Bolt Specs

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Table of Contents
Page: Page:
Terms and definitions Design

Materials Estimation of screw diameters 29
Screws (property classes 3.6 to 12.9) Fatigue resistance

Terminology 2–3 – Strength under dynamic load 30
– Mechanical properties 4
– Minimum ultimate tensile loads 5 Surface pressure
– Steels for metric screws 6 – Surface pressure limits of various materials 30
– Materials, heat treatment, chemical composition 7 – Hex cap screws and hexagon nuts 31
– Characteristics at elevated temperatures 7 – Socket head cap screws 31
Nuts (property classes 04 to 12) Friction coefficient

– Mechanical properties 8 – For bolted joints and µtotal of stainless steel screws 32
– Minimum bolt stress for nuts ≥ 0,5 d and < 0,8 d 8
– Nut materials 9 Tightening method, tightening factor α A 33
– Chemical composition 9
Preload and tightening torques
Screws and nuts – How to use the torque chart? 34
– Marking 10–11 – Metric coarse thread 35
– Pairing screws and nuts 11 – Metric fine threads 36
– Screws made from polyamide 36
Screws and nuts for high and low temperatures – Screws made from austenitic steel A1 / A2 / A4 37
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– Table of materials for high and low temperatures 12 – Fasteners with hexagon socket and flat heads 37
– Pairing materials 12 – Locking screws and nuts, flange screws and nuts 38
– Reference information for the stat. elasticity module 13 – High–strength structural steel bolts (HV sets) 39
and on the coefficient of thermal expansion
– Ductility, yield strenght and tensile strength of 14 Locking methods
steels at high and low temperatures – Constructive measures 40
– Elastic elongation, yield strength ReL or Rp0,2 15 – Locking elements 41
min. elongation
Shear loads for pins
Stainless steel fasteners – Single and double – lap joints 42
– Designation of property class acc. to ISO 3506 16
– Chemical composition 16–17 Design recommendations
– Distinctive properties A1 / A2 / A4 / A5 17 – Thread forming screws for metals 43
– Mechanical properties 18 – Thread forming screws for thermoplastics 44–45
– Minimum breaking torques 18 – Self tapping screws for sheet metals 46
– Elongation limit (Rp0,2) – Sheet metal joints 47
of higher temperatures 19 – Threaded inserts Ensat  48–49
– Marking of screws and nuts 19 – Internal drives for screws 50–51
– Corrosion resistance, technical arguments 20
Metric ISO threads
Fasteners made from various materials
– Non-ferrous materials 21 – Basic concept, clearance fit, tolerance fields 52
– Special materials 22 – Limits for metric (standard) coarse threads 53
– Thermoplastics 24–25 – Limits for metric fine threads 54
– Preference classes, drill size 55
– Nominal dimensions 56
Tables / tolerances / standards

Plating and surface treatments
– ISO-Tolerances 57–58
– Electrolytic processes 26 – Basic tolerances and tolerance fields 59
– Hydrogen embrittlement, alternatives 26 – SI units system and conversion tables 60–61
– Coating thicknesses for parts with external thread 27 – Conversion tables: metric – USA, USA – metric 62–63
– Further galvanic coating processes 28 – Table of hardness comparisons 64
– Further surface treatments 28 – National standards 65
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Terminology
Tensile strength Rm [N/mm2]

The minimum tensile strength of a screw is the tensile stress
from which there could be a rupture in the shank or the thread
(not in the head/shank joint).
If full size screws are tested, the yield strength can only be
approximately established. Under ISO 898 Part 1, the exact
yield strength and elongation after fracture can only be
determined using machined samples. Exceptions are stain- F
less steel screws A1–A4 (ISO 3506). Tensile test on full Tensile test on
size screw machined screw
Tensile strength at rupture in thread:
R m = max. tensile force F N

stress area As mm2
(Stress area As [mm2] of thread, see T.031)
Tensile strength at rupture in cylindrical shank:
max. tensile
tensile force
force
max. tensile force F N
Rm =
point
yield
cylindrical starting cross–section mm2
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Yield strength Rel [N/mm2] elongation
The yield strength is the tensile stress from which elongation
begins to increase disproportionately with increasing tensile
force. A plastic elongation remains after relief.
0,2 limit Rp0,2 [N/mm2]

The yield strength of harder material is difficult to determine.
The 0,2 limit is defined as the tensile stress from which a
plastic elongation of exactly 0,2% remains after relief.
max. tensile force
In practice, screws may be stressed by tightening and under

working load no more than up to the yield strength or the 0,2
0.2 limit Rp 0,2
tensile force
limit.
elongation
Elongation at fracture A5 [%]

do
This occurs on loading up to the rupture point of the screw. In
a defined shank area, the remaining plastic elongation is
determined using machined screws.
Exceptions: screws A1–A4, where this is measured on full measuring length
size screws (ISO 3506).
Lo = 5 x do
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Terminology
Wedge tensile strength

The tensile strength on whole screws is established and the
head strength simultaneously tested on an angular load. The
rupture must not occur in the head/shank joint.
Head soundness
The head of the screw must withstand several hammer blows.
After being bent to a specified angle, the shank head fillet
shall not show any signs of cracking. For details see ISO 898,
part 1.
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Hardness Impact strength (Joule) ISO 83
Generally speaking hardness is the resistance which the is the impact work used in the notched bar impact bending
material offers to the penetration of a test body under a test. A notched sample is taken from near the surface of the
defined load (see ISO 898, Part 1). screw. This sample is broken with a single blow in a
Hardness comparison tables, see T.064. pendulum ram impact testing machine, yielding information on
the microstructure, melting behaviour, inclusion content, etc..
Vickers hardness HV: ISO 6507 The measured value cannot be included in design calcula-
Test body: Pyramid (encompasses the complete hardness tions.
range usual for screws).
Surface defects
Brinell hardness HB: ISO 6506 are slag inclusions, material overlaps and grooves stemming
Test body: Ball from the raw material.
Rockwell hardness HRC: ISO 6508 Cracks, on the other hand, are crystalline ruptures without in-
Test body: Cone clusions. For details, see DIN 267 Part 20, ISO 6157.
Decarburization of the surface

is generally a reduction in the carbon content of the surface of
the thread of heat treated screws, see ISO 898 Part 1.
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Screws
Property classes
Mechanical and physical properties of
bolts, screws and studs 3.6 to 12.9
according to ISO 898 – part 1
The mechanical properties are given for tests at room temperature.
Property class
Sub-clause Mechanical and physical property 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.81) 9.82) 10.9 12.9
number d ≤ 163) d > 163)
mm mm
5.1 and Tensile strength nominal value 300 400 500 600 800 800 900 1000 1200
5.2 Rm4),5) in, N/mm2 min. 330 400 420 500 520 600 800 830 900 1040 1220
5.3 Vickers hardness HV min. 95 120 130 155 160 190 250 255 290 320 385
F ≥ 98 N max. 220 6) 250 320 335 360 380 435
5.4 Brinell hardness HB min. 90 114 124 147 152 181 238 242 276 304 366
F = 30 D 2 max. 209 6) 238 304 318 342 361 414
5.5 HRB 52 67 71 79 82 89 — — — — —
min.
Rockwell HRC — — — — — — 22 23 28 32 39
hardness HR HRB 95 6) 99,5 — — — — —
max.
HRC — 32 34 37 39 44
5.6 Surface hardness HV 0,3 max. — 7)
5.7 Lower yield stress Rel , 8) nominal value 180 240 320 300 400 480 — — — — —
in N /mm2 min. 190 240 340 300 420 480 — — — — —
5.8 Stress at 0,2 non-proportional Linomianl value — — 640 640 720 900 1080
elongation Rp 0,29) N/mm2 min. — — 640 660 720 940 1100
5.9 Stress under proofing S p / R eL or 0,94 0,94 0,91 0,93 0,9 0,92 0,91 0,91 0,9 0,88 0,88
load Sp S p / R p 0,2
N/mm2 180 225 310 280 380 440 580 600 650 830 970
5.10 Breaking torque, M B Nm min. — See ISO 898-7
5.11 Percent elongation after fracture min. 25 22 — 20 — — 12 12 10 9 8
A in %
5.12 Reduction area after fracture, Z % min. — 52 48 48 44
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5.13 Strength under wedge The values for full size bolts and screws (not studs) shall not be
loading5) smaller than the minimum values for tensile strength shown in 5.2
5.14 Impact strength, KU min. J — 25 — 30 30 25 20 15
in J
5.15 Head soundness no fracture
1/2 H 2/3 H 3/4 H
5.16 Minimum height of non-decarburized — 1 1 1
thread zone, E
Maximum depth of mm — 0,015
complete decarburization, G
5.17 Hardness after retempering — Reduction of hardness 20 HV maximum
5.18 Surface integrity In accordance with ISO 6157-1 or ISO 6157-3 as appropriate
1) For bolts of porperty class 8.8 in diameters d ≤ 16 mm, there is an increased risk of nut stripping in the case of inadvertent over-tightening inducing
a load in excess of proofing load. Reference to ISO 898-2 is recommended.
2) Applies only to nominal thread diameters d ≤ 16 mm.
3) For structural bolting the limit is 12 mm.
4) Minimum tensile properties apply to products of nominal length I ≥ 2,5 d. Minimum hardness applies to products of length l <2,5 d and other
products which cannot be tensile-tested (e.g. due to head configuration).
5) When testing full-size bolts, screws and studs, the tensile loads, which are to be applied for the calculation of R m shall meet the values given
on page T.005.
6) A hardness reading taken at the end of bolts, screws and studs shall be 250 HV, 238 HB or 99,5 HRB maximum.
7) Surface hardness shall not be more than 30 Vickers points above the measured core hardness on the product when readings of both surface and core
carried out at HV 0,3. For property class 10.9, any increase in hardness at the surface which indicates that the surface hardness exceeds 390 HV is
not acceptable.
8) In cases where the lower yield stress Rel cannot be determined, it is permissiblr to measure the stress at 0,2 % non-proportional elongation Rp 0,2.
For the property classes 4.8, 5.8 and 6.8 the values for Rel are given for calculation purposes only, they are not test values.
9) The yield stress ratio according to the designation of the property class and the minimum stress at 0,2 % non-proportional elongation Rp 0,2 apply to
machined test specimens. These values if received from tests of full size bolts and screws will vary because of processing method and size effects.
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Screws
Property classes
Minimum ultimate tensile loads
according to ISO 898 – part 1 3.6 to 12.9
Minimum ultimate tensile loads – ISO metric coarse (standard) pitch thread
Thread 1) Nominal Property class

diameter stress area 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
As nom. Minimum ultiamte tensile load (A s · R m, min) in N
d mm2
M 3 5,03 1 660 2 010 2 110 2 510 2 620 3 020 4 020 4 530 5 230 6 140
M 3,5 6,78 2 240 2 710 2 850 3 390 3 530 4 070 5 420 6 100 7 050 8 270
M 4 8,78 2 900 3 510 3 690 4 390 4 570 5 270 7 020 7 900 9 130 10 700
M 5 14,2 4 690 5 680 5 960 7 100 7 380 8 520 11 350 12 800 14 800 17 300
M 6 20,1 6 630 8 040 8 440 10 000 10 400 12 100 16 100 18 100 20 900 24 500
M 7 28,9 9 540 11 600 12 100 14 400 15 000 17 300 23 100 26 000 30 100 35 300
M 8 36,6 12 100 14 600 15 400 18 300 19 000 22 000 29 200 32 900 38 100 44 600
M 10 58 19 100 23 200 24 400 29 000 30 200 34 800 46 400 52 200 60 300 70 800
M 12 84,3 27 800 33 700 35 400 42 200 43 800 50 600 67 4002) 75 900 87 700 103 000
M 14 115 38 000 46 000 48 300 57 500 59 800 69 000 92 0002) 104 000 120 000 140 000
M 16 157 51 800 62 800 65 900 78 500 81 600 94 000 125 0002) 141 000 163 000 192 000
M 18 192 63 400 76 800 80 600 96 000 99 800 115 000 159 000 — 200 000 234 000
M 20 245 80 800 98 000 103 000 122 000 127 000 147 000 203 000 — 255 000 299 000
M 22 303 100 000 121 000 127 000 152 000 158 000 182 000 252 000 — 315 000 370 000
M 24 353 116 000 141 000 148 000 176 000 184 000 212 000 293 000 — 367 000 431 000
M 27 459 152 000 184 000 193 000 230 000 239 000 275 000 381 000 — 477 000 560 000
M 30 561 185 000 224 000 236 000 280 000 292 000 337 000 466 000 — 583 000 684 000
M 33 694 229 000 278 000 292 000 347 000 361 000 416 000 576 000 — 722 000 847 000
M 36 817 270 000 327 000 343 000 408 000 425 000 490 000 678 000 — 850 000 997 000
M 39 976 322 000 390 000 410 000 488 000 508 000 586 000 810 000 — 1020 000 1200 000
1) Where no thread pitch is indicated in a thread designation, coarse pitch is specified. (See ISO 261 and ISO 262.)
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2) For structural bolting the values are 70 000, 95 500 and 130 000 N, respectively.
Minimum ultimate tensile loads – ISO metric fine pitch threads
Thread Nominal Property class

diameter stress area 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
As nom. Minimum ultiamte tensile load (A s · R m, min) in N
d x P 1) mm2
M 8x1 39,2 12 900 15 700 16 500 19 600 20 400 23 500 31 360 35 300 40 800 47 800
M 10 x 1 64,5 21 300 25 800 27 100 32 300 33 500 38 700 51 600 58 100 67 100 78 700
M 10 x 1,25 61,2 20 200 24 500 25 700 30 600 31 800 36 700 49 000 55 100 63 600 74 700
M 12 x 1,25 92,1 30 400 36 800 38 700 46 100 47 900 55 300 73 700 82 900 95 800 112 400
M 12 x 1,5 88,1 29 100 35 200 37 000 44 100 45 800 52 900 70 500 79 300 91 600 107 500
M 14 x 1,5 125 41 200 50 000 52 500 62 500 65 000 75 000 100 000 112 000 130 000 152 000
M 16 x 1,5 167 55 100 66 800 70 100 83 500 86 800 100 000 134 000 150 000 174 000 204 000
M 18 x 1,5 216 71 300 86 400 90 700 108 000 112 000 130 000 179 000 — 225 000 264 000
M 20 x 1,5 272 89 800 109 000 114 000 136 000 141 000 163 000 226 000 — 283 000 332 000
M 22 x 1,5 333 110 000 133 000 140 000 166 000 173 000 200 000 276 000 — 346 000 406 000
M 24 x 2 384 127 000 154 000 161 000 192 000 200 000 230 000 319 000 — 399 000 469 000
M 27 x 2 496 164 000 198 000 208 000 248 000 258 000 298 000 412 000 — 516 000 605 000
M 30 x 2 621 205 000 248 000 261 000 310 000 323 000 373 000 515 000 — 646 000 758 000
M 33 x 2 761 251 000 304 000 320 000 380 000 396 000 457 000 632 000 — 791 000 928 000
M 36 x 3 865 285 000 346 000 363 000 432 000 450 000 519 000 718 000 — 900 000 1055 000
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Screws
Property classes
Steels for metric screws
according to manufacturers' specifications 3.6 to 12.9
Suitable common materials for screws of property classes according to ISO 898 – part 1, manufacturing processes and diameters.
Property Base materials, manufacture through Size Heat treatment after

class cold–forming hot–forging machining cold–forming hot–forging machining
3.6 QSt 36–2 = 1.0203 USt 37–1 = 1.0110 9 S 20 = 1.0711 to M39 annealed none
4.6 UQSt 36–2 = 1.0204 RSt 44–2 = 1.0419
USt 38–2 = 1.0217
UQSt 38–2 = 1.0224
4.8 QSt 36–2 = 1.0203 ÷ 9 S 20 = 1.0711 commonly to none ÷ none
QSt 38–2 = 1.0204 to M16
5.6 Cq 22 = 1.1152 St 50–2 = 1.0533 ÷ to M39 annealed ÷
5.8 Cq 22 = 1.1152 ÷ 9 SMn 28 = 1.0715 to M39 none ÷ none or
Cq 35 = 1.1172 10 S 20 = 1.0721 tempered
6.8 Cq 35 = 1.1172 C 45 = 1.0503 10 S 20 = 1.0721 to M39 none or quenched and none or
35 B 2 = 1.5511 46 Cr 2 = 1.7006 quenched and tempered quenched and
Cq 45 = 1.1192 tempered tempered
8.8 22 B 2 = 1.5508 not common to M12
28 B 2 = 1.5510
8.8 35 B 2 = 1.5511 C 45 = 1.0503 to M22
Cq 35 = 1.1172 46 Cr 1 = 1.7002
Cq 45 = 1.1192
34 Cr 4 = 1.7033 46 Cr 2 = 1.7006 from M24
37 Cr 4 = 1.7034 to M39
10.9 35 B 2 = 1.5511 to M6
Cq 35 = 1.1172
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34 Cr 4 = 1.7033 not or from M8 quenched and tempered
41 Cr 4 = 1.7035 not very common to M18
41 Cr 4 = 1.7035 to M39
34 CrMo 4 = 1.7220
42 CrMo 4 = 1.7225
12.9 34 CrMo 4 = 1.7220 to M18
37 Cr 4 = 1.7034
41 Cr 4 = 1.7035
42 CrMo 4 = 1.7225 to M24
34 CrNiMo 6 = 1.6582 to M39
ISO 898 Part 1 only applies for screws with nominal diameters up to M39. Screws with larger diameters can be manufactured from
the same steels indicated for use up to M39, but the mechanical properties must meet the requirements of ISO 898 – part 1.
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Screws
Materials, heat treatment, chemical Property classes
compositions
according to ISO 898 – part 1 3.6 to 12.9
Chemical composition limits Tempering

Property Material and heat treatment (check analysis) % temperature
class C P S B1) °C
min. max. max. max. max. min.
3.6 2) — 0,20 0,05 0,06 0,003 —
4.6 2) — 0,55 0,05 0,06 0,003 —
4.8 2)
Carbon steel
5.6 0,13 0,55 0,05 0,06 0,003 —
5.8 2) — 0,55 0,05 0,06
6.8 2)
8.8 3) Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron, Mn or Cr)
quenched and tempered 0,154) 0,40 0,035 0,035 0,003
or 425
cabon steel, quenched and tempered 0,25 0,55 0,035 0,035
9.8 Carbon steel with additives (e.g. Boron, Mn, or Cr),
quenched and tempered 0,154) 0,35 0,035 0,035 0,003
or 425
carbon steel, quenched and tempered 0,25 0,55 0,035 0,035
10.9 5), 6) Carbon steel with additives
(e.g. Boron, Mn or Cr), quenched and tempered 0,154) 0,35 0,035 0,035 0,003 340
10.9 6) Carbon steel, quenched and tempered 0,25 0,55 0,035 0,035 0,003
or
carbon steel with additives
(e.g. Boron, Mn or Cr), quenched and tempered, 0,204) 0,55 0,035 0,035 425
or
alloyed steel, quenched and tempered 7) 0,20 0,55 0,035 0,035
12.9 6),8),9) Alloyed steel, quenched and tempered 7) 0,28 0,50 0,035 0,035 0,003 380
1) Boron content can reach 0,005 % provided that non-effective boron is controlled by addition of titanium and/or aluminium.
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2) Free cutting steel is allowed for these property classes with the following maximum sulfur, phosphorus and lead contents:
sulfur 0,34%, phosphorus 0,11%, lead 0,35%
3) For nominal diameters above 20 mm the steels specified for property class 10.9 may be necessary in order to achieve
sufficient hardenability.
4) In case of plain carbon boron alloyed steel with a carbon content below 0,25% (ladle analysis), the minimum manganese content shall be 0,6%
for property class 8.8 and 0,7% for 9.8 and 10.9
5) Products shall be additionally identified by underlining the symbol of the property class (see page T.010).
6) For the materials of these property classes, it is intended that there should be a sufficient hardenabiltity to ensure a structure consisting of
approximately 90% martensite in the core of the threaded sections for the fasteners in the «as-hardened» condition before tempering.
7) This alloy steel shall contain at least one of the following elements in the minimum quantity given: chromium 0,30 %, nickel 0,30 %, molybdenum
0,20 %, vanadium 0,10 %. Where elements are specified in combinations of two, three or four and have alloy contents less than those given above,
the limit value to be applied for class determination is 70 % of the sum of the individual limit values shown above for the two, three or four elements
concerned.
8) A metallographically detectable white phosphorous enriched layer is not permitted for property class 12.9 on surfaces subjected to tensile stress.
9) The chemical composition and tempering temperature are under investigation.
Characteristics at elevated temperatures

Temperature
Property class +20 °C +100 °C +200 °C + 250 °C + 300 °C
Lower yield stress, ReL or
stress at 0,2 % non-proportional elongation R p0,2
[N/mm2]
5.6 300 270 230 215 195
8.8 640 590 540 510 480
10.9 940 875 790 745 705
10.9 940 — — — —
12.9 1100 1020 925 875 825
Continuous operating at elevated service temperature may result in significant stress relaxation. Typically 100 h service at 300 °C will
result in a permanent reduction in excess of 25 % of the initial clamping load in the bolt due to decrease in yield stress.
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Nuts
Mechanical properties of nuts with Property classes
coarse (standard) threads
according to ISO 898 – part 2 04 to 12
Property class
Thread 04 05 4 5 6
diameter Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers
stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness
Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV
over to N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max.
— M 4 520 600
M 4 M 7 — — — 580 670
130 150
M 7 M10 380 500 590 680
188 302 272 353 302 302
M10 M16 610 700
M16 M39 510 117 302 630 146 720 170
Property class
Thread 8 9 10 12
diameter Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers Proof Vickers
stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness stress hardness
Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV Sp HV
over to N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max. N/mm2 min. max.
— M 4 800 180 900 170 1040 1140 1150

