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Solutions
Problem 1
For the spring system given in Figure 1,
a. Number the elements and nodes;
b. Assemble the global stiffness and force matrix;
c. Partition the system and solve for the nodal displacements;
d. Compute the reaction forces.
Figure 1
Solution
We assign nodes and elements numbers as in the figure below
(El 1) 5
1 (El 4)
(El 2) 3
2
4 (El 3)
[1] [5]
1 − 1 [1]
Κ (1) = 3k ;
− 1 1 [ 5]
[2] [4]
1 − 1 [2]
Κ (2) = k ;
− 1 1 [4]
[4] [5]
1 − 1 [ 4]
Κ ( 3) = 2k ;
− 1 1 [ 5]
1
[5] [3]
1 − 1 [ 5]
Κ ( 4) = k .
− 1 1 [3]
0 r1
0 r
2
d= 0 , f = r3 .
u4 0
u5 50
K EE K EF d E f E
K = ,
FE K FF d F f F
3 0 0 0 − 3 0
3 − 2
where K EE = k 0 1 0 ; K EF = k − 1 0 ; K FF = k ; d E = 0 ;
0 0 1 0 − 1 − 2 6 0
r1
u 4 0
d F = ; f E = r2 ; and f F = .
u5 r3 50
1 7.1429
d F = K -FF
1
fF = .
k 10.7143
2
Therefore, u 4 = 7.1429 / k and u5 = 10.7143 / k.
− 32.1429
f E = K EF d F = − 7.1429 .
− 10.7143
Problem 2
Figure 2 shows a two-member plane truss supported by a linearly elastic spring. The
truss members are of a solid circular cross section having d=20 mm and E=80Gpa. The
linear spring has stiffness constant 50 N/mm.
a. Assemble the system global stiffness matrix and calculate the global
displacements of the unconstrained node;
b. Compute the reaction forces and check the equilibrium conditions;
c. Check the energy balance. Is the strain energy in balance with the mechanical
work of the applied force?
d. Compute the strain and stress in each bar.
Figure 2
3
Solution
We assign nodes and elements numbers as in the figure below
(El 1)
(El 2) 4
2 (El 3)
3
For element 1
π
80 × 10 9 × × (20 × 10 −3 )2
EA 4
k1 = = = 5.0265 × 10 6 ( N / m) ;
l1 5
sin φ 1 = −3 / 5
cos φ 1 = 4 / 5
[1x] [1y] [4x] [4y]
3.217 − 2.4127 − 3.217 2.4127 [1 x ]
− 2.4127 1.8095 2.4127 − 1.8095 [1 y]
Κ (1 ) = 10 6
− 3.217 2.4127 3.217 − 2.4127 [4 x ]
2.4127 − 1.8095 − 2.4127 1.8095 [4y]
For element 2
π
80 × 10 9 × × (20 × 10 −3 )2
EA 4
k2 = = = 6.2832 × 10 6 ( N / m ) ;
l2 4
sin φ 2 = 0
cos φ 2 = 1
[2x] [2y] [4x] [4y]
6.2832 0 − 6.2832 0 [2 x ]
0 0 0 0 [2 y]
6
Κ (2) = 10
− 6.2832 0 6.2832 0 [ 4 x ]
0 0 0 0 [ 4 y ]
4
For element 3
k 3 = 50 × 10 3 ( N / m ) ;
sin φ 3 = 1 ;
cos φ 3 = 0 ;
[3x] [3y] [4x] [4y]
0 0 0 0 [3 x ]
0 0.05 0 − 0.05 [3y]
Κ ( 3) = 10 6
0 0 0 0 [4 x ]
0 − 0.05 0 0.05 [4y]
K EE K EF d E f E
K T = ,
EF K FF d F f F
5
3.217 − 2.4127 0 0 0 0
− 2.4127 1,8095 0 0 0 0
0 0 6.2832 0 0 0
where K EE = 10 6 ;
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.05
− 3.217 2.4127 0
2.4127 − 1.8095 0
6 − 6.2832 0 6 9.5002 − 2.4127 0
K EF = 10 ; K FF = 10 =
E 0 ;
; d
0 0 − 2.4127 1.8595
0 0 0
0 − 0.05 0
r1 x
r
1y
u 4 x r2 x 9.6418 × 10 3
d F = ; rE = ; f F = 3
.
u 4 y r2 y 11.4907 × 10
r3 x
r3 y
Since d E = [ 0 0 0],
14.5757
− 10.9317
− 24 . 2175
f E = K EF d F = 10 3 (N).
0
0
− 0.5590
r1 x = 14.5757(kN);
r1 y = -10.9317(kN);
r2 x = -24.2175 (kN);
r2 y = 0 ;
6
r3 x = 0 ;
r3 y = -0.5590 (kN).
If the work done by the external force is computed assuming the force had remained
constant from the initial state to the final state we obtain
Mechanical work of the applied force = ( f 4 x u 4 x + f 4 y u 4 y )=2x82.816 (J)
In the linear theory of elasticity Clapeyron's theorem states that the potential energy of
deformation of a body, which is in equilibrium under a given load, is equal to half the
work done by the external forces computed assuming these forces had remained
constant from the initial state to the final state
7
In reality the forces increased slowly from the initial state (force=0) to the final state
(force= final force). If the work done by the external force is computed assuming the
force increased from the initial state to the final state we obtain
Mechanical work of the applied force = 0.5( f 4 x u 4 x + f 4 y u 4 y )=82.816 (J)