations of 2D steady flows in a lid-driven polar cavity showed that our

cannot be done by the standard LBE.

Since the LBE can be recovered to the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations, it

applying our TLLBM to the oscillatory flow in a lid-driven square cavity.

Reynolds number 100 400 1000 5000 10000

(a) Re = 100, 49×49 (b) Re = 400, 49×49 (c) R e= 1000, 97×97

(d) Re = 5000, 145×145 (e) Re = 10000, 145×145

(a) Re = 100, 49×49 (b) Re = 400, 49×49 (c) Re = 1000, 97×97

(d) R e= 5000, 145×145 (e) Re = 10000, 145×145

(a) Re = 100, 49×49

(b) Re = 400, 49×49

(c) Re = 1000, 97×97

(d) Re = 5000, 145×145

(e) Re = 10000, 145×145

Figure 5.5 Comparison of radial ( ur ) and azimuthal ( uθ ) velocity profiles along

(a) Initial evolution (b) Final stage of evolution

(a) t=0.2T (b) t=0.3T (c) t=0.35T

(a’) t=0.2T (b’) t=0.3T (c’) t=0.35T

(d) t=0.4T (e) t=0.45T (f) t=0.5T

(d’) t=0.4T (e’) t=0.45T (f’) t=0.5T

(a) t=0.7T (b) t=0.8T (c) t=0.85T

(a’) t=0.7T (b’) t=0.8T (c’) t=0.85T

(d) t=0.9T (e) t=0.95T (f) t=T

(d’) t=0.9T (e’) t=0.95T (f’) t=T

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