M 4 M 7 855 915 1040 1140 1150
302 2951) 3531) 2722) 3532)
M 7 M10 870 200 940 302 1040 1140 1160
188 272 353
M10 M16 880 950 1050 1170 1190
M16 M39 920 233 353 920 1060 — — — 1200
1) Nuts style 1 (ISO 4032) 2) Nuts style 2 (ISO 4033)
E Remarks
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– The minimum hardness values are binding only for nuts for which a test stress measurement cannot be performed and for harde-
ned and tempered nuts. The minimum values are guide values for all other nuts.
Minimum bolt stress when stripping occurs for nuts with nominal
height of ≥ 0,5 d and < 0,8 d according to ISO 898 – part 2
The standard values for strip resistance relate to the given bolt classes.
The exterior thread may be expected to strip if the nuts are paired with screws of lover property classes, while the thread of the nut
will strip if it is paired with screws of higher property classes.
Property class Proof Minimum stress in the core of bolt when stripping occurs
of nut load stress for bolts with property class
of the nut N/ mm2
For bolts with property class
N/ mm2 6.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
04 380 260 300 330 350
05 500 290 370 410 480
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Nuts
Property classes
Nut materials
according to manufacturers' specifications 04 to 12
Property Raw materials for fabrication by Nut Final condition of nut

class diameter
cold–forming hot–forging machining formed machined
UQSt 36–2 UST 36–2 St 34–2 no subsequent no subsequent
1.0204 1.0203 1.0151 treatment treatment
St 37–2
4, 5, 6 1.0161
35S 20 k
1.0726
9S 20 k
1.0711
UQSt 36–2 C 22 1.0402 35 S 20 k ≤ M 16
8 Cq 22 C 35 1.0501 1.0726
Cq 35 45 S 20 k > M 16 quenched and
1.0727 tempered
10, 12 Cq 35 C 35 1.0501 C 35 1.0501 quenched and
Cq 45 C 45 1.0503 C 45 1.0503 tempered
Chemical compositions of nuts

Property class Chemical composition (check analysis) %

C Mn P S
E E
max. min. max. max.
41), 51), 61) — 0,50 — 0,060 0,150
8, 9 041) 0,58 0,25 0,060 0,150
102) 052) 0,58 0,30 0,048 0,058
122) — 0,58 0,45 0,048 0,058
1) Nuts of these property classes may be manufactured from free-cutting steel unless otherwise agreed
between the purchaser and the manufacturer. In such cases, the following maximum sulfur, phospho-
rus and lead contents are permissible:
sulfur 0,34%
phosphorus 0,11%
lead 0,35%
2) Alloying elements may be added, if necessary, to develop the mechanical properties of the nuts.
Nuts of property classes 05, 8 (style 1 > M 16), 10 and 12 must be hardened and tempered.
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Screws
Bolts
Marking of screws and bolts
according to ISO 898 – part 1 Nuts
Property class 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
Marking1),2) 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.6 5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
1) The full-stop in the marking symbol may be omitted.
2) When low carbon martensitic steels are used for property class 10.9 (see table on page T.007),
the symbol 10.9 shall be underlined: 10.9
Identification with the manufacturer's mark and the property class is mandatory for hexagon screws 3.6 to 12.9 and socket
head cap screws 8.8 to 12.9 with thread diameter d ≥ 5 mm, where the shape of the screw always allows it – preferably on
the head.
ABCD
ABCD XYZ
AB
CD 8.8
ABCD 12.9
8. 8 8.8
12.9
Examples of marking on hexagon screws. Examples of marking on socket head cap screws and hexalobular
head bolts and screws.
Marking of studs
Marking is obligatory for property classes of or higher than 8.8 and is preferably to be made on the threaded part by an indentation.
E For adjustment bolts with locking, the marking must be on the side of the nut.
Marking is required for bolts of nominal diameter of or greater than 5 mm. E
8.8
XYZ
8.8
Property class 5.6 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9
The symbols shown in the table on the right Marking symbol

are also authorised as a method of identification.
Marking of nuts
Identification with the manufacturer is mark and property class is mandatory for hexagon nuts with thread diameter d ≥ 5 mm. The
hexagon nuts must be marked with an indentation on the bearing surface or on the side or by embossing on the chamfer. Embossed
markings must not protrude beyond the bearing surface of the nut.
AB
AB 8
Example of marking with the designation symbol. Example of marking with the code symbol (clock-face sy-
8 stem). AB AB
Example of marking with the property class designation Example of marking with the code symbol (clock-face system)
symbol.
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Screws
Bolts
Marking of nuts
according to DIN 267 – part 4 Nuts
Characteristic 4 5 6 8 10 12
Property class
Indentification |4| |5| |6| |8| |10| |12|
mark
Hexagon nuts with nominal thread diameter d ≥ 5 mm must be marked with the property class on the bearing surface or on the side.
Embossed markings must not protrude beyond the bearing surface of the nut.
|8|
| 8|
For hexagon nuts with nominal thread diameter d ≥ 5 mm acc. to DIN 934 and DIN 935 made from free-cutting steel, the marking
must also include a groove on one chamfer of the nut (up to property class 6).
Groove
E E
Pairing screws and nuts ≥ 0,8d
Assignment of possible property classes of screws and nuts
Property class Mating bolts Nuts

of nut Type 1 Type 2
Property class Diameter range Diameter range
4 3.6 4.6 4.8 > M16 > M16 —
5 3.6 4.6 4.8 ≤ M16
≤ M39 —
5.6 5.8 ≤ M39
6 6.8 ≤ M39 ≤ M39 —
8 8.8 ≤ M39 ≤ M39 > M16 ≤ M39
9 9.8 ≤ M16 — ≤ M16
10 10.9 ≤ M39 ≤ M39 —
12 12.9 ≤ M39 ≤ M16 ≤ M39
Remark: In general, nuts of a higher property class are preferable to nuts of a lower property class. This is advisable for a bolt / nut
assembly stressed higher than the yield stress or the stress under proof load.
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Screws and nuts for
Table of materials for high temperatures high and low
according to DIN 267, part 13
temperatures
Material Material number Marking Utilisation

abbreviation temperatur limits
C 35 N ou C 35 V 1.0501 Y +350 °C
Ck 35 1.1181 YK +350 °C
35 B 2 1.5511 YB +350 °C
24 CrMo 5 1.7258 G +400 °C
21 CrMoV 5 7 1.7709 GA +540 °C
40 CrMoV 4 7 1.7711 GB +500 °C
X 22 CrMoV 12 1 1.4923 V, VH +580 °C
X 19 CrMoVNbN 11 1 1.4913 VW +580 °C
X 8 CrNiMoBNb 16 16 1.4986 S +650 °C
X 5 NiCrTi 26 15 1.4980 SD +650 °C
NiCr20 TiAl 2.4952 SB +700 °C
Table of materials for low temperatures

from –200 °C to –10 °C
Material Material number Marking Utilisation
abbreviation temperatur limits
26 CrMo4 1.7219 KA – 60 °C
12 Ni 19 1.5680 KB –120 °C
X 5 CrNi 18 10 1.4301 A2 –200 °C
E E
X 5 CrNi 18 12 1.4303 A2 –200 °C
X 6 CrNiTi 18 10 1.4541 A2 –200 °C
1) – 60 °C
X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2 1.4401 A4
2) –200 °C
1) – 60 °C 1) Screw with head
X 6 CrNiMo Ti 17 12 2 1.4571 A4
2) –200 °C 2) Screw without head
Pairing materials for screws and nuts

Material
Screw Nut
Ck 35 C 35 N, C 35 V, Ck 35, 35 B 2
35 B 2
24 CrMo 5 Ck35, 35 B 2, 24 CrMo 5
21 CrMoV 5 7 24 CrMo 5
21 CrMoV 5 7
40 CrMoV 4 7 21 CrMoV 5 7
X 22 CrMoV 12 1 X 22 CrMoV 12 1
X 19 CrMoVNbN 11 1
X 8 CrNiMoBNb 16 16 X 8 CrNiMoBNb 16 16
X 5 NiCrTi 26 15 X 5 NiCrTi 26 15
NiCr 20 TiAl NiCr 20 TiAl
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Screws and nuts for
Mechanical properties high and low
min. yield strength values at increased
temperatures
temperatures according to DIN 17240
Material Material Tensile Elongation Impact 0,2 limit Rp 0.2 at °C [N / mm2]
abbreviation number strength at strength
facture
Rm A 20° 200° 250° 300° 350° 400° 450° 500° 550°
[N / mm2] [%] DVM (J)
C 35 N ou C35V 1.0501 500– 650 21 280
Ck 35 1.1181 500– 650 22 55 280 220 203 186 167 147
Cq 35 1.1172 500– 650 22 55 280 220 203 186 167 147
24 CrMo 5 1.7258 600– 750 18 103 440 412 392 363 333 304 275 235
21 CrMoV 57 1.7709 700– 850 16 69 550 500 480 460 441 412 372 334 275
40 CrMoV 47 1.7711 850–1000 14 41 700 635 617 598 578 540 500 460 403
X 22 CrMoV 121 1.4923 800– 950 14 34 600 530 505 480 452 423 382 344 284
X 19 CrMoVNbN 111 1.4913 900–1050 10 24 780 700 680 655 620 580 530 470 400
X 8 CrNiMoBNb 1616 1.4986 650– 850 16 48 500 432 412 393 372 353 334 314 282
X 5 NiCrTi 2615 1.4980 896 15 586
NiCr 20 TiAl 2.4952 ≥ 1000 12 17 600 568 564 560 550 540 530 530 510
Reference values for the stat. elasticity

module and the coefficient of heat expansion
according DIN 17240
Static elasticity module at a temperature of:

Material groups 1) 20 °C 100 °C 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 450 °C 500 °C 550 °C 600 °C 700 °C 800 °C
[103 N/mm2 ]
E E
Ferritic steels
(1.0501, 1.1181, 1.1172, 211 204 196 186 177 172 164 152 127 — —
1.7258, 1.7709, 1.7711)
Steels with approx. 12% Cr 216 209 200 190 179 175 167 157 127 — —
(1.4923, 1.4913)
Austenitic steels 196 192 186 181 174 170 165 162 157 147 —
(1.4986)
NiCr20TiAl 216 212 208 202 196 193 189 184 179 161 130
1) The steels of these material groups are shown with their material number.
Material Material Density Coefficient of heat expansion between 20 °C and

abbreviation number at 20 °C 100 °C 200 °C 300 °C 400 °C 500 °C 600 °C 700 °C 800 °C
kg / dm3 [10-6 · K-1]
C 35 1.0501
Ck 35 1.1181
Cq 35 1.1172
7,85 11,1 12,1 12,9 13,5 13,9 14,1
24 CrMo 5 1.7258
21 CrMoV 5 7 1.7709
40 CrMoV 4 7 1.7711
X 22 CrMoV 12 1 1.4923
7,7 10,5 11,0 11,5 12,0 12,3 12,5
X 19 CrMoVNbN 11 1 1.4913
X 8 CrNiMoBNb 16 16 1.4986 7,9 16,6 17,7 17,9 17,9 17,9 18,1 18,3 18,6
NiCr20TiAl 2.4952 8,2 11,9 12,6 13,1 13,5 13,7 14,0 14,5 15,1
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Screws and nuts for
Ductility of steels at high and low
low temperatures
according to manufacturer's specifications temperatures
70
26 CrMo 4
60 X 12 CrNi 18 9
12 Ni 19
50
X 12 CrNi 18 9
X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
40 X 10 CrMoTo 18 10
Necking at rupture K
30 Elongation at rupture A
[%]
12 Ni 19 Impact strength specimen DVM
20 26 CrMo 4
DVM [J]
X 12 CrNi 18 9
200
10 X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
12 Ni 19 100
0 26 CrMo 4 0
–200 –150 –100 –50 0 +20
Temperature [°C]
Yield strength and tensile strength

E of steels at low temperatures
according to manufacturer's specifications E
[N/mm2]
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
26 CrMo 4
600 12 Ni 19
500 {X 12 CrNi 18 9
X 10 CrNi Ti 18 10
400 { 26 CrMo 4 (bis –120°)
12 Ni 19
300
X 12 CrNi 18 9
200 X 10 CrNiTi 18 10
100 Tensile strength Rm

0 Yield strength Rel or Rp 0,2
–200 –150 –100 –50 0 +20
Temperature [°C]
S Strasbourg
U 03 88 20 77 50
Grenoble
U 04 76 24 80 80
Paris
U 01 49 38 14 70
Rennes
U 02 99 41 75 75
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Screws and nuts for
high and low
Elastic elongation of bolts with reduced
shanks (DIN 2510) temperatures
Materials YK G GA GB V VW S SB
Elastic elongation λ [mm] prestressed up to approx. 70% of the
L = [mm] yield stress Rp 0,2 at room temperature
60 0,056 0,088 0,109 0,139 0,116 0,152 0,107 0,116
70 0,065 0,102 0,127 0,162 0,136 0,177 0,125 0,136
80 0,074 0,117 0,146 0,186 0,155 0,202 0,143 0,155
90 0,084 0,131 0,164 0,209 0,175 0,228 0,161 0,175
100 0,093 0,146 0,182 0,232 0,194 0,253 0,179 0,194

110 0,102 0,161 0,2 0,255 0,213 0,278 0,197 0,213
120 0,112 0,175 0,218 0,278 0,233 0,304 0,215 0,233
130 0,121 0,19 0,237 0,302 0,252 0,329 0,233 0,252
140 0,13 0,204 0,255 0,325 0,272 0,354 0,251 0,272

150 0,140 0,291 0,273 0,348 0,291 0,28 0,269 0,291
160 0,149 0,234 0,291 0,371 0,31 0,405 0,286 0,31
170 0,158 0,248 0,309 0,394 0,33 0,43 0,304 0,33
180 0,167 0,263 0,328 0,418 0,349 0,455 0,322 0,349

190 0,177 0,277 0,346 0,441 0,369 0,481 0,34 0,69
200 0,186 0,292 0,364 0,464 0,388 0,506 0,358 0,388
210 0,195 0,307 0,382 0,487 0,407 0,531 0,376 0,407
220 0,205 0,321 0,4 0,51 0,427 0,557 0,394 0,427

230 0,214 0,336 0,419 0,534 0,446 0,582 0,412 0,446
240 0,223 0,35 0,437 0,557 0,466 0,607 0,43 0,466
250 0,233 0,365 0,455 0,58 0,485 0,633 0,448 0,485
E E
260 0,242 0,38 0,473 0,603 0,504 0,658 0,465 0,504
270 0,251 0,394 0,491 0,626 0,524 0,683 0,483 0,524
280 0,26 0,409 0,51 0,65 0,543 0,708 0,501 0,543
290 0,27 0,423 0,528 0,673 0,563 0,734 0,519 0,563
300 0,279 0,438 0,546 0,696 0,582 0,759 0,537 0,582
E [103 N/mm2] 211 211 211 211 216 216 196 216
Fv Fv
L
Length of
reduced shank
Calculation: Example
λ [mm] = FEv··AL [mm] X 8 CrNiMoBNb 16 16 = [S]
Rp 0,2 = 500 N/mm2
length of the reduced shank L = 220 mm
λ [mm] = elastic elongation
under preload Fv
Fv [N] = preload Elastic elongation
E [N / mm2] = elasticity module
220
A [mm2] = cross section area of λ = 0,7·500 196000
= 0,394 mm
reduced shank
see table,
L [mm] = reduced shank length
column S for L = 220 mm
where:
Fv
0,7 A
= 70% de Rp 0,2
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Stainless steel
fasteners
Designation of property classes
according to ISO 3506
Composition groups Austenitic Martensitic Ferritic
Identification of steel A1 A2 A31) A4 A51) C1 C4 C3 Fi

grades
Property classes
Screws, nuts style 1 50 70 80 50 70 110 50 70 80 45 60
Flat nuts 025 035 040 025 035 055 025 035 040 020 030
soft work- heavily soft hardended + soft hardened + hardended + soft work-hardened
hardened work-hardened tempered tempered tempered
Descriptions using a letter/figure combination mean the following:

A2 – 70
Abbreviation of composition group:

A = austenitic chromium-nickel steel
Abbreviation of chemical composition:
E 1 = free-cutting steel with sulphur additive

2 = cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium and nickel
3 = cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium and nickel,
stabilised with Ti, Nb, Ta
E
4 = cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium, nickel and
molybdenum
5 = cold-heading steel alloyed with chromium, nickel and
molybdenum, stabilised with Ti, Nb, Ta
Abbreviation of property class:

50 = 1/10 of tensile strength of screw/proofstress for nuts (min. 500 N/mm2)
Flat nuts:
025 = proof stress for nuts (min. 250 N/mm2)
Chemical composition of austenitic stainless steels

More than 97% of all fasteners made from stainless steels are produced from this steel composition group. They are characterised by
impressive corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical properties.
Austenitic stainless steels are divided into 5 main groups whose chemical compositions are as follows:
Steel Chemical composition in % (maximum values, unless otherwise indicated, rest iron (Fe))
group C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni Cu
A1 0,12 1,0 6,5 0,200 0,15–0,35 16–19 0,7 5–10 1,75–2,25
A2 0,10 1,0 2,0 0,050 0,03 15–20 — 8–19 4
A31) 0,08 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,03 17–19 — 9–12 1
A4 0,08 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,03 16–18,5 2–3 10–15 1
A51) 0,08 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,03 16–18,5 2–3 10,5–14 1
1 ) stabilised against intergranular corrosion through addition of titanium, possibly niobium, tantalum.
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Stainless steel
fasteners
Chemical composition
Steel Comparable C Si Mn P S Cr Mo Ni
group steels under
DIN 17440
Number % % % % % % % %
Ferritic steels
F1 1.40061) 0,10 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 16,0 up to 18,0 — ≤ 0,50
F1 — 4) 0,10 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 16,0 up to 18,0 — ≤ 0,50
F1 — 0,10 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 16,0 up to 18,0 0,90 up to 1,30 —
Martensitic steels
C1 1.40061) 0,09 up to 0,15 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 11,5 up to 14,0 — ≤ 1,0
C4 — 2) 0,08 up to 0,15 1,0 1,5 0,060 0,150 up to 0,350 12,0 up to 14,0 0,60 max. ≤ 1,0
C1 1.4021 0,16 up to 0,25 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 12,0 up to 14,0 — ≤ 1,0
C3 — 0,10 up to 0,20 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 15,0 up to 18,0 — 1,5 bis 3,0
C3 1.4057 1) 0,17 up to 0,25 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 16,0 up to 18,0 — 1,5 bis 2,5
C1 1.4028 3) 0,26 up to 0,35 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 12,0 up to 14,0 — ≤ 1,0
C1 1.4034 0,36 up to 0,45 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 12,5 up to 14,5 — ≤ 1,0
C1 — 0,42 up to 0,50 1,0 1,0 0,040 0,030 12,5 up to 14,5 — ≤ 1,0
Austenitic steels
A2 1.4306 0,030 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 17,0 up to 19,0 — 9,0 up to 12,0
A2 1.4301 0,070 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 17,0 up to 19,0 — 8,0 up to 11,0
A1 1.4305 1) 0,120 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,150 up to 0,350 17,0 up to 19,0 0,60 max. 8,0 up to 10,0
A2 1.4303 1) 0,100 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 17,0 up to 19,0 — 11,0 up to 13,0
A3 1.4541 1), 4) 0,080 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 17,0 up to 19,0 — 9,0 up to 12,0
A3 1.4550 5) 0,080 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 17,0 up to 19,0 — 9,0 up to 12,0
A4 1.4404 0,030 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,0 up to 2,5 11,0 up to 14,0
A4 1.4401 1) 0,070 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,0 up to 2,5 10,5 up to 14,0
A5 1.4571 1), 4) 0,080 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,0 up to 2,5 10,5 up to 14,0
A5 1.4580 5) 0,080 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,0 up to 2,5 10,5 up to 14,0
E E
A4 1.4435 0,030 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,5 up to 3,0 11,5 up to 14,5
A4 1.4436 0,070 1,0 2,0 0,045 0,030 16,0 up to 18,5 2,5 up to 3,0 11,0 up to 14,5
1) Mainly used in Europe.
2) In Europe free-cutting steel 13 CrMoS 17 (material number 1.4104) is preferred.
3) According to: «Stahl-Eisen-Werkstoffblatt 400».
4) With addition of Ti: 5x% C ≤ Ti ≤ 0,80
5) With addition of Nb: 10x% C ≤ Nb ≤ 1,0
Distinctive properties
A1 / A2 / A4 / A5
Material designation A1 A2 A3 A4 A5
Material no. 1.4305 1.4301 1.4541 1.4401 1.4436
1.4300 1.4303 1.4590 1.4404 1.4571
1.4306 1.4550 1.4435 1.4580
Properties conditionally rust-resistant rust-resistant rust-resistand
conditionally acid-resistant acid-resistant still acid-resistant
conditionally weldable easily weldable easily weldable
}
A1: for machining, conditionally rust- and acid-resistant
A2: standard quality see also page T.020
A4: highest corrosion resistance (with molybdenum additive)
– spring parts made from martensitic chrome steel C1, C2, C3

have lower corrosion resistance than A2, A4
A3, A5: as for A2, A4, however stabilised against intergranular corrosion after welding or annealing
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Mechanical properties for fasteners Stainless steel
made from austenitic stainless steel fasteners
- part 1 bolts, screws and studs/- part 2 nuts
Screws
Thread Tensile Stress at 0,2% Elongation after
Group Grade Property diameter strength R m1) permanent strain fracture
class of range N / mm 2 R p 0,21) A2)
screw d min. min. min.
N / mm 2 mm
A1, A2 50 ≤ M 39 500 210 0,6 d
Austenitic A3, A4 70 ≤ M 203) 700 450 0,4 d
A5 80 ≤ M 203) 800 600 0,3 d
Nuts
Property class Thread Stress under proof load S p
of nuts diameter N / mm2
Group Grade range min.
nut thin nuts d nuts thin nuts
style 1 style 1
m ≥ 0,8d 0,5 d ≤ m < 0,8 d [mm] m ≥ 0,8d 0,5 d ≤ m < 0,8 d
A1 50 025 ≤ 39 500 250
Austenitic A2, A3 70 035 ≤ 24 3) 700 350
A4, A5 80 040 ≤ 24 3) 800 400
m = nut height
d = thread diameter
1) The tensile stress is calculated on the stress area.

2) To be determined according to the actual screw length and not on a prepared test piece; d is the nominal thread diameter.
E E
3) For fasteners with nominal thread diameters d > 24 mm the mechanical properties shall be agreed upon between user and manu-
facturer and marked with grade and property class according to this table.
Property class 70 – commercial:

The values of property classes 70 and 80 apply only for cold formed fasteners with diameters conforming to the above table and
lengths up to 8xd, such as hexagon, hexagon socket, slotted, recessed and locking screws.
Property class 70 is commercial and usually also the most economic.
Screws of property class 80 are only advised if the components are also manufactured from high-strength stainless steel which is
not often so. The component is machined, the work-hardened surface zone is usually removed and the screw head then contacts the
soft core material.
For manufacturing reasons, fasteners of A2, A4 over M20 or with lengths greater than 8xd usually have lower strengths in the class
50 range. If higher strengths are needed, this must be made clear when ordering.
For additional information, see Technical Information 3: Stainless steel fasteners. Please ask for a copy!
Minimum breaking torques for screws M1,6 to M16

(coarse thread) according to ISO 3506 - part 1
Minimum breaking torque MB, min
Nm
Property class
Thread 50 70 80
M 1,6 0,15 0,2 0,24
M 2 0,3 0,4 0,48
M 2,5 0,6 0,9 0,96
M 3 1,1 1,6 1,8
M 4 2,7 3,8 4,3
M 5 5,5 7,8 8,8
M 6 9,3 13 15
M 8 23 32 37
M10 46 65 74
M12 80 110 130
M16 210 290 330
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Elongation limit (Rp0,2) at Stainless steel
elevated temperatures as % of the fasteners
values at room temperature
Rel and Rp 0,2 in %
Steel grade +100 °C +200 °C +300 °C +400 °C
A2, A4 85% 80% 75% 70%

applies for property classes 70 and 80
For applicability at low temperatures, see T.012.
Marking of screws and nuts

Hexagon screws manufacturer's
according to ISO 3506 XYZ mark
Requirement
Screws and nuts made from stainless austenitic steels must
A 2 -7 0
be marked.
steel group property

Screws
class
Hexagon and hexagon socket screws from nominal diameter
M5 must be marked. The marking must show the steel group,
the property class and the manufacturer's mark.
Locking screws Studs

8.8
A4
must be marked on the shaft or screw end.
Bolts
A2-70
Bolts from nominal diameter M5 must be marked on the
XYZ
shank or the end of the thread with the steel group, the pro-
E E
perty class and the manufacturer's mark.
Socket
head XYZ
cap screw XYZ A2-70
A 2 -7 0
Nuts
Nuts from minimal diameter M5 must be marked with the steel Nuts
XYZ
group, the property class and the manufacturer's mark.
XYZ
A2–50
A2–50
Alternative
groove
∅>s
marking
A2 A4
Caution!
Only those fasteners marked to standard will have the desired properties. Products not marked to
standard will often only correspond to property classes A2–50 or A4–50
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Stainless steel
fasteners
Corrosion resistance
according to manufacturer's information
Austenitic stainless steels have an invisible self-protecti- Coatings and black oxidizing (no access to oxygen) as
ve oxide film; if damaged, this film will restore itself as long as well as roughening of the surface, reduce corrosion resistance.
there is oxygen in the vicinity. However, if the access of oxygen Under certain conditions, chlorine bearing mediums may cause
is hampered by unfavorable designs or contamination, stainless intergranular corrosion, which may result in a sudden failure of
steels will corrode. components.
Avoid: slits, gaps, humidity concentration

Standard ISO 3506 specifies steels resistant to corrosion
bad ventilation and dirt deposits
and acids, indicates the corresponding mechanical characteri-
stics also the chemical compositions together with some recom-
Rule of thumb: A2 above water, continental climate
mendations for the appropriate choice of a steel, also in the ca-
A4 under water, coastal climate
se of utilisation at low or high temperatures.
A1 has a small amount of sulphur added,
to improve machinabiltiy.
Corrosion resistance less than A2. The reference data with respect to corrosion
This also applies to steels C1-C4. resistance should preferably be the results of laboratory
tests or practical experience! We gladly provide you with
specimens in order to carry out such tests.
Technical arguments for the utilisation of elements of nickel-chrome

austenitic steel resistant to corrosion A1, A2, A4.
Avantages Prevents the following problems
Bright surface, good appearance Rusting screws give a poor impression. The customer loses confidence in the product.
E Safety Corrosion reduces the stability and functionality of the fastening elements. They become weak points.
E
No red rust Some plastic or textile elements can become unusable due to contact with red rust.
No health risk Blood poisoning can result from injuries from rusty elements.
Utilisation for foodstuffs Galvanised elements must never come into contact with foodstuffs.
No risk from sucking Small children must not suck galvanised or cadmium plated elements.
Easy to clean, hygienic Corrosive products which are difficult to eliminate form on bright or galvanised parts.
Nickel-chrome steel has low Magnetic fastening elements can upset measuring instruments. Magnetic parts attract metallic dust. Other
magnetism corrosion problems occur.
High resistance to elevated The chromating of galvanised, chromated fastening elements deteriorates after 80 °C. Corrosion resistance
temperatures falls considerably.
The screws and nuts are bright and If the thickness of the coating of galvanised screws is excessive, the elements can jam on assembly.
always easy to assemble
No problems during maintenance Rusting screws and nuts are difficult to loosen. It is sometimes necessary to damage them, which is generally
work problematic. Elements of the construction are often damaged.
More information is contained in our Technical information Subject B2: Corrosion resistant assemblies. Send for it!
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Fasteners of
various materials
Non-ferrous materials
Material Nominal thread diameter Tensile Stress at Elongation

d strength permanent set limit after fracture
Rm Rp 0,2 A
DIN No. Symbol Abbreviation Designation min. min. min.
(former) N/mm2 N/mm2 %
2.0321 CU2 CuZn37 Brass d ≤ M6 440 340 11
(Ms63) M6 < d ≤ M39 370 250 19
2.0401 CU3 CuZn39Pb3 Brass d ≤ M6 440 340 11
(Ms58) M6 < d ≤ M39 370 250 19
2.1020 CU4 CuSn6 Resistin d ≤ M12 470 340 22
M12 < d ≤ M39 400 200 33
2.0853 CU5 CuNi1Si Kuprodur d ≤ M39 590 540 12
2.3535 AL1 AlMg3 d ≤ M10 270 230 3
M10 < d ≤ M20 250 180 4
3.2315 AL3 AlSi1MgMn d ≤ M6 320 250 7
M6 < d ≤ M39 310 260 10
Minimum breaking loads according to ISO 8839
Thread Thread pitch Nominal stress Symbols for materials

area CU2 CU3 CU4 CU5 AL1 AL3
Min. breaking loads (for nuts: proof load)1)
P As AS x Rm
d mm mm2 N
M 3 0,5 5,03 2210 2210 2360 2970 1360 1610
M 3,5 0,6 6,78 2980 2980 3190 4000 1830 2170
E E
M 4 0,7 8,78 3860 3860 4130 5180 2370 2810
M 5 0,8 14,2 6250 6250 6670 8380 3830 4540
M 6 1 20,1 8840 8840 9450 11860 5430 6430
M 7 1 28,9 10690 10690 13580 17050 7800 8960
M 8 1,25 36,6 13540 13540 17200 21590 9880 11350
M10 1,5 58,0 21460 21460 27260 34220 15660 17980
M12 1,75 84,3 31190 31190 39620 49740 21080 26130
M14 2 115 42550 42550 46000 67850 28750 35650
M16 2 157 58090 58090 62800 92630 39250 48670
M18 2,5 192 71040 71040 76800 113300 48000 59520
M20 2,5 245 90650 90650 98000 144500 61250 75950
1) The tensile test for full size bolts according to ISO 898-1 must be carried out.
Minimum breaking torque for screws up to M5 according to ISO 8839
Thread Symbols for materials

CU2 CU3 CU4 CU5 AL1 AL3
Min. breaking torque1)
d Nm
M 1,6 0,10 0,10 0,11 0,14 0,06 0,08
M2 0,21 0,21 0,23 0,28 0,13 0,16
M 2,5 0,45 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,27 0,3
M3 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,1 0,5 0,6
M 3,5 1,3 1,3 1,4 1,7 0,8 0,9
M4 1,9 1,9 2 2,5 1,1 1,4
M5 3,8 3,8 4,1 5,1 2,4 2,8
1) The torsional strength test according to ISO 898-7 must be carried out.
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Fasteners of
various materials
Special materials
according to manufacturers‘ information
Material Utilisation and particularly noteworthy characteristics.

designation
Monel 400 Optimal corrosion resistance and strength characteristics.
K Monel Also suitable for pressed and forged parts.
Inconel 600 Good strength characteristics, low thermal conductivity, excellent corrosion resistance and impressive oxidation resistance at hig
temperatures up to approx. 1100 °C, also in atmospheres with low sulphur content, i.e up to 0,5 gr sulphur per m3.
Corronel 220 Impressive corrosion resistance, economically viable in areas where parts come into contact
with hydrochloric acid, but also with sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid.
Nimonic 80 A Good long term meat resistance up to 850 °C and very good oxidation resistance at variable elevated temperatures.
Nimonic 90 For high mechanical stress at temperatures up to approx. 900 °C.

Nimonic 105 For high mechanical stress at temperatures up to approx. 1000 °C.
Incoloy alloy 825 Very good corrosion resistance, even for example
sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, dilated acids and many others.
Nicrofer 4221 See Incoloy alloy 825 above.
X 10 Ni Cr Mo Cu 4221
Inconel alloy X 750 See Nimonic 80 A above.
Pyrotherm- Heat-resisting steel, up to 1200 °C, good corrosion resistance. This steel can be used in
25/45/SW atmospheres with up to 1 g sulphur / m3.
Resistin-Bronze Seawater-resistant, tough, good thermal strength characteristics up to 450 °C, good cold-toughness.
Silverin See Monel 400
or ASTM B 164 Cl.A.
Titan Suitable for constructions with high stress, weight savings and good mechanical and chemical resistance.
Hastelloy B Highly corrosion-resistant, used in chemical engineering resistant to deoxydants. Largely resistant to hydrochloric acid,
sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid also hydrochloric gas and alkaline solutions.
Adequately resistant to oxidising and reducing gases up to 800 °C.
Hastelloy B is not recommended for strongly oxidising agents, ferric salt and cupric salts.
E E
Hastelloy C quality is more suitable for such stress.
Hastelloy C A nickel/molybdenum/chromium/tungsten alloy, one of the most corrosion-resistant alloys ever developed; it is particularly
resistant to bleach solutions which contain free chlorine, chlorites, hypochlorites, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and organic
acids such as acetic acid, formic acid, solutions of nitrates, sulphates and sulphites, chlorine and chlorates, chromates
and cyanogen compounds etc.
Mechanical properties at room temperature

min. elongation after
Chemical composition in % by weight

Tensile strenght
Impact strenght
Abbreviation
fracture A5 %
Material no.1)
N / mm2 min.
DVM, J min.
Yield point
N / mm2
State
Ni Co Cr Mo W Ti C Si Cu Fe Mn N
≤ env. ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤
pure titanium O2 H2
Ti 99.8 3.7025 G 175 290– 410 30 82 residue 0,08 0,10 0,013 0,20 0,05
Ti 99,7 3.7035 G 245 390– 540 22 41 residue 0,08 0,20 0,013 0,25 0,06
Ti 99.6 3.7055 G 325 460– 590 18 34 residue 0,10 0,25 0,013 0,30 0,06
Ti 99.5 3.7065 G 390 540– 740 16 27 residue 0,10 0,30 0,013 0,35 0,07
NiMo 301) ≤ ≤ 26 ≤ 4
Hastelloy 2.4810 L 320 750–1000 35 70 residue 2,5 1 to 0,05 0,5 to 1
B 30 6
NiMo 16
Cr 15 W1) ≤ 14,5 15 3 ≤ 4,5
Hastelloy 2.4819 L 310 700– 950 35 85 residue 2,5 to to to 0,01 0,05 to 1
C-276 16,5 17 4,5 7
1) Abbreviation according to DIN G = annealed L = precipitation hardened
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E E
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E
A B
Fasteners of
various materials
Thermoplastics
Reference values of physical characteristics according to manufacturer's data
Mechanical properties
hardness; 10 sec. Value

Fracture resistance
N/mm2 DIN 53457
N/mm2 DIN 53456

Elasticity module
Tensile strength
Ball penetration
Impact strength
Density g/cm3
% DIN 53455
abbreviation
DIN 53479
DIN 53455
DIN 53453
DIN 53453
DIN 7728
Material
Ductility
N/mm2
kJ/m2
kJ/m2
PE-HD 0,94 / 0,96 18 / 35 100 / 1000 700 / 1400 40 / 65 without fracture without fracture
PE-LD 0,914 / 0,928 8 /23 300 / 1000 200 / 500 13 / 20 without fracture without fracture
PP 0,90 / 0,907 21 /37 20 / 800 1100 / 1300 36 / 70 without fracture 3 / 17
POM 1,41 / 1,42 62 / 70 25 / 70 2800 / 3200 150 / 170 100 8
PA 6 1,13 70 / 85 200 / 300 1400 75 without fracture without fracture
PA 66 1,14 77 / 84 150 / 300 2000 100 without fracture 15 / 20
Electrical properties
Dielectric constant Dielectric loss factor Dielectric strength Surface leakage current
DIN 53483 DIN 53483 resistance DIN 53480
Specific resistance
Surface resistance
abbreviation
widerstand Ω
Oberflächen-
ASTM D 149
kV / 25 µm
DIN 53482
DIN 53482
DIN 53482
DIN 53481
DIN 7728
Material
KB / KC
kV / cm
106 Hz
106 Hz
50 Hz
50 Hz
Ω cm
KA
Ω
PE-HD >1017 1014 2,35 2,34 2,4 · 10 –4 2,0 · 10 –4 > 700 — 3c >600
E E
PE-LD >1017 1014 2,29 2,28 1,5 · 10 4 0,8 · 10 –4 > 700 — 3b >600
PP >1017 1013 2,27 2,25 < 4 · 10 –4 < 5 · 10 –4 800 500 / 650 3c >600
POM >1015 1013 3,7 3,7 0,005 0,005 700 380 / 500 3b >600
PA 6 1012 1010 3,8 3,4 0,01 0,03 350 400 3b >600
PA 66 1012 1010 8,0 4,0 0,14 0,08 400 600 3b >600
Thermal properties
Operating temperature Dimensional stability
°C °C
Thermal conductivity
Linear coefficient
Max. short therm
1.86 / 0,45 N/mm2

VSP (Vicat 5 kg)
Max. permanent
Min. permanent
abbreviation
ASTM D 648
Specific heat
of expansion
DIN 53460
DIN 7728
106
Material
kJ/kg K
W/mK
·
K–1
PE-HD 90 / 120 70 / 80 – 50 60 / 70 50 200 0,38 / 0,51 2,1 / 2,7

PE-LD 80 / 90 60/ 75 – 50 — 35 250 0,32 / 0,40 2,1 / 2,5
PP 140 100 0 / –30 85 / 100 45 / 120 150 0,17 / 0,22 2,0
POM 110 / 140 90 / 110 – 60 160 / 173 110 / 170 90 / 110 0,25 / 0,30 1,46
PA 6 140 / 180 80 / 100 – 30 180 80 / 190 80 0,29 1,7
PA 66 170 / 200 80 / 120 – 30 200 105 / 200 80 0,23 1,7
Abbreviation/significance
PE-HD High density polyethylene
PE-LD Low density polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
POM Polymethylene, polyacetate
PA 6 Polyamide
PA 66 Polyamide
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Fasteners of
various materials
Thermoplastics
Chemical resistance
Detergents, strong
Detergents, weak
Acid, hydrofluoric
Saline solutions
Acids, oxidised
EC chlorinated
abbreviation
Acids, strong
Halogen, dry
Acids, dilute
EC aliphatic
Water, cold
Water, hot
Material
Water
absorption, %
ASTM D 570
PE-HD 0 0 0 0 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 7 < 0,01
PE-LD 0 0 7 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 1 < 0,01
PP 0 0 0 7 1 7 0 0 0 7 0 1 0,01 à 0,03
POM 0 0 7 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0,22 à 0,25
PA 6 0 7 1 1 1 1 0 7 0 1 0 7 1,3 à 1,9
E EC chlorinated, non-saturated E
Ether-salicylic
Organic acids
abbreviation
Greases, oils
EC aromatic
Mineral oils
Turpentine
Aldehydes
Material
Water
Amines
Alcohol
Cetone
Fuels
Ether
absorption, %
ASTM D 570
PE-HD 0 0 0 7 7 0 0 7 7 0 0 1 1 < 0,01
PE-LD 7 7 7 1 0 1 1 7 7 1 1 < 0,01
PP 0 7 7 1 0 0 7 7 7 0 0 1 1 0,01 à 0,03
POM 0 1 7 0 7 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 7 0,22 à 0,25
PA 6 0 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 0 0 1 7 7 1,3 à 1,9
0 resistant 7 resistant with reservation 1 inconstant
Abbreviation/significance
PE-HD High density polyethylene
PE-LD Low density polyethylene
PP Polypropylene
POM Polymethylene, polyacetate
PA 6 Polyamide
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Plating and
surface treatments
Electrolytic processes
Relevant standards:
– ISO 4042, Fasteners - Electroplated coatings
Zinc-plating – chromating
Zinc-plating with subsequent chromating has proven to be very Chromating (passivation) is carried out immediately after
effective for fasteners with regard both to corrosion resistance zinc plating by a brief immersion in chromic acid solutions. The
and appearance. We can offer you a comprehensive and well- chromating process improves corrosion resistance and prevents
stocked range. Our galvanised parts are shown in the catalogue the tarnishing or discolouring of the zinc layer. The protective
shaded in grey/green. effect of the chromate layer varies according to process group
(see table!).
Finish processes for chromating of electro zinc- Corrosion resistance

platings (salt spray test according to DIN 50021 SS)
Passivation Chromate layer colour

Hours 200
150
colourless none (metallic bright
chromatizing silver - rare) 100
blue chromatizing bluish to bluish
iridescent (standard) 50
yellow chromatizing yellowish lustre
to yellow-brown 0
iridescent (standard)
3 5 8 12
olive chromatizing olive green Coating thickness (µm)
to olive brown (rare)
E
Time before appearance of red rust with
E
black chromatizing blackish brown
chromating:
to black (decorative)
yellow olive colourless
blue black
1) «bluish» is not a clearly defined colour – it may differ.

2) Mass-produced parts can be black chromated, but only at great expense. Because of the barrel process, the black chromate layer
will almost always rub off on the edges, cross recessed edges etc. and may expose the bright zinc layer underneath.
Code system for electroplated coatings see ISO 4042.
Hydrogen embrittlement – alternatives

(ISO 4042)
In cases of parts Parts shall be baked as soon as possible, but at least within 4
hours after electroplating.
– with high strength or surface hardness
– which have absorbed hydrogen and However, complete elimination of hydrogen em-
– are under tensile stress, bending stress brittlement cannnot be guaranteed. If complete
freedom from embrittlement is required, than a
there is the risk of failure due to hydrogen embrittlement. Since
different coating method shall be used.
absorption of hydrogen is typical for electroplating a baking pro-
cess after the coating process may be necessary. For parts affecting safety, therefore, alternative corrosion
protection or coating processes should be selected, e.g.
Threaded fasteners made from steel, heat-treated to property
inorganic zinc coating, mechanical zinc coating or the use of
class 10.9 (hardness 320 HV and above), casehardened faste-
stainless steels.
ners and fasteners with captive washers made from hardened
steel over 400 HV (e.g. washers) shall be baked after electro- Fasteners of classes ≥ 10.9 (≥ HV320) are supplied from our
plating, but before any chromating treatment. stock with an inorganic zinc coating or are mechanically zinc
coated where technically possible.
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Plating and
surface treatments
Coating thicknesses for parts with
external thread ISO 4042
Tolerance position g Tolerance position f Tolerance position e

Nominal Funda- Nominal coating thickness Funda- Nominal coating thickness Funda- Nominal coating thickness
Thread thread mental max. mental max. mental max.
pitch diameter 1) de- 2) 3) de- 2) 3) de- 2) 3)
viation Overall Nominal length l viation Overall Nominal length l viation Overall Nominal length l
P d1 length length length
l ≤ 5d l ≤ 10d l ≤ 15d l ≤ 5d l ≤ 10d l ≤ 15d l ≤ 5d l ≤ 10d l ≤ 15 d
mm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm µm
0,2 -17 3 3 3 3
0,25 1; 1,2 -18 3 3 3 3
0,3 1,4 -18 3 3 3 3
0,35 1,6 (1,8) -19 3 3 3 3 -34 8 8 5 5
0,4 2 -19 3 3 3 3 -34 8 8 5 5
0,45 2,5 (2,2) -20 5 5 3 3 -35 8 8 5 5
0,5 3 -20 5 5 3 3 -36 8 8 5 5 - 50 12 12 10 8
0,6 3,5 -21 5 5 3 3 -36 8 8 5 5 - 53 12 12 10 8
0,7 4 -22 5 5 3 3 -38 8 8 5 5 - 56 12 12 10 8
0,75 4,5 -22 5 5 3 3 -38 8 8 5 5 - 56 12 12 10 8
0,8 5 -24 5 5 3 3 -38 8 8 5 5 - 60 15 15 12 10
1 6 (7) -26 5 5 3 3 -40 10 10 8 5 - 60 15 15 12 10
1,25 8 -28 5 5 5 3 -42 10 10 8 5 - 63 15 15 12 10
1,5 10 -32 8 8 5 5 -45 10 10 8 5 - 67 15 15 12 10
1,75 12 -34 8 8 5 5 -48 12 12 8 8 - 71 15 15 12 10
2 16 (14) -38 8 8 5 5 -52 12 12 10 8 - 71 15 15 12 10
2,5 20 (18; 22) -42 10 10 8 5 -58 12 12 10 8 - 80 20 20 15 12
3 24 (27) -48 12 12 8 8 -63 15 15 12 10 - 85 20 20 15 12
3,5 30 (33) -53 12 12 10 8 -70 15 15 12 10 - 90 20 20 15 15
4 36 (39) -60 15 15 12 10 -75 15 15 15 12 - 95 20 20 15 15
E E
4,5 42 (45) -63 15 15 12 10 -80 20 20 15 12 -100 25 25 20 15
5 48 (52) -71 15 15 12 10 -85 20 20 15 12 -106 25 25 20 15
5,5 56 (60) -75 15 15 15 12 -90 20 20 15 15 -112 25 25 20 15
6 64 -80 20 20 15 12 -95 20 20 15 15 -118 25 25 20 15
1) Information for coarse pitch threads is given for information. The determining characteristic is the thread pitch.
2) Maximum values of nominal coating thickness if local thickness measurement is agreed.
3) Maximum values of nominal coating thickness if batch average thickness measurment is agreed.
If no particular plating thickness is specified, the minimum pla- External threads are normally fabricated in
ting thickness is applied. This is also considered the standard tolerance zone 6g.
plating thickness.
e and f tolerance are not common and require special
methods of screw manufacture. Minimum quantities, longer
In the case of parts with very long thread or small dimensions delivery periods and higher prices may make these
(≤ M4), an irregular coating thickness may occur due to the pro- economically unviable. An alternative is to use parts made
cessing. This can cause assembly problems. from stainless steel A2.
Possible solution: Use of a chemical nickel plating or stainless
steel screws A2 or A4. Internal threads have a thinner coating due to technical rea-
sons. However, this has no significance in practical use be-
cause when assembled these are protected by the coating
of the external thread of the screw.
Measuring points for plating thickness
Measuring point Measuring point Measuring point Measuring point Measuring point Measuring point
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Plating and
surface treatment
Further galvanic coating processes
Process Details
Nickel-plating Nickel-plating is decorative and provides effective corrosion protection. A hard coating, used in the electrical appliance and
telecommunications industries. No coating abrasion occurs, especially with screws. Improves protection against impregnation -
see table below.
Veralisation A special method of hard nickel-plating.
Chromium-plating Usually following nickel-plating. Coating thickness about 0,4 µm. Chromium is decorative,
enhances resistance to tarnishing and improves corrosion protection.
Bright chromium-plated: high brightness finish.
Matt chromium-plated: matt lustre (silk finish)
Polished chromium-plated: grinding, brushing and polishing of the surface
prior to coating electrolytically (done by hand).
Drum chromium plating not possible.
Brass-plating Brass plating is mainly applied for decorative purposes. In addition, steel components are
brass-plated in order to improve the adhesion of rubber to steel.
Copper-plating Used when necessary as intermediate coating prior to nickel-plating-chromium-plating and
silver-plating. Used for decorative purposes.
Silver-plating Silver-plating is employed for decorative and technical applications.
Tin-plating Tin-plating is carried out mainly to permit or improve soldering (soft-solder). Simultaneously
serves as corrosion protection. Subsequent heat treatment not possible.
Anodizing When aluminum is anodized (electrolytic oxidation), a coating which provides corrosion
protection is produced – also prevents tarnishing. Practically any color can be produced for
decorative purposes.
Further surface treatments
E Process
Hot-dip
Details
Immersion in molten zinc with a temp. of about 440 °C to 470 °C. Thickness of coating not less than
E
galvanising 40 µm. Finish dull and rough. Colour change possible after a certain time.
Very good corrosion protection. Can be used for thread parts from M8. Ensure good screwing nation by appropriate measures
(by removal of chips before or after)
Phosphating Only slight corrosion protection. Good undercoat for painting. Grey to grey-black appearance.
(bonderizing, Better corrosion protection oiled.
parkerizing, atramentizing
Black Chemical process, bath temperature about 140 °C. For decorative purposes; merely slight
oxidizing corrosion proteciton.
Colouring According to sample.
Blacking Chemical process. Corrosion resistance from A1-A4 may be low. For decorative purposes.
Stainless steel
Baking Following electrolytic or pickling treatment, high tensile strength steel parts (from 1000 N/mm2) can become brittle due to
hydrogen absorption (hydrogen embrittlement) This embrittlement increases for components with small cross sections.
Part of the hydrogen can be eliminated by baking between 180 °C and 230 °C (below tempering temperature).
Experience indicates that this is not guaranteed 100 %. Thermal treatment must be carried out immediately after plating and
before chromating.
Dacromet An excellent process for zinc plating with a high percentage zinc coating (silver-grey colour) for parts with tensile strength
(non-electroltytic) Rm ≥ 1000 N/mm2 (strength class ≥ 10.9, hardness ≥ 300 HV.
This process practically rules out hydrogen embrittlement. Temperatures resistant up to ca. 300 °C.
Can be used for diameters ≥ M4
Mechanical plating Mechanical /chemical process. The degreased parts are placed in a drum with powdered zinc and glass pellets. The pellets
serve to transfer the zinc powder to the surface to be treated.
Impregnation Particularly with nickel-plated parts, subsequent treatement in dewatering fluid with the addition of wax may seal the
micropores with wax. Significantly improves the corrosion resistance. The wax film is dry and invisible.
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Selection of fasteners
Estimation of screw diameters

according to VDI guideline 22301)
In order to assure a safely fastened joint, a number of parame- The following procedure enables an estimation of screw diame-
ters must be considered. For instance: ters, taking the most important parameters into account. For the
estimation an operating temperature of 20°C (68°F) is assu-
– Operating force (Direction of force, static or dynamic force) med.
– Material being clamped (Surface pressure limit)
– Operating temperature
– Corrosion
– Amount of friction 1)
It is recommended to double check the result afterwards
– Inaccuracy of tightening method
by either calculating or testing the joint.
etc.
A Select in column 1 the next higher force to the work force FA

acting on the bolted joint. 1 2 3 4
B The required minimum preload FMminis found by proceeding Force Nominal diameter
from this number. in N in mm
Strength class
4 steps for static or dynamic transverse (shear) force (see
12.9 10.9 8.8
example)
250
FQ 400
FQ 630
or 1 000
1 600 M 3 M 3 M 3
2 steps for dynamic, eccentric axial force 2 500 M 3 M 3 M 4
4 000 M 4 M 4 M 5
FA
6 300 M 4 M 5 M 5
10 000 M 5 M 6 M 8
16 000 M 6 M 8 M 8
or FA 25 000 M 8 M 10 M 10
E E
40 000 M 10 M 12 M 14
1 step for either dynamic and centrical or static and eccentric 63 000 M 12 M 14 M 16
force 100 000 M 16 M 16 M 20
FA
FA 160 000 M 20 M 20 M 30
250 000 M 24 M 27 M 36
400 000 M 30 M 36
FA 630 000 M 36
or FA
FA Example:
0 step for static, centrical axial force.
A joint is loaded dynamically and eccentrically by the axial force
FA = 8500N2). The screw of strength class 12.9 will be assem-
bled with a manual torque wrench.
FA A 10'000 N is the next higher force to FA in column 1.
C The required maximum preload force FMmax is found by pro- B 2 steps for «eccentric and dynamic axial force»
ceeding from this force FM min by lead to Fmin = 25'000 N.
2 steps for tightening the screw with a motorized/pneumatic C 1 step for «tightening» with manual torque wrench leads to
screwdriver which is set for a certain tightening torque FMmax = 40'000 N.
or
D for FMmax = 40'000 N thread size M10 is found in column 2.
1 step for tightening with a torque wrench/or precision moto- (Strength class 12.9.)
rized screw-driver, which is set and checked by means of dy-
namic torque measurement or elongation measurement of 1) Association of German Engineers
the screw
or
0 step for «turn of the nut» method or yield point controlled

method.
D Once the preload (force) has been estimated, the correct
screw size is found next to it in column 2 to 4 underneath the
appropriate strength class.
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Fatigue resistance
Strength under dynamic load
according to VDI 2230
Because of their thread, screws are notched components. Fatigue fractures may occur under varying axial, bending or
Under variable loads screws may be subject to fatigue fracture, torsion stresses. The design and controlled tightening must pre-
which in 90% of cases this occurs in the first supporting thread vent or minimize these types of stress by using: elastic faste-
at the entry of the female thread. ners rather than rigid ones, long screws rather than short ones,
In such cases the design of the screw must take into account screws with reduced shanks, pins or shoulder screws to acco-
the fatigue resistance ± σA ; this being only ±50 to 70 N/mm2 for modate lateral forces, and sufficient and specially controlled
screws of property classes 8.8, 10.9 and 12.9, regardless of their sta- tightened screws. With bolts with reduced shanks the nut thread
tic tensile strength which is much higher. should overlap the screw thread:
[N/mm2] 150 Constructions which are too weak must be

stiffened. If the load allows, 8.8 screws
Rm > 800 [N/mm2] should be used instead of 12.9 screws.
fatigue strength ± σA →
100 In the event of damage, the rupture picture

of the screws in relation to the machine
body must be analysed closely, i.e. broken
screws must not be removed until after a
50
precise analysis!

0
0 6 8 10 20 40 [mm]
thread diameter
Fatigue strength ± σA of heat treated fasteners with tempered Thread rolled then hardened and
screws in relation to nominal diameter at 70% Rel prestress. tempered (standard practice)
Hardened and tempered, then thread rolled
E Surface pressure
E
Reference values for Surface pressure
limit for commonly used materials
according to VDI 2230
Material of Tensile Max. surface The surface pressure must not be exceeded when the screw or
parts being clamped strength pressure limit3) nut is tightened on the contact surface, or the joint can become
Rm [N/mm2] [N/mm2] loose through seating.
Ac 37 370 260
Ac 50 500 420
With rough surfaces, seating appearances – depending on the
C 45 800 700
tightening process (smoothing) – can occur even with smaller
42 CrMo 4 1000 850
loads.
30 CrNiMo 8 1200 750
X 5 CrNiMo 18.10 500 to 700 210
X 10 CrNiMo 18 9 500 to 750 220
Precipitation hardened 1200 to 1500 1000 to 1250
Stainless steels (17-7 PH)
pure titanium 390 to 540 300
Ti-6 Al-4 V 1100 1000
GG 15 150 600
GG 25 250 800
GG 35 350 900
GG 40 400 1100
GGG 35.3 350 480
DG MgAl 9 300 (200) 220 (140)
GK MgAl 9 200 (300) 140 (220)
GK AlSi 6 Cu 4 200
AlZnMg Cu 0,5 450 370
Al 99 160 140
GFK-glass fibre-reinforced — 120 3) With motor-driven tightening, the values of the surface
CFK-carbon fibre-reinforced — 140 pressure may be up to 25% less.
T
 2000 by Bossard
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T.030
012/T/030/2000 012/T/030/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:22:31 5.6.2003 7:22:31

E
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Surface pressure
Surface pressure underneath head of hex
cap screws DIN 931/ 933 (ISO 4014 / 4017)
Hexagon nuts DIN 934 (ISO 4032)
Clearance
Nominal Width across Washer face hole Bearing Stress Surface pressure underneath head 1)
dimension the flats diameter (ISO 273) surface area N
smax dw min dh Ap As [mm2 ]
mm mm mm mm2 mm2
8.8 10.9 12.9
M 3 5,5 4,6 3,4 7,54 5,03 307 434 520
M 4 7 5,9 4,5 11,4 8,78 352 496 596
M 5 8 6,9 5,5 13,6 14,2 484 680 799
M 6 10 8,9 6,6 28 20,1 332 466 559
M 8 13 11,6 9 42 36,6 406 571 686
M10 16 14,6 11 72,3 58 375 528 633
M10 17 15,6 11 96,1 58 282 398 477
M12 18 16,6 13,5 73,2 84,3 541 760 913
M12 19 17,4 13,5 94,6 84,3 419 588 706
M14 21 19,6 15,5 113 115 481 676 812
M14 22 20,5 15,5 141 115 385 529 650
M16 24 22,5 17,5 157 157 476 669 803
M18 27 25,3 20 188 192 484 681 816
M20 30 28,2 22 244 245 480 672 807
M22 32 30 24 254 303 575 807 969
M22 34 31,7 24 337 303 433 608 730
M24 36 33,6 26 356 353 472 663 798
M27 41 38 30 427 459 518 728 876
M30 46 42,7 33 576 561 467 656 788
E Surface pressure underneath head of

socket head cap screws DIN 912 (ISO 4762)
E
Diameter
Nominal Head of bearing Clearance Bearing Stress Surface pressure underneath head 1)
dimension diameter surface hole surface area N
Smax dw min dh Ap As [mm2 ]
mm mm mm mm2 mm2
8.8 10.9 12.9
M 3 5,5 5,07 3,4 11,1 5,03 209 295 353
M 4 7 6,53 4,5 17,6 8,78 228 322 386
M 5 8,5 8,03 5,5 26,9 14,2 245 344 413
M 6 10 9,38 6,6 34,9 20,1 266 374 449
M 8 13 12,33 9 55,8 36,6 306 430 516
M10 16 15,33 11 89,5 58 303 427 512
M12 18 17,23 13,5 90 84,3 440 618 742
M14 21 20,17 15,5 131 115 415 583 700
M16 24 23,17 17,5 181 157 476 580 696
M18 27 25,87 20 211 192 431 607 727
M20 30 28,87 22 274 245 427 599 719
M22 33 31,81 24 342 303 427 599 719
M24 36 34,81 26 421 353 399 561 675
M27 40 38,61 30 464 459 476 670 608
M30 45 43,61 33 638 561 422 592 712
1) The values for surface pressure which are shown in the tables are obtained with 90% utilization of the screw yield point R p 0,2.
T
 2000 by Bossard
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T.031
012/T/031/2000 012/T/031/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:47:01 5.6.2003 7:47:01

E
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Friction and
coefficients
of friction
The friction values µtotal, µG, and µK show great variation because they depend on many factors, such as the material pairing, the
surface quality (peak-to-valley heights); the surface treatment (bright. phosphated, blackened, electroplated, Dacromet-coated etc.)
and the type of lubrication (with or without oil, molybdenum, di-sulphide, "Molykote" paste etc.)! The following tables show coefficients
of friction for threads and contact surfaces.
Coefficients of friction for standard finish of bolted joints
Surface condition µtotal for lubrication condition

Screw Nut oiled Mo S2-paste
– no subsequent treatment – no subsequent treatment
0,12–0,18 1 ) 0,05–0,1
– phosphated
– electroplated approx. 8 µm – no subsequent treatment
0,12–0,18 1 )
– electroplated approx. 5 µm
– Dacromet-coated approx. 6–8 µm – Dacromet-coated approx. 6–8 µm 0,10–0,14
1)
For tightening with impact or mechanical screwdriver. µtotal, must be 0,125. For the other surface and lubricating conditions, a
reduction of µtotal at high assembly speed is probable, though not yet proven.
E E
Coefficients of friction µ total of stainless steel
screws according to VDI 2230
Screw Nut µtotal for lubrication condition

No lubrication Mo S2-paste
A2 or A4 A2 or A4 0,23–0,5 0,10–0,20
A2 or A4 AlMgSi 0,28–0,35 0,08–0,16
The dispersion of the coefficients of friction remains high even when lubricants are used!
Smooth, rolled threads have less tendency to seize than do rough, cut threads. The friction
coefficients µtotal assume an equivalent friction value in the thread and the head of the screw
and under the nut.
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.032
012/T/032/2000 012/T/032/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:47:01 5.6.2003 7:47:01

E
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Guidelines for the tightening factors Tightening method
and tolerances of the various guidelines
tightening methods tightening factor tightening factors αA
per VDI 2230
The tightening factor αA is the characteristic value for the app-

lied tightening method.
maximum possible preload FV max. ~ MA max.

αA =
minimum necessary preload FV min. = MA min.
In order to guarantee the necessary preload FA in a joint, the mi-

nimum needed screw dimensions are to be calculated. Then,
the screws are to be tightened with a driver to the minimum
needed tightening torque. Different tightening methods involve
different tolerances (fluctuations). The less accurate the me-
thod, the higher the tightening factor, the higher the tightening
torque.
Higher tightening torques require larger screw diameters to
withstand the higher preloads.
Tightening methods with αA = 1, are considerable and expensi-

ve and only justifiable for extremely critical applications.
Tightening Tolerance Tightening Setting procedure Remarks
factor αA 5 FM Method for screwdriver
%
2 · FM
(1)* ±5 to ±12 Yield Point controlled The fluctuation of the preload is primarily
motorized tightening governed by the fluctuation of the yield load in the
(1)* ±5 to ±12 Angle of rotation (turn-of- Experimental determina– screw to be assembled. In this case, the screws are
nut) controlled motorized tion of the snug torque designed for min. preload; thus, the tightening factor αA
or manual tightening (pre tightening) and is omitted for this tightening method.
E E
rotation angle (steps)
1,2 – 1,6 ± 9 to ± 23 Hydraulic Tightening Setting is established by Low values for the long screws
measuring length High values for the short screws
elongation or applied
pressure, respectively
1,4 – 1,6 ±17 to ±23 Torque control tightening Experimental determina- Lower values for:
with manual torque tion of the nominal tighte-
a large number of torquing tests
wrench or precision ning torque required on (e.g. 20) Lower values for:
screwdriver with dynamic original screw, e.g. by Minimal fluctuations of the – small turning angles that is,
torque control. elongation measurements output torque. relatively stiff joints
of screw. Electronically controlled torque – joint members with smooth
during assembly using precision surfaces (threads & bearing
drivers surfaces)
1,6 – 1,8 ±23 to ±28 Determination of required – surfaces that do not tend to
torque by estimating the Lower values for: gall i.e. phospated
friction coefficient. precision torque wrenches
(surface and lubricating (e.g. with dial indicator) Higher values for:
conditions) – consistent tightening – large turning angles that is,
– precision screwdrivers relatively flexible joints as
Higher values for: well as fine threads
torque wrenches with acoustic – joint members with rough/
signaling or release mechanism. hard surfaces
1,7 – 2,5 ±26 to ±43 Torque control tightening Pre-setting of power driver Lower values for: – form distortions (head to
with precision power with post tightening torque, – a large number of torquing shank not perpendicular,
screwdriver. which is established from tests and post torquing thread distortions)
the required torque (for – screwdrivers with cut-off
estimated friction condi- coupling
tions) plus post torquing.
2,5 – 4 ±43 to ±60 Impulse controlled tigh- Pre-setting of power Lower values for:
tening with impact wrench. driver with post torquing – – a large number of torquing
as above tests (with post torquing)
– on the horizontal axis of the
screw characteristics
– play-free impulse
transmission
* Although αA is greater than 1, for the dimensioning equation αA is set at 1.
T
 Bossard
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T.033
REF! REF! E 5.6.2003 9:57:05 5.6.2003 9:57:05

E
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How to use the torque chart Torque chart
Step 1: One has to know whether the screws to be tightened are:

• plain
• zinc plated
• cadmium plated
• Mo S2 lubricated («Moly lub» lubricated) etc.
Step 2: When the surface condition (finish) is defined, the friction coefficient can be found in the small chart below the torque chart:
Example: Zinc plated = 0.125
Step 3: The proper tightening (seating) torque can then be obtained from the torque tightening chart.
Example: Hex cap screw DIN 933 property class 8.8 zinc plated M6 x 20 dry
Then, look for the thread size M6 (left hand side of chart)
Choose friction coefficient (2nd column)
Move over to the right to tightening torque chart (5th column)
The maximum torque is 9.9 Nm
Step 4: Deduct scatter (tolerance) of tightening method

(when tightened with a commercial torque wrench a tolerance of ±17 to ±23% can be taken into consideration.)1)
Example: Scatter = ±17% Note: To make sure the applied torque does not induce
maximum torque from chart = 9.9 Nm (=ˆ117%) a preload, exceeding 90% of the yield strength, the scat-
(for ±23% scatter, max. torque =
ˆ 123%) ter must be considered.
To allow for the scatter, the mean torque must be calculated.
Mean torque if scatter is ±17% > 9.9 ÷ 1.17 = 8.46 The torque to be set on the torque wrench is the calculated
mean torque. With this setting with maximum scatter, 90% of
Torque to be set on torque wrench = 8.46 Nm the yield strength would not be exceeded.1)
E Step 5: Check preload
Example: Maximum preload of an M6 cl. 8.8 Is the minimum preload adequate (preven-
E
w/friction coefficient 0.125 = 9290 N ting slipping or separating of joint members)?
(see preload section, 5th column) If not, use a bigger screw diameter with the
same property class (Repeat step 3 to 5)
With a total scatter of ±17%, the minimum torque = or
8.46 x 0.83 = 7.02 Nm choose a screw with a higher property class.

Caution: Higher strength bolts cause higher
mean torque min. torque
surface pressure underneath head / nut (see
table page T.031
The minimum preload is then calculated as follows:
9290 ÷ 9.9 x 7.02 = 6587 N
max. preload max. torque min. torque minimum preload
Step 6 To get the torque in «Inch/pound units» the following factors can be used:
To get inch pounds from Ncm x 0.08851
To get foot pounds from Ncm x 0.00737
To get foot pounds from Nm x 0.7376
Example: 8.46 x 0.7376 = 6.24 foot pound
Notes:
1) Any tightening method involves certain inaccuracies which are the result of: – Estimating the friction coefficient
– Manipulation errors of torque wrench (operator errors)
– Tolerance of torque wrench itself etc.
Depending on how much these factors can be measured and / or controlled in the in-house assembly or field
assembly, either a higher or lower scatter must be considered. (see T.033)
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.034
012/T/034/2000 012/T/034/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:47:01 5.6.2003 7:47:01

E
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Preload and
tightening torques
Metric coarse thread
Maximum permissible preload and tightening torques for
screws of property classes 3.6–12.9 at 90% utilization of the
yield point R eL or R p0,2
Maximum preload Fv [N] Maximum tightening torque MA [Ncm]
Conversion
Thread
see T.032
factor X
coeff. of
Property class according to ISO 898 / 1 Property class according to ISO 898 / 1
friction
µ total
5.6 5.6
3.6 4.6 4.8 5.8 8.8 10.9 12.9 3.6 4.6 4.8 5.8 8.8 10.9 12.9
M 1,6 0,100 185 200 250 330 575 810 970 4,5 5 6,5 8,5 15 21 25 0,026
0,125 175 190 240 310 545 770 920 5 5,5 7,5 9,5 17 24 29 0,031
0,140 165 180 230 300 530 745 895 6,5 6 8 10 18 25 30 0,034
M 1,8 0,100 220 230 295 380 680 955 1150 5,5 6 8 10 18,5 26 32 0,027
0,125 205 220 280 360 645 905 1090 6,5 7 9,5 11,5 21 30 36 0,033
0,140 200 215 275 350 625 880 1050 7 7,5 10 12,5 23 32 38 0,036
M2 0,100 310 335 420 540 960 1350 1620 9,5 10,5 13,5 17 31 44 52 0,032
0,125 295 320 400 520 910 1280 1530 11,5 12 15,5 19 35 50 60 0,039
0,140 285 305 385 500 880 1240 1490 12 13 16,5 21,5 38 53 64 0,043
M 2,5 0,100 515 560 700 910 1600 2250 2700 20 21 28 36 63 89 107 0,040
0,125 490 530 665 860 1520 2140 2560 23 25 32 39 73 102 123 0,048
0,140 475 510 645 830 1470 2070 2480 25 27 34 43 78 109 131 0,053
M3 0,100 790 855 1070 1390 2440 3430 4120 35 38 49 63 111 157 188 0,046
0,125 770 815 1020 1320 2320 3270 3920 42 44 56 72 128 180 215 0,055
0,140 730 785 985 1280 2250 3170 3800 44 47 60 78 137 192 230 0,061
M 3,5 0,100 1050 1140 1430 1850 3270 4600 5520 54 59 75 96 171 240 290 0,052
0,125 1000 1080 1360 1760 3120 4380 5260 63 68 86 110 196 275 330 0,063
0,140 970 1050 1320 1710 3020 4250 5100 67 73 92 119 210 295 395 0,070
M4 0,100 1370 1480 1850 2400 4230 5950 7140 82 88 112 144 255 360 430 0,060
0,125 1300 1400 1760 2280 4020 5660 6790 94 102 128 166 290 410 495 0,073
0,140 1260 1360 1710 2220 3900 5480 6580 100 108 137 177 310 440 525 0,080
M5 0,100 2250 2410 3020 3920 6910 9720 11650 160 170 220 280 500 705 845 0,072
0,125 2140 2300 2880 3740 6580 9260 11100 180 200 250 320 575 810 970 0,087
0,140 2000 2230 2790 3620 6380 8980 10800 190 210 270 340 615 865 1040 0,096
Maximum tightening torque MA [Nm]
M6 0,100 3200 3400 4270 5550 9760 13700 16450 2,8 3 3,8 4,8 8,6 12 14,5 0,00087
0,125 3050 3240 4060 5270 9290 13050 15650 3,2 3,4 4,3 5,6 9,9 14 16,5 0,00106
E E
0,140 2960 3150 3940 5120 9010 12650 15200 3,5 3,7 4,6 6 10,5 15 18 0,00117
M8 0,100 5870 6260 7830 10170 17900 25200 30200 6,8 7,2 9,1 11,7 21 29 35 0,00115
0,125 5590 5960 7460 9690 17050 24000 28800 7,9 8,3 10,5 13,6 24 34 40 0,00140
0,140 5420 5780 7230 9390 16550 23200 27900 8,4 8,9 11 14,5 26 36 43 0,00155
M 10 0,100 9350 9960 12450 16180 28500 40100 48100 13,5 14,4 18 23,4 42 58 70 0,00145
0,125 8900 9480 11850 15400 27100 38200 45800 15,5 16,6 21 27 48 67 81 0,00175
0,140 8640 9200 11500 14900 26300 37000 44400 17 18 22 29 51 72 87 0,00195
M 12 0,100 13600 14520 18150 23500 41500 58400 70000 24 25 31 41 72 101 121 0,00175
0,125 13000 13840 17300 22400 39600 55600 66800 27 29 36 47 83 117 140 0,00210
0,140 12600 13400 16800 21800 38400 54000 64800 29 31 39 50 89 125 150 0,00230
M 14 0,100 18700 19900 24900 32300 57000 80100 96200 37 40 50 47 114 160 193 0,00200
0,125 17800 19000 23800 30900 54300 76400 91700 43 46 58 74 132 185 220 0,00240
0,140 17300 18400 23100 30000 52700 74100 89000 46 50 62 81 141 198 240 0,00270
M 16 0,100 25700 27400 34300 44500 78300 110000 132000 57 60 76 98 174 245 295 0,00220
0,125 24500 26100 32700 42500 74700 105000 126000 66 70 88 115 200 285 340 0,00270
0,140 23800 25300 31700 41200 72600 102000 122500 71 76 95 124 215 305 365 0,00300
M 18 0,100 31300 33300 41700 54200 95300 134000 161000 79 83 105 135 240 340 405 0,00250
0,125 29800 31700 39700 51600 90900 128000 153500 91 95 121 155 275 390 470 0,00300
0,140 28900 30800 38600 50100 88200 124000 149000 97 105 130 171 295 420 500 0,00340
M 20 0,100 40200 42800 53500 69500 122500 172000 206000 111 120 148 195 340 475 570 0,00280
0,125 38300 40800 51100 66400 117000 164000 197000 128 135 170 219 390 550 660 0,00330
0,140 37200 39600 49600 66400 113500 159000 191500 138 146 184 238 420 590 710 0,00370
M 22 0,100 50100 53400 66800 86800 153000 215000 258000 149 160 199 260 455 640 765 0,00300
0,125 47900 51000 63800 82900 146000 205000 246000 173 183 230 298 530 745 890 0,00360
0,140 46500 49600 62000 80600 142000 199500 239500 186 198 250 322 570 800 960 0,00400
M 24 0,100 57800 61600 77100 100200 176000 248000 297000 191 203 255 330 580 820 980 0,00330
0,125 55200 58800 73600 95680 168000 236000 284000 220 235 295 382 675 950 1140 0,00400
0,140 53600 57100 71400 92800 163500 230000 276500 235 251 315 408 725 1020 1220 0,00440
M 27 0,100 76000 81200 101500 131900 232000 326000 391000 280 300 375 488 855 1210 1450 0,00370
0,125 72600 77400 96800 125800 221000 311000 374000 325 348 435 566 995 1400 1680 0,00450
0,140 70600 75200 94100 122300 215000 302000 363000 350 376 470 610 1070 1510 1810 0,00500
M 30 0,100 92500 98800 123500 160500 282000 396000 475000 380 405 510 658 1160 1640 1970 0,00410
0,125 88300 94000 117500 162700 269000 378000 454000 445 470 590 763 1350 1900 2280 0,00500
0,140 85700 91600 114500 148800 261000 367000 441000 475 504 635 818 1450 2050 2450 0,00550
M 33 0,100 115000 122800 153500 199500 351000 494000 592000 515 552 690 898 1570 2210 2650 0,00450
0,125 110000 117200 146500 190400 335000 472000 566000 600 645 800 1045 1830 2580 3090 0,00550
0,140 107000 114000 142500 185200 326000 458000 550000 645 685 865 1110 1970 2770 3330 0,00600
M 36 0,100 135000 144000 180000 234000 412000 579000 695000 665 705 885 1145 2030 2850 3420 0,00490
0,125 129000 137600 172000 223600 394000 553000 664000 775 825 1030 1340 2360 3310 3980 0,00600
0,140 125500 134000 167500 217700 382000 538000 645000 830 885 1111 1435 2530 3560 4280 0,00660
M 39 0,100 162500 173500 217000 282100 495000 696000 835000 860 920 1150 1495 2620 3680 4420 0,00530
0,125 155000 165600 207000 269100 473000 665000 798000 1000 1075 1340 1750 3050 4290 5150 0,00650
0,140 151000 160800 201000 261300 460000 646000 776000 1080 1155 1440 1880 3290 4620 5550 0,00720
With MA = FV.X, the tightening torque can be calculated for every ot- Attention: For the threaded fastener calculation procedure,
her preload. see VDI guidelines 2230.
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.035
012/T/035/2000 012/T/035/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:47:01 5.6.2003 7:47:01

E
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Preload and
tightening torques
Metric fine thread
Maximum permissible preload and tightening torques for
screws of property classes 8.8–12.9 at 90% utilization of the
yield point R eL or R p0,2
Preload FV max [N] Tightening torque MA max [Nm]

Thread µ total1) Property class according to ISO 898 / 1 Property class according to ISO 898 / 1
8.8 10.9 12.9 8.8 10.9 12.9
0,100 19500 27500 33000 22 30 36
M 8 x1 0,125 18600 26200 31500 25 35 42
0,140 18100 25500 30600 27 38 45
0,100 30500 42900 51500 42 59 71
M 10 x 1,25 0,125 29100 40900 49100 49 68 82
0,140 28300 39800 47700 52 73 88
0,100 46600 65500 78500 76 105 130
M 12 x 1,25 0,125 44600 62500 75000 88 125 150
0,140 43300 61000 73000 95 135 160
0,100 63000 88500 106000 120 165 200
M 14 x 1,5 0,125 60500 85000 102000 140 195 235
0,140 58500 82500 99000 150 210 250
0,100 85000 120000 144000 180 250 300
M 16 x 1,5 0,125 81500 114000 137000 210 295 350
0,140 79000 111000 133000 225 315 380
0,100 111000 156000 187000 260 365 435
M 18 x 1,5 0,125 106000 149000 179000 305 425 510
0,140 103000 145000 174000 325 460 550
0,100 140000 197000 236000 360 510 610
M 20 x 1,5 0,125 134000 189000 226000 425 600 720
0,140 130000 183000 220000 460 640 770
E E
0,100 172000 242000 291000 480 680 810
M 22 x 1,5 0,125 165000 234000 279000 570 800 960
0,140 161000 226000 271000 610 860 1050
0,100 197000 277000 332000 610 860 1050
M 24 x 2 0,125 188000 265000 318000 720 1000 1200
0,140 183000 257000 309000 780 1100 1300
1) For explanation of µ total see page T.032
Polyamide 6.6 (20 °C, moisture absorbed)
Thread M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16

Screws MAmax [Nm] 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 3 4 6 7,5
Nuts MAmax. [Nm] 0,1 0,3 0,6 1,5 3 4 5 7,5 9
T
 2000 by Bossard
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T.036
012/T/036/2000 012/T/036/2000 E 5.6.2003 7:47:01 5.6.2003 7:47:01

E
A B
Screws made from austenitic stainless Preload and
steel A1 / A2 / A4:
maximum permissible preload and tightening torques tightening torques
at 90% utilization of yield point Rp0,2
Preload Fv (kN) Tightening torque MA (Nm) Preload Fv (kN) Tightening torque MA (Nm)
Thread µ total Property class Property class Thread µ total Property class Property class
50 70 80 50 70 80 50 70 80 50 70 80
0,1 0,4 0,55 0,6 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1 32,2 69 92 81 174 232
M 1,6 0,2 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,1 0,2 0,35 M18 0,2 26,2 56,2 74,9 122 260 346
0,3 0,2 0,3 0,35 0,2 0,25 0,45 0,3 21,1 45,5 60,7 144 308 411
0,1 0,5 0,6 0,8 0,15 0,2 0,3 0,1 41,3 88,6 118,1 114 224 325
M 2 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,25 0,3 0,4 M20 0,2 33,8 72,4 96,5 173 370 494
0,3 0,25 0,36 0,4 4 0,4 0,55 0,3 27,4 58,7 78,3 205 439 586
0,1 0,65 0,9 1 0,25 0,45 0,6 0,1 50 107 143 148 318 424
M 2,5 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,85 0,45 0,6 0,65 M22 0,2 41 88 118 227 488 650
0,3 0,3 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,75 0,8 0,3 34 72 96 272 582 776
0,1 0,9 1 1,2 0,85 1 1,3 0,1 58 142 165 187 400 534
M 3 0,2 0,6 0,65 0,95 1 1,1 1,6 M24 0,2 47 101 135 284 608 810
0,3 0,4 0,45 0,7 1,25 1,35 1,85 0,3 39 83 110 338 724 966
0,1 1,08 2,97 3,96 0,8 1,7 2,3 0,1 75 275
M 4 0,2 1,12 2,4 3,2 1,3 2,6 3,5 M27 0,2 61 421
0,3 0,9 1,94 2,59 1,5 3 4,1 0,3 50 503
0,1 2,26 4,85 6,47 1,6 3,4 4,6 0,1 91 374
M 5 0,2 1,83 3,93 5,24 2,4 5,1 6,9 M30 0,2 75 571
0,3 1,49 3,19 4,25 2,8 6,1 8 0,3 61 680
0,1 3,2 6,85 9,13 2,8 5,9 8 0,1 114 506
M 6 0,2 2,59 5,54 7,39 4,1 8,8 11,8 M33 0,2 94 779
0,3 2,09 4,49 5,98 4,8 10,4 13,9 0,3 76 929
0,1 5,86 12,6 16,7 6,8 14,5 19,3 0,1 135 651
M 8 0,2 4,75 10,2 13,6 10,1 21,4 28,7 M36 0,2 110 998
0,3 3,85 8,85 11 11,9 25,5 33,9 0,3 89 1189
0,1 9,32 20 26,6 13,7 30 39,4 0,1 162 842
M10 0,2 7,58 16,2 21,7 20,3 44 58 M39 0,2 133 1300
0,3 6,14 13,1 17,5 24 51 69 0,3 108 1553
0,1 13,6 29,1 38,8 23,6 50 67
M12 0,2 11,1 23,7 31,6 34,8 74 100 Fasteners made from these steels tend to erode during fitting. This
0,3 9 19,2 25,6 41 88 117
E E
0,1 18,7 40 53,3 37,1 79 106 risk can be reduced through smooth, clean thread sufaces (rolled
M14 0,2 15,2 32,6 43,4 56 119 159 threads), lubricants, molykote smooth varnish coating (black), low
0,3 12,3 26,4 35,2 66 141 188 number of revolutions of the screwdriver, or continuous tightening wi-
0,1 25,7 55 73,3 56 121 161 thout interruption (impact screwdriver not recommended). For coeffi-
M16 0,2 20,9 44,9 59,8 86 183 245
cients of friction, see T.032.
0,3 17 36,4 48,6 102 218 291
Fasteners with hexagon and hexalobular socket and flat heads
Maximum tightening torques MA max. [Nm]

ISO 4026 / DIN 913
ISO 4027 / DIN 914

Screw
type ISO 4028 / DIN915
DIN 6912 DIN 7984 BN 1206BN 9524 ISO 7379 DIN 7991 ISO14581 DIN 7991 ISO 7380 BN 6404 ISO 7380 ISO 4029 / DIN916
Thread 8.8 A2–70 8.8 A2–70 10.9 8.8 12.9 10.9 8.8 A2–70 10.9 8.8 A2–70 45 H1) A2
A4–70 A4–70 A4–70 A4–70 A4
M 3 1 0,6 1 1 0,5 1 1 0,5 0,5 0,2
M 4 2 1 2 1,2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 0,5
M 5 6 4 4 2,5 5 5 4 5 5 2,5 4 4 2 3 1,5
M 6 9 5 8 5 5 5 9 9 9 4,5 8 8 4 5 2,5
M 8 20 12 12 7 10 10 25 15 8 12 12 6 10 5
M10 40 24 35 21 18 40 40 20 30 15 20 10
M12 65 40 50 30 70 65 33 60 30 45 22
M14 110 66 100 50 45 22
M16 180 110 110 66 200 110 55 90 45
M18 140 70
M20 280 170 200 120 400 150 75 140 70
M22 220 110
M24 390 235 400 200 220 110
1) The mechanical characteristics and property classes according to ISO 898, part 5 are valid for headless screws not subjected to tensile forces.
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E
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Preload and
Locking screws and nuts, tightening torques
flange screws and nuts
(according to manufacturer's specifications)
Tightening torques MA max for VERBUS-RIPP, INBUS-RIPP and TENSILOCK

screws and nuts at 90% utilization of the yield point Rp 0,2
Tightening torques MAmax. [Nm]

Class Counter-material M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16
steel 11 19 42 85 130 230 330
Inbus-Ripp screws Rm < 800 N /mm2
Verbus-Ripp screws 100 steel 10 18 37 80 120 215 310
and nuts 10 Rm = 800–1100 N /mm2
grey cast iron 9 16 35 75 115 200 300
Tensilock screws 90 steel 9 16 34 58 97 155 215

and nuts 8 grey cast iron 7 13 28 49 83 130 195
Preload FVmax for VERBUS-RIPP, INBUS-RIPP and TENSILOCK: The tightening torques in
the above chart result in the preloads listed below.
Preload FVmax [N]

Class M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M14 M16
Inbus-Ripp screws
Verbus-Ripp screws 100 9000 12600 23200 37000 54000 74000 102000
Tensilock screws
and Verbus-Ripp nuts 10
Tensilock screws 90 6350 9000 16500 26200 38300 52500 73000
and nuts 8
Tightening torques MAmax for pan washer head screws with hexagon
E socket and pressed-on flange (black, property class 10.9)
Tightening torques MAmax. (Nm)

E
M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12
1 3 6 11 27 52 100
Tightening torques MAmax eco-fix screws made from steel (zinc plated,
property class 4.8) and stainless steel A2
Tightening torques MAmax. (Nm)

M2,5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8
0,5 0,9 2 4,1 6,9 17
0 To ensure good locking action, screws (or the nuts) should be tightened to the recommended MA where possible.
0 For high dynamic stresses, Inbus-Ripp or Verbus-Ripp screws are recommended.
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E
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Preload and
High-strength structural steel bolts tightening torques
according to DIN 6914
(HV sets according to DIN 6914 / 15 / 16)
Dimensioning, design and manufacture of fasteners with high- The following methods are available for applying preload to the
strength structural steel bolts are regulated in DIN 18800, bolt:
parts 1.
– with hand operated torque wrench (torque process)
The strength of high-strength structural steel bolts corresponds – with power screwdriver which must be regulated to a well de-
to the value stipulated in DIN 267, respectively ISO 898: fined torque (angular torque)
– ISO 898, part 1 for bolts DIN 6914 – angle of rotation process, in which after having applied a cer-
tain preload, the nut or bolt is retightened with a well defined
– DIN 267, part 4 for nuts DIN 6915 angel of rotation.
– Washers DIN 6916, 6917, 6918 of steel hardened to 295-350
HV 10
Table 1, which is taken from DIN 18800 part 7, shows the necessary preloads, torques and tightening angles. The screws
may be tightened either by the nut or by the screw.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Screw prestressed according to the
Torque procedure Impact Angle of rotation procedure
procedure
Screw Required Tightening torque MA Preload Pre-tightening Clamping Angle of rotation or
diameter preload FV to be applied to be torque to length number of revolutions
in the screw lubricated with lightly applied be applied
MoS2 1) oiled FV 2) MA 2) l k3) ϕ 2) U2)
mm kN Nm Nm kN Nm mm
1 M 12 50 100 120 60 10
2 M 16 100 250 350 110
E E
50
3 M 20 160 450 600 175
4 M 22 190 650 900 210
100
5 M 24 220 800 1100 240
6 M 27 290 1250 1650 320
7 M 30 350 1650 2200 390 200
8 M 36 510 2800 3800 560
9 M 12 see 0 to 50 180° 1/2
10 to lines 51 to 100 240° 2/3
11 M 36 1–8 101 to 240 270° 3/4
1) Since the values MA are highly dependent upon the thread lubricant, observance of these values must be confirmed by the screw manufacturer.
2) Does not depend on the lubrication of the thread and the contact surfaces of nut and screw.
3) For screws M12 to M22 with clamping lengths 171 to 240 mm, an angle of rotation ϕ 360° and U = 1 must be used.
To apply a partial preload force ≥ 0,5 · FV, half the values of columns 3 to 5 and 8 or 9 and hand-tightening according to
column 6 is sufficient.
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E
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Securely fastened
joints
Summary of constructive measures for
locking screw joints
In principle, there are two reasons why bolted connections may need locking:
Loosening due to setting Rotational loosening
Loosening of bolted joints results in preload loss. This loss is Dynamic shear forces FQ acting upon the bolted joint can cause
caused by setting of the joint members or by a permanent elon- the joint members to slip back and forth. This will prompt screws
gation of the screw after tightening or under the operation force and nuts to rotate, this reducing the preload until it is zero.
FA .
SG
FA
FM
FV
FQ
lK
fSM fpM
FV FQ FV
FM min.
FZ
E FA fZ
d E
FM = assembly preload Fv = preload
fSM = elongation of screw through FM FQ = shear force
fPM = shortening of compressed parts through FM lK = clamping length
FV = final preload SG = displacement of clamped parts
FZ = loss of preload due to setting d = nominal diameter
fZ = amount of setting
FA = operation force
FM min = FV + FZ
The following locking methods are possible:
Locking agianst loosening due to setting Locking against rotational loosening
Measures Effect achieved Measures Effect achieved

Clean, smooth joint interfaces Reduction of setting possibilities Bigger screws. Lateral movement of the
minimum number of interfaces Higher property classes joint members can
No soft, plastically deformable be prevented by a higher preload
joint members
Long screws (l K > 4xd). High elasticity, compensation of preload loss Shoulder screws No possibility for
screws with reduced shank Parallel or dowel pins lateral movements
spring washers
Fasteners with flange The larger bearing area reduces Long screws (L > 4xd). Flexible joint
the suface pressure. Screws with Better fatigue resistance.
Larger tolerance for clearance holes reduced shank
Special large washers with Same advantages as above.

hardness 200 HB For screws up to property class 10.9
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E
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Securely fastened
List of additional locking possibilities joints
against the loosening of the threaded joint
and security against loss.
Caution!
The safety qualities shown in the following table relating to It is the responsibility of the user to examine the different
loosening, backing out and / or loss are based exclusively on elements and methods having regard to the specific case of
field experience. use.
Security against
loosening due rotational
Item to setting loosening loss Comments
div. 5.8 8.8 10.9 div. 5.8 8.8 10.9
Cheese head screws, hexagon screws and nuts Increased loosening torque due to corrugated base
with corrugated flange (Verbus Ripp)
Hexagon head screws and hexagon nuts with Serrated flange surface increases friction
serrated flange (Tensilock)
Hex and pan washers Increased bearing area due to the large pan washer
head screws (eco-fix)
ThreeBond, DELO, Precote  Chemical thread locking adhesives eliminate
thread play
Screws with polyamide patch on thread (Tuflok) Locking against loss by thread friction,
max. 120 °C
Thread-forming screws for metals DIN 7500 Overall locking effect through a formed,
play-free thread
Thread-forming screws for thermoplastics (PT) Overall locking effect through a formed,
play-free thread
Prevailing torque nuts DIN 982/985 etc., Locking against loss because of polyamid locking
element on the thread max. 120 °C
Prevailing torque nuts DIN 980 / ISO 7042 etc. Locking against loss because of a metallic
locking element
Seal nuts with clamping part (Seal-Lok) etc.
E E
Locking against loss and sealing because of a
polyamid locking element, max. 120 °C
Elastic nuts (Serpress) etc. Locking effect through elasticity
no prevailing torque
Castle nuts DIN 935 etc. Cotter pin prevents loss,
Limited loosening is possible
Hex lock nuts with spring washer (Comby-S) Attached spring lock washer compensates for setting
Hex lock nuts with toothed lock washer Attached serrated lock washer increases friction
(BN 1364)
Spring washers DIN 127A / DIN 128A / Compensate setting
DIN 7980 etc.
Serrated and toothed lock washers Increase friction
DIN 6798 / 6797 etc.
Ribbed lock washers BN 791 (Rip-Lock) etc. Universal lock washer:
compensates setting, increases friction
Conical spring washers SN 212745 / Heavy duty type (up to 8.8)
DIN 6796 etc.
Cotter pins DIN 94 etc. For castle nuts, expensive assembly
Locking effect:
very good
good
moderate
Technical information Thema B No. 1 gives comprehensive information securely fastened joints.
Please ask for a copy!
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Shear loads for pins
Dowel pins (clamping sleeves)

heavy finish according to ISO 8752 / DIN 1481
Spiral pins, heavy finish according to ISO 8752 (DIN 1481)
up to 8 mm nominal diameter from 10 mm nominal diameter Material: spring steel hardened and
tempered to 420 to 560 HV
Nominal diameter, mm 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 8 10 12 13 14 16 18 20

Shear force single lap joint 0,35 0,79 1,41 2,19 3,16 4,53 5,62 7,68 8,77 13 21,3 35 52 57,5 72,3 85,5 111,2 140,3
[kN min.] double lap joint 0,7 1,58 2,82 4,38 6,32 9,06 11,2 15,4 17,5 26 42,7 70,1 104,1 115,1 144,1 171 222,5 280,6
Spiral pins, standard finish

according to ISO 8750 / DIN 7343
Material: spring steel hardened and
Nominal diameter, mm 0,8 1 1,2 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16

Shear force single lap joint 0,21 0,3 0,45 0,73 1,29 1,94 2,76 3,77 4,93 7,64 11,05 19,6 31,12 44,85 61,62 76,02
[kN min.] double lap joint 0,4 0,6 0,9 1,46 2,58 3,88 5,52 7,54 9,86 15,28 22,1 39,2 62,24 89,7 123,2 152
Spiral pins, heavy finish

Material: spring steel hardened and
E E
Nominal diameter, mm 1,5 2 2,5 3 4 5 6

Shear force single lap joint 0,91 1,57 2,37 3,43 6,14 9,46 13,5
[kN min.] double lap joint 1,82 3,14 4,74 6,86 12,2 18,9 27
Dowel pins (clamping sleeves) light finish

up to 8 mm nominal diameter from 10 mm nominal diameter Material: spring steel hardened and
Nominal diameter, mm 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 16 18 20

Shear force single lap joint 0,75 1,2 1,75 2,3 4 4,4 5,2 9 10,5 12 20 22 24 33 42 49 63 79
[kN min.] double lap joint 1,5 2,4 3,5 4,6 8 8,8 10,4 18 21 24 40 44 48 66 84 98 126 158
F 2F
Mt
F F F
single lap joint double lap joint
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E
A B
Construction
recommendations
Thread forming screws for metals
Thread forming screws per DIN 7500 produce a strong, chip

free mating thread into flowable materials (steel, HRB 135 max.,
aluminum, brass, copper, etc.). Generally, thread forming
screws made of A2 stainless steel can only be driven into alumi-
B
num.
C
Technical Data and Mechanical Properties
A
The tapered thread point does not carry any load, which should
be considered when determining the nominal screw length. For A = max. 4 P
harder materials, the hole size should be defined by means of B = possible bearing thread length
experimentation. C = total length, tolerance js 16
When used in aluminum, with an engagement depth of over s = thickness of material
1,5x the diameter, the hole diameter can be reduced by roughly 2%.
Technical details Nominal thread diameter

M2 M2,5 M3 M3,5 M4 M5 M6 M8
Thread pitch P mm 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 1 1,25
Tightening torque max. approx. 80% of breaking torque
Breaking torque Nm 0,5 1 1,5 2,3 3,4 7,1 12 29
Tensile force min. kN 1,7 2,7 4 5,4 7 11,4 16 29
Material thickness s mm pilot hole diameter d – H11 for steel, HB max. 135; drilled or punched
2 and smaller 1,8 2,25 2,7 3,15 3,6 4,5 5,4 7,25
4 1,85 2,3 2,75 3,2 3,65 4,5 5,45 7,3
6 2,35 2,8 3,25 3,7 4,6 5,5 7,35
8 3,3 3,75 4,65 5,55 7,4
10 4,7 5,6 7,45
12 5,65 7,5
E E
14 7,5
16 7,55
Pilot holes and pilot hole geometry for die castings α = max. 1°
d1 d1
Because conditions may vary, it is suggested to carry out appli-
t1
t1
cation oriented experiments to double check the given recom-
mendations. α
t3
α
t2
General d3
t1 mm: top part of the pilot hole, with significant taper which has benefits for the casting of radii,
strengthening of the mandrel, centering of the screw, prevention of material back-up and
d2
adaptation to standardised and less coastly screw lengths.
blind hole through hole
t2 / t3 mm: bearing part of the pilot hole, max. taper angle 1°
Screw penetration: (t1 + t2 - 1) (t1 + t3 + 4P)
Nominal thread diameter M2,5 M3 M3,5 M4 M5 M6 M8

dH12 mm 2.7 3,2 3,7 4,3 5,3 6,4 8,4
d1 1) mm 2,36 2,86 3,32 3,78 4,77 5,69 7,63
d2 1) mm 2,2 2,67 3,11 3,54 4,5 5,37 7,24
d3 1) mm 2,27 2,76 3,23 3,64 4,6 5,48 7,35
1) + mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tolerance
for d1, d2, d3 – mm 0,06 0,06 0,075 0,075 0,075 0,075 0,09
t1 mm variable, minimum 1 x thread pitch P
t2 2) mm 5,3 6 6,9 7,8 9,2 11 14
2) + mm 0,2 0,2 0,6 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Tolerance
for t2 – mm 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
t3 mm 2,5 3 3,5 4 5 6 8
Further information (trumped-shaped punched holes etc.) can be obtained from our extensive product
documentation. Ask for a copy!
Our engineering department is prepared to provide technical advice. During the construction phase we can carry
out field-related application tests in our laboratory.
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E
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Technical characteristics
and assembly
Direct assembly of thermoplastic
parts with eco-syn screws recommendations
Eco-syn screws offer great advantages:

0 low driving torque, high stripping torque
0 high breaking torque
0 excellent security against vibration
0 low risk for cracking the base material
0 no setting of the assembly due to excessive
30° relaxation of the plastic material
The head of the eco-syn screw already conforms in shape and

dimensions to international ISO standards and therefore also to
European standards derived from them:
Raised cheese head ISO 7049
Countersunk head ISO 7050
Flank angle 30° instead of 60° Large thread pitch P Good behaviour of the thermoplastic material
FA FA
te tB
FA FA
FPB
FPe
FRe FRB
E 30° 60° Fe
FB 30° 60°
E
®
eco-syn  tapping screw eco-syn  tapping screw eco-syn  tapping screw
0 lower fadial forces 0 more plastic material between the points 0 no global deformation and only localized
of the thread stressing of the thermoplastic material
0 larger depth of thread engagement 0 increased shear surface 0 Easy peretration of the thread into the
plastic material
0 less pressure of the flanks on the plastic 0 high resistance to stripping 0 no microcracks produced due to excessive
material stress in the plastic material
0 improved security against possible stripping
of the plastic counter-thread
Breaking torque / tensile breaking load
d1 breaking torque Assembly recommendations

minimum
– evaluate max. thread forming torque and
2,2 0,5 Nm
min. stripping / breaking torque
2,5 0,7 Nm
3 1,25 Nm – select tightening torque as low as possible
3,5 1,85 Nm
– use a precision screw driver with dynamic torque control
4 2,7 Nm
5 4,9 Nm – max. speed 600 r / min
6 8 Nm
T
 2000 by Bossard
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E
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Technical characteristics
and assembly
recommendations
Assembly and application guidelines for the eco- Material Hole Ø Outside Ø Engagement
syn screw lenght min.
ABS / PC blend 0,80 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
The recommended pilot hole diameters, as well as the engage- ASA 0,78 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
ment length are provided for guidance. Because conditions of- PA 4.6 0,73 x d 1,85 x d 1,80 x d
ten vary, the user of eco-syn screws should make his own tests PA 4.6 - GF 30 0,78 x d 1,85 x d 1,80 x d
on prototypes or similar parts to determine whether it fits the PA 6 0,75 x d 1,85 x d 1,70 x d
particular use. PA 6 - GF 30 0,80 x d 2,00 x d 1,90 x d
Pilot hole diameters and engagement lengths should be defined PA 6.6 0,75 x d 1,85 x d 1,70 x d
in a manner, so that the plastic is not strained excessively. PA 6.6 - GF 30 0,82 x d 2,00 x d 1,80 x d
PBT 0,75 x d 1,85 x d 1,70 x d
The relief counterbore is significant, since it eases the locating
PBT - GF 30 0,80 x d 1,80 x d 1,70 x d
of the hole during assembly. Additionally, it enables a more fa- PC 0,85 x d 2,50 x d 2,20 x d1)
vorable stress distribution around the margin area. PC -GF 30 0,85 x d 2,20 x d 2,00 x d1)
PE (soft) 0,70 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
PE (hard) 0,75 x d 1,80 x d 1,80 x d
PET 0,75 x d 1,85 x d 1,70 x d
PET - GF 30 0,80 x d 1,80 x d 1,70 x d
external Ø PMMA 0,85 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
POM 0,75 x d 1,95 x d 2,00 x d
d
PP 0,70 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
PP - TV 20 0,72 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
PPO 0,85 x d 2,50 x d 2,20 x d1)
PS 0,80 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
te PVC (hard) 0,80 x d 2,00 x d 2,00 x d
0.3–0.5 d
SAN 0,77 x d 2,00 x d 1,90 x d

pilot hole Ø
1) These plastics are sensitive to stress cracking, therefore
E E
ageing tests as recommended by the material manufacturer
should be conducted. For these plastics it is particularly im-
portant that the relief counterbore is produced exactly as
s
shown.
d = nominal Ø of screw
Recommendation for injection moulding

If necessary: DT DT
– reduce the external tube diameter DT
– increase pilot hole diameter dL
– increase pilot hole depth and thus the penetration of the
s 2
/3 s
screw depth in order to compensate for reduced strip L
dL
resistance.
Choose pilot holes which are deep enough for the assembled s s
screw not to contact the bottom of the hole.
sink marks
Unfavourable tube form Improved tube form
Our engineering department is prepared to provide technical

advice. Even in the construction phase we can carry out field-
related assembly tests for you in our laboratory for application
technique.
T
 2000 by Bossard
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E
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Construction
recommendations
Sheet metal joints
(use) according to DIN 7975
The informtion below represents general recommendations for Minimum total thickness of the sheet metals to be
the use of screws for sheet metal joints. The different types are fastened
shown by way of example.
The total thickness of the fastened parts shall be bigger than the
thread pitch of the applied tapping screw; or else, because of
the thread run out underneath the head, a sufficient tightening
torque can not be applied. Should this be the case, joints such
as shown in figure 3 to 6 should be applied.
E Fig. 1: Simple fastening Fig. 2: Simple fastening Fig. 3: Pierced core hole
E
(two core holes) with clearance hole (thin sheet metal)
Fig. 4: Extruded core hole Fig. 5: Pressed hole Fig. 6: Fastening with spring nut
(thin sheet metal) fastening joint
T
 2000 by Bossard
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E
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Construction
recommendations
Sheet metal joints
(utilisation) according to DIN 7975
Self-tapping screws / sheet metal thicknesses / pilot hole diameters
The following reference values are valid only for case hardened steel self-tapping screws as shown in Figure 2 on page T.046. The
tightening torques are max. 50% of the minimum breaking torque. Prior tests must be carried for the utilisation of other screws or ot-
her sheet metal materials. Punched pilot holes must be 0,1–0,3 mm larger.
The screws must be tightened in the direction the hole was punched.
Thread Material Diameter of the pilot hole for db thread dimensions ST 2,2 à ST 6,3
diameter strength for a sheet metal thickness s [mm]
Rm [N/mm2] 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2,0 2,2 2,5 2,8 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0
from 100 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,8
ST 2,2 approx. 300 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,9 1,9
up to 500 1,7 1,7 1,7 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,8 1,9 1,9 1,9 1,9
from 100 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,3
ST 2,9 approx. 300 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4
up to 500 2,2 2,2 2,3 2,3 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,5 2,5 2,5
from 100 2,6 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,8 2,9
ST 3,5 approx. 300 2,6 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,7 2,8 2,8 2,9 2,9 3,0 3,0
up to 500 2,7 2,8 2,8 2,9 2,9 2,9 2,9 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1
from 100 2,9 2,9 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3
ST 3,9 approx. 300 2,9 2,9 3,0 3,0 3,1 3,1 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,3 3,3 3,3
E E
up to 500 3,0 3,1 3,1 3,2 3,2 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,3 3,4 3,4 3,5
from 100 3,1 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5
ST 4,2 approx. 300 3,1 3,2 3,2 3,2 3,3 3,3 3,4 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,6 3,6
up to 500 3,3 3,3 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,5 3,5 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,7
from 100 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,9 4,0 4,1
ST 4,8 approx. 300 3,6 3,7 3,8 3,8 3,9 3,9 4,0 4,1 4,1 4,2 4,2
up to 500 3,9 3,9 4,0 4,0 4,0 4,1 4,1 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,3
from 100 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,2 4,4 4,5 4,6 4,7 4,8
ST 5,5 approx. 300 4,3 4,4 4,4 4,5 4,7 4,7 4,8 4,8 4,9 4,9
up to 500 4,6 4,6 4,6 4,7 4,8 4,8 4,9 4,9 5,0 5,0
from 100 4,9 4,9 ,49 4,9 5,0 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7
ST 6,3 approx. 300 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,7 5,8 5,8
up to 500 5,3 5,4 5,4 5,5 5,6 5,7 5,7 5,7 5,8 5,8 5,8
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.047
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E
A B
Construction
recommendations
Selection criteria for self-tapping
Ensat inserts
Grouping of materials, types and finishes.
Ensat Ensat Ensat Ensat Ensat

type 302 type 305 type 307 / 308 type 337 / 338 type 309
Material Base Recommended Finishes/materials

group material works standards
I Heat-treated aluminium with a tensile 302/337 Steel hardened

strength above 350 N/mm2 307/338 zinc yellow dichromate
308
Cast iron in higher hardness range. 302 Steel hardened
brass, bronze and other non-ferrous zinc yellow dichromate
metals
II Aluminium with a tensile strength 302/337 Steel hardened
E E
up to 350 N/mm2 307/338 zinc yellow dichromate
308
Cast iron HB < 190 302 Steel hardened
zinc yellow dichromate
Thermoplastics 302/337 Steel hardened

Thermosetting plastics 307/338 zinc yellow dichromate
(Polyester plastics, Nylon 66 both 308
reinforced, Plexiglas)
III Aluminium with a tensile strength 302/337 Steel hardened
up to 300 N/mm2 307/338 zinc yellow dichromate
308
Soft cast iron 302 Steel hardened zinc yellow dichromate
Thermoplastics 302/337 Steel hardened
Thermosetting plastics 307/338 zinc yellow dichromate
(Nylon 66, Laminates) 308
302 Brass
IV Aluminium with a tensile strength 302 Steel hardened
up to 250 N/mm2 zinc yellow dichromate
Soft metals and aluminium with tensile 302 Steel hardened

strength up to 180 N/mm2 zinc yellow dichromate
Laminates soft (press-board) 302 Steel hardened zinc yelow or brass

Thermoplastics 302 Steel hardened
Thermosetting plastics zinc yellow or brass
(Polyethylene, polypropylene etc.)
V Hardwoods 309 Brass
VI Softwoods and plywood 309 Brass
Wood fiber materials
VII Thermoplastics 305 Brass
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E
A B
Construction
recommendations
Recommended pilot hole diameters
Ensat For material groups The recommended hole diameter depends on the Ensat
type I II III IV external thread, the strength and the physical characteri-
302 Attainable percentage of overlapping threads stics of the workpiece material.
30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Hard and brittle materials require a larger hole than soft
Thread Hole diameter D (mm) and flexible ones. Whenever necessary, the most suita-
M 2,5 4,3– 4,2 4,2– 4,1 4,1 4,1– 4
ble hole diameter should be determined by trial.
M 2,6 4,3– 4,2 4,2 4,1 4,1– 4
M 3 4,8– 4,7 4,7 4,6 4,6– 4,5
M 3,5 5,7– 5,6 5,6– 5,5 5,5– 5,4 5,4– 5,3
M 4 6,2– 6,1 6,1– 6 6,0– 5,9 5,9– 5,8
M 5 7,6– 7,5 7,5– 7,3 7,3– 7,2 7,2– 7,1
M 6a 8,6– 8,5 8,5– 8,3 8,3– 8,2 8,2– 8,1
M 6 9,4– 9,2 9,2– 9 9,0– 8,8 8,8– 8,6
M 8 11,4–11,2 11,2–11 11,0–10,8 10,8–10,6
M10 13,4–13,2 13,2–13 13,0–12,8 12,8–12,6
M12 15,4–15,2 15,2–15 15,0–14,8 14,8–14,6
M14 17,4–17,2 17,2–17 17,0–16,8 16,8–16,6
M16 19,4–19,2 19,2–19 19,0–18-8 18,8–18,6
M18 21,4–21,2 21,2 –21 21,0–20,8 20,8–20,6
M20 25,4–25,2 25,2–25 25,0–24,8 24,8–24,6
M22 25,4–25,2 25,2–25 25,0–24,8 24,8–24,6
M24 29,4–29,2 29,2–29 29,0–28,8 28,8–28,6
M27 33,4–33,2 33,3–33 33,0–32,8 32,8–32,6
M30 35,4–35,2 35,2–35 35,0–34,8 34,8–34,6
Ensat For material groups Ensat For material groups
E E
type I II III type V VI
307/308 Attainable percentage of overlapping 309 Attainable percentage
337/338 threads of overlapping threads
50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 85–90% 90–95%
Thread Hole diameter D (mm) Thread Hole diameter D (mm)
M 3,5 5,7– 5,6 5,6 5,6– 5,5 M 2,5 3,8– 3,6 3,6– 3,5
M 4 6,2– 6,1 6,1 6,1– 6 M 2,6 3,8– 3,6 3,6– 3,5
M 5 7,7– 7,6 7,6– 7,5 7,5– 7,4 M 3 4,3– 4,2 4,2– 4,1
M 6 9,6– 9,5 9,5– 9,4 9,4– 9,3 M 3,5 4,8– 4,7 4,7– 4,1
M 8 11,5–11,3 11,3–11,2 11,2–11,1 M 4 5,3– 5,2 5,2– 5-1
M10 13,5–13,3 13,3–13,2 13,2–13,1 M 5 6,9– 6,7 6,7– 6,6
M12 15,4–15,2 15,2–15,1 15,1–15 M 6 7,9– 7,7 7,7– 7,6
M14 17,4–17,2 17,2–17,1 17,1–17 M 8 10,3–10,1 10,1– 9,9
M10 12,8–12,6 12,6–12,4
M12 15,8–15,6 15,6–15,4
Countersinking the pilot holes

Ensat For material
type 305 group
VII 60°
Hole D DA
a
diameter D
a
Thread (mm)
M3 4,6–4,7
M4 6 –6,1
t
t
M5 7,3–7,4
M6 9 –9,2
For metallic For hard and brittle

materials plastics.
a = 1 to 1,5 x pitch of DA = D + 0,2 to 0,4
external thread t = pilot hole depth
T
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E
A B
Construction
recommendations
Internal drives for screws
– Technical progress and economic factors have resulted in the increasing replacement of slotted head screws by other internal
drive systems.
– It is very important today to take into account the most frequently used drives and their possibilities in design, logistics,
procurement and assembly.
Cross recess H (Phillips) according to ISO 4757

– The Phillips cross recessed head is the world's most widely
used system.
– Has a conventional cruciform recess with all walls inclined, the
end of the screwdriver having trapezoid webs.
– The general dimensions are given in the product information
in the catalogue.
Cross recess Z (Pozidriv) according to ISO 4757

– The Pozidriv cross recessed head is used principally in Europe.
– The four «tightening walls» of the cruciforme recess in contact
with the screwdriver when tightening, are perpendicular. The
other walls are inclined. This can improve assembly if the
recess production is reliable. The Pozidriv screwdriver has
E rectangular webs at its extremity.

– The general dimensions are given in the product information
in the catalogue.
E
Hexagon socket
– Screws with hexagon socket head have proved their worth in the machine and apparatus
construction fields.
– The width across flats of hexagon socket head screws is smaller than the WAF of hexagon
head screws, permitting more economic design with smaller sizes.
– The general dimensions are given in the product information in the catalogue.
Hexalobular socket according to ISO 106641) (Torx)
– The notion of a drive with hexalobular sockets are a decisive step in developing drives better
adapted to manual and automated assembly. This drive is becoming increasingly popular
throughout the world.
– Compared to drives like cross recesses and conventional hexagon sockets, this system is
characerised by a lower risk of deterioration and a lower pressure force requirement. The
typical «cam out» slipping of the tool has hence been eliminated and the force transmission
improved.
– The general dimensions are given in the product information in the catalogue.
1) Draft
T
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E
A B
Construction
recommendation
Internal drives for screws
Torx plus
– The Torx plus drive is defined by ellipses and represents an improvement over the original
hexalobular system which is defined by a series of radii.
– The Torx plus system is compatible with the tools provided for the
(Torx) hexalobular system.
However, the specific geometric benefits of Torx plus can only optimise assembly
when using the Torx plus screwdriver bits (tool).
– The general dimensions are given in the product designations in the catalogue.
Technical advantages of hexalobular socket and Torx plus drives
No deterioration of the internal drive; hence reliable un-

screwing. Very low assembly tool wear.
High rationalisation potential for the assembly technique,

as the drive is suitable for all types of screw.
Economic head from the aspect of size, form and materi-

al, corresponding to cheese head screws DIN 84 and
DIN 7984, however able to cope with high stresses with
respect to permissible surface pressure.
E No need for pressure force as is necessary

when using cross recessed drives.
No problem assembling round head screws according to
ISO 7380 and recessed flat head screws DIN 7991. The
E
high property class 10.9 of these screws permitting incre-
ased strength of the hexagon socket can be reduced to
Can accept the tightening torques for all pro- property class 8.8.
perty classes.
The hexalobular socket and the Torx plus systems have benefits due to their design parameters
15°
60° 0°
Force transmission angle of 60° Force transmission angle of 15° Force transmission angle of 0°
with hexagon socket drives with hexalobular socket drives with Torx plus drives
– The effective transmission angle of the hexalobular socket is 15° and that of the Torx plus is 0°. The force applied is that actually
used for tightening the screw. The geometries of the hexalobular socket and the Torx plus therefore extend the service life of the
screwdriver bits by up to 100%.
– The cross section of the Torx plus drive is larger compared to the hexalobular system. Therefore the torsional strength of the
driving tool is increased.
– The good force transmission enables low penetration depths.
S
 2000 by Bossard
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T.051
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E
A B
Metric ISO threads
General
The thread dimensions and profile accuracy are crucial for de- 0 whether the thread can transmit the forces for which the
termining: components were dimensioned.
0 whether a coating can still be applied to the screw thread. 0 Tolerances are very small in screw manufacturing. Terms
0 whether the parts to be joined can be screwed together on and fitting systems are difficult to understand. To assist. the
assembly without difficulty or the need for reworking. following illustrations explain dimensions and tolerances.
Basic concept and nominal dimensions according to ISO 724
The dimension system for threads is based on the nominal

Nut 60°
dimensions for thread, pitch and minor diameter.
D nominal size of thread

Bolt
D1 minor diameter
D major diameter
d major diameter
D2 pitch diameter
d2 pitch diameter
P pitch
Nut Bolt
Clearance fit on metric ISO threads

E Screw and nut threads have different tolerance zone positions:

screw thread dimensions are situated at the nominal dimension
Nut E
and below, nut thread dimensions, at the nominal dimension El
2
Td
2
TD 2
2
and above.
TD 1
2
This produces the necessary clearance and a defined range for

Td2
2
permissible plating thicknesses: a plated screw thread must
es
never exceed the nominal dimensions, while a plated nut thread 2
must never fall below them (see T.027).
minor diameter max.
major diameter max.
minor diameter min.

major diameter min.
pitch diameter max.
pitch diameter min.
major diameter max.

major diameter min.
pitch diameter max.
pitch diameter min.
Bolt
Tolerance fields for commercial

screws and nuts TOLERANCE QUALITY
Diameter-dependent
TOLERANCE ZONE POSITION
Pitch-dependent dimensions
according to ISO 965 tolerances for different
tolerance qualities
for different tolerance
zone positions can be found
can be found in ISO 965. in ISO 965.
6G
bolt thread nut thread
The ISO 965 thread standard recommends tolerance fields 6H CLEARANCE

which give the desired clearance. For threads ≥ M1,4, the BEFORE G
APPLICATION O – H –h
following tolerance fields are standard! OF PROTECTIVE g
4 5 6 7 8 COATS f
Nut Bolt Surface condition 6g 6e e
6H 6g bright. phosphated or for standard Larger number
electroplatings means greater
tolerance
6G 6e bright (with large clearance) or for
very thick electroplatings
Ø minor
Ø major
Ø major
Ø minor
Ø pitch
Ø pitch
6g-ring ganges for plain screw threads

6h-ring ganges for plated screws Tolerance fields of screw and nut threads
T
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E
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Metric ISO threads
Limits for metric (standard) coarse threads

Bolts, tolerance 6g (*6h)
Thread Length of thread

engagement
Major diameter
d mm
Pitch diameter
d2 mm
Thread
root radius
Selection
mm series
from to max. min. max. min. min.
M 1* 0,6 1,7 1,000 0,933 0,838 0,785 0,031
for standard
M 1,2* 0,6 1,7 1,200 1,133 1,038 0,985 0,031 threads ISO 262
M 1,4* 0,7 2 1,400 1,325 1,205 1,149 0,038
M 1,6 0,8 2,6 1,581 1,496 1,354 1,291 0,044
Nominal diameter Pitch
M 1,8 0,8 2,6 1,781 1,696 1,554 1,491 0,044
M 2 1 3 1,981 1,886 1,721 1,654 0,050
series 1 series 2 P
M 2,5 1,3 3,8 2,480 2,380 2,188 2,117 0,056
1 0,25
M 3 1,5 4,5 2,980 2,874 2,655 2,580 0,063
1,2 0,25
M 3,5 1,7 5 3,479 3,354 3,089 3,004 0,075
1,4 0,3
M 4 2 6 3,978 3,838 3,523 3,433 0,088
1,6 0,35
M 5 2,5 7,5 4,976 4,826 4,456 4,361 0,100
1,8 0,35
M 6 3 9 5,974 5,794 5,324 5,212 0,125
2 0,4
M 7 3 9 6,974 6,794 6,324 6,212 0,125
2,5 0,45
M 8 4 12 7,972 7,760 7,160 7,042 0,156
3 0,5
M10 5 15 9,968 9,732 8,994 8,862 0,188
3,5 0,6
M12 6 18 11,966 11,701 10,829 10,679 0,219
4 0,7
M14 8 24 13,962 13,682 12,663 12,503 0,250
5 0,8
M16 8 24 15,962 15,682 14,663 14,503 0,250
6 1
M18 10 30 17,958 17,623 16,334 16,164 0,313
7 1
M20 10 30 19,958 19,623 18,334 18,164 0,313
8 1,25
M22 10 30 21,958 21,623 20,334 20,164 0,313
10 1,5
M24 12 36 23,952 23,577 22,003 21,803 0,375
12 1,75
M27 12 36 26,952 26,577 25,003 24,803 0,375
14 2
M30 15 45 29,947 29,522 27,674 27,462 0,438
16 2
E E
M33 15 45 32,947 32,522 30,674 30,462 0,438
18 2,5
M36 18 53 35,940 35,465 33,342 33,118 0,500
20 2,5
M39 18 53 38,940 38,465 26,342 26,118 0,500
22 2,5
24 3
27 3
Nuts, tolerance 6H (*5H) 30 3,5
33 3,5
Thread Length of thread Pitch diameter Minor diameter 36 4
engagement D2 mm D1 mm 39 4
421) 4,5
from to max. min. max. min. 451) 4,5
M 1* 0,6 1,7 0,894 0,838 0,785 0,729 481) 5
M 1,2* 0,6 1,7 1,094 1,038 0,985 0,929 521) 5
M 1,4* 0,7 2 1,265 1,205 1,142 1,075
M 1,6 0,8 2,6 1,458 1,373 1,321 1,221 1) Not contained in
M 1,8 0,8 2,6 1,658 1,573 1,521 1,421 ISO 262–1973
M 2 1 3 1,830 1,740 1,679 1,567
M 2,5 1,3 3,8 2,303 2,208 2,138 2,013
M 3 1,5 4,5 2,775 2,675 2,599 2,459
M 3,5 1,7 5 3,222 3,110 3,010 2,850
M 4 2 6 3,663 3,545 3,422 3,242
M 5 2,5 7,5 4,605 4,480 4,334 4,134
M 6 3 9 5,500 5,350 5,153 4,917
M 7 3 9 6,500 6,350 6,153 5,917
M 8 4 12 7,348 7,188 6,912 6,647
M10 5 15 9,206 9,026 8,676 8,376
M12 6 18 11,063 10,863 10,441 10,106
M14 8 24 12,913 12,701 12,210 11,835
M16 8 24 14,913 14,701 14,210 13,835
M18 10 30 16,600 16,376 15,744 15,294
M20 10 30 18,600 18,376 17,744 17,294
M22 10 30 20,600 20,376 19,744 19,294
M24 12 36 22,316 22,051 21,252 20,752
M27 12 36 25,316 25,051 24,252 23,752
M30 15 45 28,007 27,727 26,771 26,211
M33 15 45 31,007 30,727 29,771 29,211
M36 18 53 33,702 33,402 32,270 31,670
M39 18 53 36,702 36,402 35,270 34,670
T
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E
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Metric ISO thread
Limit for metric fine threads

ISO 965
Bolts, tolerance 6g
Thread Length of thread Major diameter Pitch diameter Thread Selection series
engagement d mm d2 mm root radius
mm for fine threads
from to max. min. max. min. min. ISO 262
M 8x1 3 9 7,974 7,794 7,324 7,212 0,125
M10x1 3 9 9,974 9,794 9,324 9,212 0,156
M10x1,25 4 12 9,972 9,760 9,160 9,042 0,156 Nominal thread
M12x1,25 4,5 13 11,972 11,760 11,160 11,028 0,156 diameter Pitch P
M12x1,5 5,6 16 11,968 11,732 10,994 10,854 0,156 series 1 series 2
M14x1,5 5,6 16 13,968 13,732 12,994 12,854 0,188 8 1
M16x1,5 5,6 16 15,968 15,732 14,994 14,854 0,188 10 1,25 11)
M18x1,5 5,6 16 17,968 17,762 16,994 16,854 0,188 12 1,25 1,51)
M18x2 8 24 17,952 17,682 16,663 16,503 0,188 14 1,5
M20x1,5 5,6 16 19,968 19,732 18,994 18,854 0,188 16 1,5
M20x2 8 24 19,962 19,682 18,663 18,503 0,188 18 1,5 21)
M22x1,5 5,6 16 21,968 21,732 20,994 20,854 0,188 20 1,5 21)
M22x2 8 24 21,962 21,682 20,663 20,503 0,188 22 1,5 21)
M24x2 8,5 25 23,962 23,682 22,663 22,493 0,250 24 2
M27x2 8,5 25 26,962 26,682 25,663 25,483 0,250 27 2
M30x2 8,5 25 29,962 29,682 28,663 28,493 0,250 30 2
M33x2 8,5 25 32,962 32,682 31,663 31,493 0,250 33 2
M36x3 12 36 35,952 35,577 34,003 33,803 0,375 36 3
M39x3 12 36 38,952 38,577 37,003 36,803 0,375 39 3
1) Not contained in ISO 262–1973

Nuts, tolerance 6H
E E
Thread Length of thread Pitch diameter Minor diameter
engagement D2 mm D1 mm
dim. dim. dim. dim.
from to max. min. max. min.
M 8x1 3 9 7,500 7,350 7,153 6,917
M10x1 3 9 9,500 9,350 9,153 8,917
M10x1,25 4 12 9,348 9,188 8,912 8,647
M12x1,25 4,5 13 11,368 11,188 10,912 10,647
M12x1,5 5,6 16 11,216 11,026 10,676 10,376
M14x1,5 5,6 16 13,216 13,026 12,676 12,376
M16x1,5 5,6 16 15,216 15,026 14,676 14,376
M18x1,5 5,6 16 17,216 17,026 16,676 16,376
M18x2 8 24 16,913 16,701 16,210 15,835
M20x1,5 5,6 16 19,216 19,026 18,676 18,376
M20x2 8 24 18,913 13,701 18,210 17,835
M22x1,5 5,6 16 21,216 21,026 20,676 20,376
M22x2 8 24 20,913 20,701 20,210 19,835
M24x2 8,5 25 22,925 22,701 22,210 21,835
M27x2 8,5 25 25,925 25,701 25,210 24,834
M30x2 8,5 25 28,925 28,701 28,210 27,835
M33x2 8,5 25 31,925 31,701 31,210 30,835
M36x3 12 36 34,316 34,051 33,252 32,752
M39x3 12 36 37,316 37,051 36,252 35,752
Permissible tolerances for plastic Dimensions of the head, screw length and
thread approximate according to DIN.
fasteners Acceptance according to VDI 2544.
The tolerances must be observed 24 hours
Dimension for screw threads for nut threads after fabrication, for all other tolerances,
major Ø e8 2 x G7 refer to ISO 4759, part 1, but with
minor Ø 2 xg8 H7 the factor 2.
pitch Ø 2 xg8
These technical recommendations
pitch ± 5%
are of a general nature. For more
detailed specifications, please re-
fer to VDI 2544.
T
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E
A B
Preference classes / diameter-pitch Metric threads
combination / metric tap drill size and
clearance holes
(US-drill sizes for reference4))
Preference class Pitch Drill Closest Drill Closest Clear- Closest

size for recommended size for recommended ance recommended
11) 22) 32) tapping US tapping US hole US
coarse6) fine M coarse size4 M fine size4 size4
1 0,25 0,75 ≠ 69 1,2 ≠ 56
1,2 0,25 0,95 ≠ 63 1,4 ≠ 54
1,4 0,3 1,1 ≠ 57 16 ≠ 52
1,6 0,35 1,5 ≠ 55 1,8 ≠ 50
1,8 0,35 1,4 ≠ 54 2 ≠ 46
2 0,4 1,6 ≠ 52 2,4 ≠ 41
2,2 0,45 1,7 ≠ 50 2,8 ≠ 35
2.5 0,45 2 ≠ 46 2,9 ≠ 32
3 0,5 2,5 ≠ 40 3,4 ≠ 29
3,5 0,6 2,9 ≠ 33 3,9 ≠ 24
4 0,7 3,3 ≠ 30 4,5 ≠ 16
5 0,8 4,2 ≠ 19 5,5 7/32
6 1 5 ≠9 6,6 G
15/64
7 1 6 7,6 N
17/64
8 1,25 1 6,8 7 J 9 T
10 1,5 1,25 8,5 Q 8,8 (9) 11/32 (T) 11 27/64
3/8 1/2
11 1,5 1 9,5 10 X 12,5
27/64 17/32
12 1,75 1,25 (1,5) 10,2 J 10,8 (10,5) (Z) 13,5
15/32
14 14 2 1,5 12 12,5 -1/2 15,5 39/64
35/64 21/32
15 – 1 14 16,5
35/64 37/64 11/16
16 2 1,5 14 14,5 17,5
39/64 21/32 51/64
18 2,5 1,5 15,5 16,5 20
11/16 47/64 55/64
20 2,5 1,5 17,5 18,5 22
49/64 13/16 15/16
22 2,5 1,5 19,5 20,5 24
E E
53/64 7/8
24 3 2 21 22 26 11/64
50/64
25 1,5 23,5 27 11/16
31/32
26 1,5 24,5 28 17/64
15/16 63/64
27 3 2 24 25 30 111/64
28 2 26 11/32 31 17/32
30 3,5 2 26,5 13/64 28 17/64 33 19/32
33 3,5 2 29,5 15/32 31 17/32 36 127/64
36 4 3 32 11/4 33 119/64 39 19/16
39 4 3 35 13/8 36 127/64 42 121/32
42 4,5 3 37,5 115/32 39 117/32 45 125/32
45 4,5 3 40,5 119/32 42 121/32 48 129/32
48 5 3 43 111/16 45 125/32 52 21/16
52 5 3 47 127/32 49 115/16 56 27/32
56 5,5 4 50,5 2 52 21/16 62 27/16
60 5,5 4 54,5 21/8 56 27/32 66 2,59845)
64 6 4 58 25/16 60 2 3/8 70 2,75595)
68 6 4 62 27/16 64 2,51975) 74 2,91345)
72 6 25/8 66 2,59845) 78 3,07095)
76 6 70 2,75595) 82 3,2285)
80 6 74 2,91345) 86 3,38585)
85 6 79 3,11025) 91 3,58265)
90 6 84 3,30705) 96 3,77955)
95 6 89 3,50395) 101 3,97635)
100 6 94 3,70075) 107 4,21255)
1) The fastener sizes in preference class 1 are suggested to be used in all designs. The sizes in this category are generally,
readily available.
2) Fasteners in preference class 2 should be chosen only if a size in preference class 1 is not feasible. For preference class 2 sizes,
longer lead times have to be expected.
3) Preference class 3 sizes are not recommended for fasteners (normally used for shaft ends etc.)
4) Note: Use metric drill sizes whenever possible. The listed US-drill sizes are as close as they possibly can be. Nevertheless,
they may not be adequate in all circumstances.
5) No fractional size is close enough.
6) Coarse = standard metric thread
T
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E
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Nominal dimensions
Nominal dimensions on Metric Fasteners
d1
d1
L L
d1
d1
L L
d1
Nominal dimensions of Metric Fasteners

Standard fasteners are defined by: Nominal thread diameter (d) x nominal length . Ex. M8 x 45
E E
Nominal dimensions on shoulder screws
d
ds
Shoulder screws are defined by: Shoulder diameter and shoulder length
In order to avoid incorrect shipments, it is recommended to indicate the thread diameter as well.
Therefore indicate the following: – shoulder diameter [ds]

– shoulder length [L]
– thread diameter in parenthesis [d]
Example: ds x L (d) = 6 x 20 (M5)
Determination of nominal dimensions on studs (DIN 939, 938, 835)

d1
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ISO-Tolerances
Tolerances for Metric Fasteners.
The tolerances in the tables shown below are derived from ISO ISO 4759. However, occasionally some slight modifications are
4759: Tolerances for Fasteners Product grades A and B 1.) made.
The tolerances listed apply for the most common types of metric The tolerances are indicated by tolerance zones. The actual tol-
fasteners. Approximately 98% of the fasteners stocked by Bos- erances in millimeters are then found from the tolerance chart.
sard are in accordance with DIN and ISO specifications.
Other national metric fastener standards derive tolerances from For tolerances on fasteners not shown in this table consult:
ISO 4759 or DIN 267 Part 2.
Item DIN ISO Item DIN ISO Item DIN ISO

Product grade: A1)
h13
h13
h13
h 14
h 13
+ 2°
963 2009 912 4762 931 4014

965 7046 +2 P +2 P 960 8765
+2 P
h 13/14 js 15 js 14 js 15
js 16 ≤ 5 = h 13 > 5 = h 14
Product grade: A1)
+ IT 14
h 13
h 14
h 14
h 13
+ 2°
84 1207 7991 933 4017

+2 P 961 8676
+2 P
js 15/16 2)
E E
h 13/14 js 14 js 15
js 15
≤ M5 : h13 / > M5 : h14
Product grade: B1)
h 14
h13
h13
913 4026
85 1580 914 4027 931 4014
+2 P 916 4029 +2 P 960 8765
h 13/14 js 15/16 2) js 15
js 15 15
js 16
≤ M5 : h13 / > M5 : h14
Product grade: B1)
+ IT 14
h 14
h 13
+ 2°
964 2010 915 4028 933 4017

h 14
966 7047 961 8676

+2 P
js 15 js 16
js 15/16 2) js 15
439 4035
h 14
h13
934
7985 7045 ≤ M 12 : h 14 936 4033
+2 P > M 12 ≤ M 18 : h 15 970
> M 18 : h 16 971 4032
h13/14 js 15/16 2)
6330
≤ M5 : h13 / > M5 : h14
1) Product grade A applies to nominal thread diameters up to and including M 24 and lengths not exceeding 10 d or 150 mm,
whichever is shorter.
Product grade B applies to sizes above M24 or lengths exceeding 10d or 150 mm, whichever is shorter.
2) js 16 for machine screws with L > 50 mm
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ISO-Tolerances
Tolerance zones for sockets, slots and width across the flats
Feature Feature
Hexagon sockets Product Slots*** Product

grade A grade A
Tolerance n Tole-
n
n
s * ** rance*
0,7 EF8 ≤1 C13
0,9 JS9
1,3 K9 >1 C14
n
1,5 D9 D10
e
2
s 2,5 D10 D11 Widths across flats Product
3 D11 Grade: A2
4 E11 s Tol.
5 ≤32 h13
e
6 >32 h14
8 E11 s s Product
s
10 E12 Grade: B2
12 s Tol.
14 ≤19 h14
>14 >19≤ 60 h15
D12 >60≤180 h16
s s >180 h17
E * Tolerance zones for socket set screws

Note: For s 0,7 to 1,3 the actual allowance in the product standards has been slightly modified for technical reasons. E
** Tolerance zones for socket head cap screws
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Nominal Standard tolerances Tolerance fields for
dimension [mm] External dimensions [mm] Internal dimensions [mm]
T
range IT11 IT12 IT13 IT14 IT15 IT16 IT17 b 13 h 11 h12 h 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 js 14 js 15 js 16 js 17 D 12 H 11 H12 H13 H14
0,06 0,1 0,1 0,25 0,4 0,6 1 1) –0,14 0 0 0 0 0 0 – ±0,125 ±0,2 ±0,3 ±0,51) +0,12 +0,06 +0,1 +0,14 +0,25
up to 3 –0,28 –0,06 –0,1 –0,14 –0,25 –0,4 –0,6 +0,02 0 0 0 0
1
over 30,075 0,12 0,18 0,3 0,48 0,75 1,2 ) –0,14 0 0 0 0 0 0 – ±0,15 ±0,24 ±0,375 ±0,6 +0,15 +0,075 +0,12 +0,18 +0,3
Extract from ISO 286-2
up to 6 –0,32 –0,075 –0,12 –0,18 –0,3 –0,48 –0,75 +0,03 0 0 0 0

over 60,09 0,15 0,22 0,36 0,58 0,9 1,5 –0,15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,18 ±0,29 ±0,45 ±0,75 +0,19 +0,09 +0,15 +0,22 +0,36
up to 10 –0,37 –0,09 –0,15 –0,22 –0,36 –0,58 –0,9 –1,5 +0,04 0 0 0 0
012/T/059/2000
over 100,11 0,18 0,27 0,43 0,7 1,1 1,8 –0,15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,215 ±0,35 ±0,55 ±0,9 +0,23 +0,11 +0,18 +0,27 +0,43
up to 18 –0,42 –0,11 –0,18 –0,27 –0,43 –0,7 –1,1 –1,8 +0,05 0 0 0 0
over 180,13 0,21 0,33 0,52 0,84 1,3 2,1 –0,16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,26 ±0,42 ±0,65 ±1,05 +0,275 +0,13 +0,21 +0,33 +0,52
up to 30 –0,49 –0,13 –0,21 –0,33 –0,52 –0,84 –13 –2,1 +0,065 0 0 0 0
over 30 –0,17
up to 40 –0,56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 +0,33 +0,16 +0,25 +0,39 +0,62
over 400,16 0,25 0,39 0,62 1 1,6 2,5 –0,18 –0,16 –0,25 –0,39 –0,62 –1 –1,6 –2,5 ±0,31 ±0,5 ±0,8 ±1,25 +0,08 0 0 0 0
up to 50 –0,57
Basic tolerances and tolerance fields
over 500,19 0,3 0,46 0,74 1,2 1,9 3 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,37 ±0,6 ±0,95 ±1,5 +0,4 +0,19 +0,3 +,046 +0,74
E
E
up to 80 –0,19 –0,3 –0,46 –0,74 –1,2 –1,9 –3 +0,1 0 0 0 0

over 80 0,22 0,35 0,54 0,87 1,4 2,2 3,5 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,435 ±0,7 ±1,1 ±1,75 +0,47 +0,22 +0,35 +0,54 +0,87
up to 120 –0,22 –0,35 –0,54 –0,87 –1,4 –2,2 –3,5 +0,12 0 0 0 0
over 120 0,25 0,4 0,63 1 1,6 2,5 4 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,5 ±0,8 ±1,25 ±2 +0,545 +0,25 +0,4 +0,63 +1
up to 180 –0,25 –0,4 –0,63 –1 –1,6 –2,5 –4 +0,145 0 0 0 0
over 180 0,29 0,46 0,72 1,15 1,85 2,9 4,6 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,575 ±0,925 ±1,45 ±2,3 +0,63 +0,29 +0,46 +0,72 +1,15
up to 250 –0,29 –0,46 –0,72 –1,15 –1,85 –2,9 –4,6 +0,17 0 0 0 0
over 250 0,32 0,52 0,81 1,3 2,1 3,2 5,2 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,65 ±1,05 ±1,6 ±2,6 +0,71 +0,32 +0,52 +0,81 +1,3
up to 315 –0,32 –0,52 –0,81 –1,3 –2,1 –3,2 –5,2 +0,19 0 0 0 0
over 315 0,36 0,57 0,89 1,4 2,3 3,6 5,7 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,7 ±1,15 ±1,8 ±2,85 +0,78 +0,36 +0,57 +0,89 +1,4
up to 400 –0,36 –0,57 –0,89 –1,4 –2,3 –3,6 –5,7 +0,21 0 0 0 0
standards
over 400 0,4 0,63 0,97 1,55 2,5 4 6,3 – 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ±0,775 ±1,25 ±2 ±3,15 +0,86 +0,4 +0,63 +0,97 +1,55
up to 500 –0,4 –0,63 –0,97 –1,55 –2,5 –4 –6,3 +0,23 0 0 0 0
1) Not contained in ISO 286–2
Tables / tolerances /
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SI units system
Background
SI is the modern system of units for measurement, accepted and SI is built of: Base units
used world wide. It is used in all areas of international standards Supplementary units
and is commonly referred to as the metric system. SI is used in all Additional units
areas of science, technology and trade and is applied in the same Prefixes
way world wide. The figures given in the conversion tables are rounded
up to 3 or 4 digits.
1. Basic units of the SI system
Quantity Name Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic
temperature kelvin K
Luminous intensity candela cd
Amount of substance mole mol
Plane angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
2. Derived SI units
Quantity Name Symbol Defining equation
E E
Frequency hertz Hz 1 Hz = 1 s–1 = 1/s
Force newton N 1N = 1 kg · m/s2
Pressure and mechanical stress pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Work (energy, heat) joule J 1J =1N·m=1W·s
Power, energy flow, heat flow watt W 1W = 1 N · m/s = J/s

Electrical charge, quantity of electricity coulomb C 1C =1A·s
Electrical potential,
potential, difference voltage volt V 1V = 1 W/A
Electric capacitance farad F 1F = 1 A · s/V
Impedance ohm Ω 1Ω = 1 V/A

Electrical conductivity siemens S 1S = 1 Ω–1 = 1/Ω = 1 A/V
Magnetic flux weber Wb 1 WB =1V·s
Magnetic flux density tesla T 1T = 1 Wb/m2
Inductance henry H 1H = 1 Wb/A = 1 V · s/A

Luminous flux lumen lm 1 lm = 1 cd · sr
Illumination lux lx 1 lx = 1 lm/m2
Conversion tables
Conversion table for units of force Conversion table for units of mechanical stress
N p kp dyn Pa N/mm2 kp/cm2 kp/mm2

1 Newton = 1 N 1 102 0,102 105 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 10–6 1,02 · 10–5 1,02 · 10–7
1 pond = 1 p 9,81 · 10–3 1 10–3 981 1 N/mm2 = 1 Mpa 106 1 10,2 0,102
1 Kilopond = 1 kp 9,81 1000 1 9,81 · 105 1 kp/cm2 = 1 at 9,81 · 104 9,81 · 10–2 1 10–2
1 dyn 10–5 1,02 · 10–3 1,02 · 10–6 1 1 kp/mm2 9,81 · 106 9,81 100 1
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Conversion tables
Conversion table for units of work, energy and heat Conversion table for units of power and heat flow
J kJ kWh kcal kpm W kW kcal/s kcal/h kpm/s

1J=1N·m= 1 W = 1 N · m/s
1W·s 1 10–3 2,78 · 10–7 2,39 · 10–4 0,102 = 1 J/s 1 10–3 2,39 · 10–4 0,860 0,102
1 kJ 1000 1 2,78 · 10–4 0,239 102 1 kW 1000 1 0,239 860 102
1 kWh 3,6 · 106 3,6 · 103 1 860 3,67 · 105 1 kcal/s 4,9 · 103 4,19 1 3,6 · 103 427
3 –3 –3 –4
1 kcal 4,19 · 10 4,19 1,16 · 10 1 427 1 kcal/h 1,16 1,6 · 10 2,78 · 10 1 0,119
1 kpm 9,81 9,81 · 10–3 2,72 · 10–6 2,34 · 10–3 1 1 kpm/s 9,81 9,81 · 10–3 2,34 · 10–3 8,34 1
Conversion table for units of pressure for gases, vapours and liquids
Pa bar kp/m2 at Torr

1 Pa = 1 N/m2 1 10–5 0,102 1,02 · 10–5 7,5 · 10–3
5 4
1 bar = 0,1 MPa 10 1 1,02 · 10 1,02 750
1 kp/m2 9,81 9,81 · 10–5 1 10–4 7,36 · 10–2
1 at = 1 kp/cm 2 9,81 · 104 0,981 104 1 736
1 Torr = 1/760 atm 133 1,33 · 10–3 13,6 1,36 · 10–3 1
Conversions of other units into SI units
Value Previous unit Symbol New unit Symbol Defining equation

Length Ångström Å meter m 1 Å = 10–10 m
Pressure mm mercury mm Hg pascal Pa 1 mm Hg = 133,3 Pa
Energy Erg erg joule J 1 erg = 10–7 J
E E
Power horsepower PS watt W 1 PS = 735,5 W
Dynamic viscosity Poise P pascal · second Pa · s 1P = 0,1 Pa · s
Kinematic viscosity Stokes St cm2/s 1 St = 1 cm2/s
Impact value kpm/cm2 J/cm2 1 kpm/cm2 = 9,087 J/cm2
Heat capacity kcal/°C J/K 1 kcal/°C = 4,187 · 103 J/K
Heat conductivity kcal/m.h °C W/K · m 1 kcal/m · h · °C = 1,163 W/K · m
Specific heat kcal/kg °C J/kg · K 1 kcal/kg · °C = 4,187 · 103 J/kg · K
Magnetic field strength Oersted Oe ampere / meter A/m 1 Oe = 79,6 A/m
Magnetic flux density Gauss G Tesla T 1 G = 10–4 T
Magnetic flux Maxwell M Weber Wb 1 M = 10–8 Wb
Luminous intensity internat. candle IK candela cd 1 lK = 1,019 cd
Luminance Stilb sb cd/m2 1 sb = 104 cd/m2
Absorbed dose Rem rem J/kg 1 rem = 0,01 J/kg
Ion dose Röntgen R C/kg 1 R = 2,58 · 10–4 C/kg
Conversions of part volumes
1 milligram
1 ppm (part per million) per 0,001 g/kg
is 1 part out of 1 million parts kilogram (10–3)
2700 litres
1 ppb (part per billion) 1 microgram
is 1 part out of 1 billion parts per 0,000 001 g/kg
Example: (b = billion, US English for milliard) kilogram (10–6)
one lump 2,7 million litres
of sugar 1 ppt (part per trillion) 1 nanogram
dissolved in: is 1 part out of 1 trillion parts per 0,000 000 001 g/kg
(t = trillion, US English for billion) kilogram (10–9)
2,7 billion litres
1 ppq (part per quadrillion) 1 picogram
is 1 part out of 1 quadrillion parts per 0,000 000 000 001 g/kg
(q = quadrillion, US English for billiard) kilogram (10–12)
2,7 trillion litres
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Conversion tables standards
metric – USA
USA – metric
Measures of length
metric – USA USA – metric
1 millimeter (mm) 0,039337 inches (in.) 1 inch 25,400 mm
1 centimeter (cm) 0,39370 inches (in.) 1 inch 2,540 cm
1 meter (m) 39,3700 inches (in.) 1 foot 304,800 mm
1 meter (m) 3,2808 feet (ft.) 1 foot 30,480 cm
1 meter (m) 1,0936 yards (yd.) 1 foot 0,3048 m
1 kilometer (km) 0,62137 miles (m.) 1 yard 91,4400 cm
1 yard 0,9144 m
1 mile 1609,35 m
1 mile 1,609 km
Measures of area
1 mm2 0,00155 sq.inches (sq.in.) 1 sq.inch 645,16 mm2
1 cm2 0,1550 sq.inches (sq.in.) 1 sq.inch 6,4516 cm2
1 m2 10,7640 sq.feet (sq.ft.) 1 sq.foot 929,00 cm2
1 m2 1,196 sq.yard (sq.yd.) 1 sq.foot 0,0929 m2
1 km2 0,38614 sq.miles (sq.m.) 1 sq.yard 0,836 m2
1 sq.mile 2,5889 km2
Measures of capacity
1 milliliter (ml) 0,27 fluid drachms (dr.fl.) 1 fluid ounce 2,957 cl
1 centiliter (cl) 0,338 fluid ounces (oz.fl.) 1 pint 4,732 dl
1 deciliter (dl) 0,0528 pints (pt.) 1 pint 0,4732 l
1 liter (l) 1,0567 quarts (qt.) 1 quart 0,9463 l
1 liter (l) 0,26 gallons (gal.) 1 gallon 3,7853 l
E E
1 hectoliter (hl) 26,417 gallons (gal.) 1 barrel (bl) 119,237 l
1 barrel 1,192 hl
Weights
1 gram (gr.) 15,432 grains (gr.) 1 grain 64,7989 mg
1 kilogram (kg) 2,2046 pounds (lb.) 1 ounce 28,35 g
1 quintal (dz.) 220,46 pounds (lb.) 1 pound 0,4536 kg
1 tonne (t) 2204,6 pounds (lb.) 1 short 907,200 kg
1 tonne (t) 1,102 short tons (tn.sh.) 1 short 9,072 dz.
1 short 0,9072 t
Various
1 N/mm2 = 1MPa = 10 bar 145,14 psi 1 psi 0,00689 N/mm2
1 Nm 8,85 in lb 1 in lb 0,113 Nm
1 Nm 0,74 ft lb 1 ft lb 1,35 Nm
Temperature °F °C °F °C °C °F °C °F
212 100 104 40 100 212 35 95
°C = °F 200 93,3 100 37,8 95 203 30 86
(exact) 194 90 90 32,2 90 194 25 77
190 87,8 86 30 85 182 20 68
Conversion Conversion 180 82,2 80 26,7 80 176 15 59
from Celsius from 176 80 70 21,1 75 167 10 50
into Fahrenheit Fahrenheit into 170 76,7 68 20 70 158 5 41
Multiply by 118; Celsius 160 71,1 60 15 65 149 – –
add 32 to result. Subtract 32; divide 158 70 50 10 60 140 0 32
result by 1,8. 150 65,6 40 4,4 55 131 – 5 23
140 60 – – 50 122 –10 14
130 54,4 32 0 45 113 –15 5
122 50 30 – 1,1 40 104 –17,8 0
120 48,9 20 – 6,7
110 43,3 14 –10
10 –12,2
0 –17,8
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Conversion tables
psi to MPa
Conversion table psi to MPa

PSI kp/mm2 MPa PSI kp/mm2 MPa PSI kp/mm2 MPa
(N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
30000 21,09 206,8
31000 21,80 213,7 66000 46,40 455,1 105000 73,82 723,9
32000 22,50 220,6 67000 47,11 461,9 110000 77,34 758,4
33000 23,20 227,5 68000 47,81 468,8 115000 80,85 792,9
34000 23,90 234,4 69000 48,51 475,7 120000 84,37 827 ,4
35000 24,61 241,3 70000 49,21 482,6 125000 87,88 861,8
36000 25,31 248,2 71000 49,92 489,5 130000 91,40 896,3
37000 26,01 255,1 72000 50,62 496,4 135000 94,91 930,8
38000 26,72 262,0 73000 51,32 503,3 140000 98,43 965,3
39000 27,42 268,9 74000 52,03 510,2 145000 101,95 999,7
40000 28,12 275,8 75000 52,73 517,1 150000 105,46 1034,2
41000 28,83 282,7 76000 53,43 524,0 160000 112,49 1103,2
42000 29,53 289,6 77000 54,10 530,9 170000 119,52 1172,1
43000 30,23 296,5 78000 54,84 537,8 180000 126,55 1241,1
44000 30,94 303,4 79000 55,54 544,7 190000 133,58 1310,0
45000 31,64 310,3 80000 56,25 551,6 200000 140,61 1379,0
46000 32,34 317,2 81000 56,95 558,5 210000 147,64 1447,9
47000 33,04 324,1 82000 57,65 565,4 220000 154,68 1516,8
48000 33,75 330,9 83000 58,35 572,3 230000 161,71 1585,8
49000 34,75 337,8 84000 59,06 579,2 240000 167,74 1654,7
50000 35,15 344,7 85000 59,76 586,1 250000 175,77 1723,7
51000 35,86 351,6 86000 60,46 592,9 260000 182,80 1792,6
52000 36,56 358,5 87000 61,17 599,8 270000 189,83 1861,6
53000 37,26 365,4 88000 61,87 606,7 280000 196,86 1930,5
E E
54000 37,97 372,3 89000 62,57 613,6 290000 203,89 1999,5
55000 38,67 379,2 90000 63,28 620,5 300000 210,92 2068,4
56000 39,37 386,1 91000 63,98 627,4
57000 40,07 393,0 92000 64,68 634,3
58000 40,78 399,9 93000 65,39 641,2
59000 41,48 406,8 94000 66,09 648,1
60000 42,18 413,7 95000 66,79 655,0
61000 42,89 420,6 96000 67,49 661,9
62000 43,59 427,5 97000 68,20 668,8
63000 44,29 434,4 98000 68,90 675,7
64000 45,00 441,3 99000 69,60 682,6
65000 45,70 448,2 100000 70,31 689,5
conversion factor
1 psi = 0,00689 MPa (N/mm2)
1 MPa (N/mm2) = 145 psi
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Hardness comparison table
The comparison table below is valid only for carbon steels, low For high alloyed and / or cold headed steels [4.8. 5.8] (6.8. A1 to
alloy steels and cast steels in the hot formed and heat treated A4) there are considerable differences to be expected.
condition.
Tensile Tensile
strength Vickers Brinell hardness1) Rockwell hardness strength Vickers Brinell hardness1) Rockwell hardness
hardness hardness
N/mm2 (F≥98 N) HRB HRC HRA N/mm2 (F≥98 N) HRB HRC HRA
255 80 76 1220 380 361 38,8 69,8
270 85 80,7 41 1255 #### 371 39,8 70,3
285 90 85,5 48 1290 400 380 10,8 70,8
305 95 90,2 52 1320 410 390 41,8 71,4
320 100 95 56,2 1350 420 399 42,7 71,8
335 105 99,8 1385 430 409 43,6 72,3
350 110 105 62,3 1420 440 418 44,5 72,8
370 115 109 1455 450 428 45,3 73,3
385 120 114 66,7 1485 460 437 46,1 73,6
400 125 119 1520 470 447 46,9 74,1
415 130 124 71,2 1555 480 (465) 47,7 74,5
430 135 128 1595 490 (466) 48,4 74,9
450 140 133 75 1630 500 (475) 49,1 75,3
465 145 138 1665 510 (485) 49,8 75,7
480 150 143 78,7 1700 520 (494) 50,5 76,1
495 155 147 1740 530 (504) 51,1 76,4
510 160 152 81,7 1775 540 (513) 51,7 76,7
530 165 156 1810 550 (523) 52,3 77
545 170 162 85 1845 560 (532) 53 77,4
560 175 166 1880 570 (542) 53,6 77,8
575 180 171 87,1 1920 580 (551) 54,1 78
595 185 176 1955 590 (561) 54,7 78,4
E E
610 190 181 89,5 1995 600 (570) 55,2 78,6
625 195 185 2030 610 (580) 55,7 78,9
640 200 190 91,5 2070 620 (589) 56,3 79,2
660 205 195 92,5 2105 630 (599) 56,8 79,5
675 210 199 93,5 2145 640 (608) 57,3 79,8
690 215 204 94 2180 650 (618) 57,8 80
705 220 209 95 660 58,3 80,3
720 225 214 96 670 58,8 80,6
740 230 219 96,7 680 59,2 80,8
755 235 223 690 58,7 81,1
770 240 228 98,1 20,3 60,7 700 60,1 81,3
785 245 233 21,3 61,2 720 61 81,8
800 250 238 99,5 22,2 61,6 740 61,8 82,2
820 255 242 23,1 62 760 62,5 82,6
835 260 247 (101) 24 62,4 780 63,3 83
850 265 252 24,8 62,7 800 64 83,4
865 270 257 (102) 25,6 63,1 820 64,7 83,8
880 275 261 26,4 63,5 840 65,3 84,1
900 280 266 (104) 27,1 63,8 860 65,9 84,4
915 285 271 27,8 64,2 880 66,4 84,7
930 290 276 (105) 28,5 64,5 900 67 85
950 295 280 29,2 64,8 920 67,5 85,3
965 300 285 29,8 65,2 940 68 85,6
995 310 295 31 65,8 The figures in brackets represent hardness values beyond the defined
1030 320 304 32,2 66,4 scope of the standardised hardness test but which are frequently used as
1060 330 314 33,3 67 appoximate values in practice. Furthermore the Brinell hardness values
1095 340 323 34,3 67,6 in brackets are only valid if the test was carried out with a hard metal ball.
1125 350 333 35,5 68,1
1155 360 342 36,6 68,7 1) Calculated with: HB = 0,95 · HV
1190 370 352 37,7 69,2
The Vickers testing method is applicable over a wide hardness range. The referee method per ISO 898/1 is the Vickers method.
The Rockwell C method is suitable for hardened steels, Rockwell A for sintered steel and Rockwell B for soft steels, copper alloys,
etc. The Brinell hardness method extends over a wide hardness range too.
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.064
012/T/064/2000 012/T/064/2000 E 5.6.2003 8:20:56 5.6.2003 8:20:56

E
A B
standards
Designations of different national
standards
Country Abbreviation Country Abbreviation
Albania / Albanie DCS Kenya KEBS

Algeria / Algérie INAPI Korea, Dem.P.Rep.of / Rép.dém.p.de Corée CSK
Argentina / Argentine IRAM Korea, Rep. of / Rép. de Corée KNITQ
Australia / Australie SAA Lebanon / Liban LNCSM
Austria / Autriche ON Malaysia / Malaisie DSM
Bangladesh BSTI Mexico / Mexique DGN
Belgium / Belgique IBN Mongolia / Mongolie MNCSM
Brazil/Brésil ABNT Marocco / Maroc SNIMA
Bulgaria / Bulgarie BDS Netherlands / Pays-Bas NNI
Canada SCC New Zealand / Nouvelle-Zélande SNZ
Chile / Chili INN Nigeria SON
China / Chine CSBTS Norway / Norvège NSF
Colombia / Colombie ICONTEC Pakistan PSI
Cuba NC Philippines BPS
Cyprus / Chypre CYS Poland / Pologne PKN
Czech Republic / Tchèque, Rép. CSNI Portugal IPQ
Slovakia / Slovaquie CSNI Romania / Roumanie IRS
Denmark / Danemark DS Saudi Arabia / Arabie Séoudite SASO
Egypt / Egypte EOS Singapore / Singapour PSB
Ethiopia / Ethiopie EAS South Africa, Rep. of / Rép. d'Afrique du Sud SABS
Europe EN Spain / Espagne AENOR
Finland / Finlande SFS Sri Lanka SLSI
France AFNOR Sweden / Suède SIS
Germany / Allemagne DIN Switzerland / Suisse SNV
Ghana GSB Syria / Syrie SASMO
Greece / Grèce ELOT Tanzania / Tanzanie TBS
E E
Hungary / Hongrie MSZT Thailand / Thaïlande TISI
India/Inde BIS Trinidad and Tobago / Trinité-et-Tobago TTBS
Indonesia / Indonésie BSN Turkey/Turquie TSE
International ISO United Kingdom / Royaume-Uni BSI
Iran ISIRI USA ANSI
Ireland / Irlande NSAI Uzbekistan UZGOST
Israel / Israël SII Vénézuela COVENIN
Italy / Italie UNI Viet Nam, Socialist Republic of / République
Jamaica / Jamaïque JBS socialiste du Vietnam TCVN
Japan / Japon JISC Yugoslavia / Yougoslavie SZS
Copyright:
This catalogue is protected by the laws of intellectual property
and competiton. All rights are reserved, including reproduction,
translation and recording and processing in electronic data
systems.
 Copyright 2001 by Bossard AG Schrauben, CH-6305 Zug
Printed in Switzerland.
T
 2000 by Bossard
D C
T.065
012/T/065/2000 012/T/065/2000 E 5.6.2003 8:20:56 5.6.2003 8:20:55

Bolt Specs

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Bolt Specs

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E

Terms and definitions Design

Screws (property classes 3.6 to 12.9) Fatigue resistance

Nuts (property classes 04 to 12) Friction coefficient

Tables / tolerances / standards

Tensile strength Rm [N/mm2]

R m = max. tensile force F N

(Stress area As [mm2] of thread, see T.031)

Tensile strength at rupture in cylindrical shank:

0,2 limit Rp0,2 [N/mm2]

In practice, screws may be stressed by tightening and under

Elongation at fracture A5 [%]

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Wedge tensile strength

Decarburization of the surface

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Thread 1) Nominal Property class

Minimum ultimate tensile loads – ISO metric fine pitch threads

Thread Nominal Property class

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Property Base materials, manufacture through Size Heat treatment after

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Chemical composition limits Tempering

Characteristics at elevated temperatures

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— M 4 800 180 900 170 1040 1140 1150

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Property Raw materials for fabrication by Nut Final condition of nut

Chemical compositions of nuts

Property class Chemical composition (check analysis) %

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the symbol 10.9 shall be underlined: 10.9

Property class 5.6 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9

The symbols shown in the table on the right Marking symbol

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Assignment of possible property classes of screws and nuts

Property class Mating bolts Nuts

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Material Material number Marking Utilisation

Table of materials for low temperatures

Pairing materials for screws and nuts

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Reference values for the stat. elasticity

Static elasticity module at a temperature of:

Material Material Density Coefficient of heat expansion between 20 °C and

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Yield strength and tensile strength

100 Tensile strength Rm

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100 0,093 0,146 0,182 0,232 0,194 0,253 0,179 0,194

140 0,13 0,204 0,255 0,325 0,272 0,354 0,251 0,272

180 0,167 0,263 0,328 0,418 0,349 0,455 0,322 0,349

220 0,205 0,321 0,4 0,51 0,427 0,557 0,394 0,427

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Composition groups Austenitic Martensitic Ferritic

Identification of steel A1 A2 A31) A4 A51) C1 C4 C3 Fi

Screws, nuts style 1 50 70 80 50 70 110 50 70 80 45 60

Descriptions using a letter/figure combination mean the following:

Abbreviation of composition group:

Abbreviation of chemical composition:

E 1 = free-cutting steel with sulphur additive