Wireless generations

A new generation of cellular standards will appear approximately for every ten years. since 1G
systems were introduced in 1981 and 2G in 1991 and 3G systems in 2001. Each generation is
characterized by new frequency bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible
transmission technology.

What is 1G - First Generation

1G, which stands for "first generation," refers to the first generation of wireless
telecommunication technology, more popularly known as cellphones. A set of wireless
standards developed in the 1980's, 1G technology replaced 0G technology, which featured
mobile radio telephones and such technologies as Mobile Telephone System (MTS), Advanced
Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), and Push to
Talk (PTT).

Unlike its successor, 2G, which made use of digital signals, 1G wireless networks used analog
radio signals. Through 1G, a voice call gets modulated to a higher frequency of about 150MHz
and up as it is transmitted between radio towers. This is done using a technique called
Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Disadvantages of 1 st generation

In terms of overall connection quality, 1G compares unfavorably to its successors. It has low
capacity, unreliable handoff, poor voice links, and no security at all since voice calls were played
back in radio towers, making these calls susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping by third
parties.

Advantages of 1G over 2G

However, 1G did maintain a few advantages over 2G. In comparison to 1G's analog signals,
2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far
away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be strong enough to reach it. While a call
made from a 1G handset had generally have more quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived
longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital
signal, which had a jagged, angular curve
What is 2G - second generation

• The lower power emissions helped address health concerns

. • Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as SMS(short
message services) and email.

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation
2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard(global system
for mobile communication) in Finland in 1991.

Second generation technologies are either time division multiple access (TDMA) or code
division multiple access (CDMA). TDMA allows for the division of signal into time slots. CDMA
allocates each user a special code to communicate over a multiplex physical channel. . GSM
(Global system for mobile communication) is the most admired standard of all the mobile
technologies. Although this technology originates from the Europe, but now it is used in more
than 212 countries in the world.

GSM technology was the first one to help establish international roaming. This enabled the
mobile subscribers to use their mobile phone connections in many different countries of the
world’s is based on digital .GSM has enabled the users to make use of the short message
services (SMS) to any mobile network at any timeThis technology is beneficial to both the
network operators and the ultimate users at the same time.

Another use of this technology is the availability of international emergency numbers, which can
be used by international users anytime without having to know the local emergency numbers.
PDC or personal digital cellular technology was developed in Japan, and is exclusively used in
JAPAN as well. PDC uses 25 KHz frequency. Docomo launched its first digital service of PDC in
1993.
Advantages

• Greatly reduced fraud . With analog systems it was possible to have two or more "cloned"
handsets that had the same phone number.

• Digital coding improves the voice clarity and reduces noise in the line. Digital signals are
considered environment friendly

• 2G technology holds sufficient security for both the sender and the receiver. All text
messages are digitally encrypted. This digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a
way that only the intended receiver can receive and read it.

Disadvantages

• In some areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends
to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a
problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies

• Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. Under good conditions, digital
will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will sound good. As conditions
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while
analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to
get through.

2.5 G
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second
and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet
switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster
services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services as well.

What is 3G – third generation

International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT--2000), better known as 3G or 3rd

Generation, is a generation of standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunications
services Compared to the older 2G and 2.5G standards, a 3G system must allow simultaneous
use of speech and data services, and provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s according to
the IMT-2000 specification.

By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile
phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first –
Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.

Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) is another 3G Technology (Thrid

Generation Technology). DETC was developed by European telecommunications standards
institute; however it is now widely popular in the other countries of the world as well. It runs over
a frequency of 1900Mhz. WiMax is a 3G Technology (Thrid Generation Technology) and it is
referred to as worldwide interoperability for microwave access. It is a wireless technology. It
transmits variety of wireless signals. It can be operated on the multi point and point modes. it is
portable technology. This technology is based on the wireless internet access.

3G technology is much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies.
These radio technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS
(direct spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time code), IMT-SC (single
carrier). FDMA has only one radio interface known as IMT-FC or frequency code. The aim of the
3G (Thrid Generation Technology) is to allow for more coverage and growth with minimum
investment.

GSM technology was able to transfer circuit switched data over the network. The use of 3G
technology is also able to transmit packet switch data efficiently at better and increased
bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies prefer more advanced services to mobile users. It can help
many multimedia services to function. The spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G
technologies

Only Japan and South Korea were able to implement this technology quickly, largely because of
the high level of government support for new infrastructure advances. In Japan, by the end of
2006 the majority of customers were on 3G and upgrades to the next stage. In December 2007,
190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries, with 200 million subscribers -- but that's still
only around 7% of the 3 billion mobile phone subscriptions worldwide. 3G supports broadband,
packet-based transmission of voice, text, multimedia, and video data at rates from 384 kbps to 2
Mbps. 3G can support a minimum of 2 Mbps for stationary or slow-moving users (walking) and
384 kbps for fast-moving vehicles (in an auto or train). Compare this to rates of 9.6-40 kbps for
2G and 2.5G systems.
Advantages

• The customers will get a high speed network for their communication which is far better than
the 2G technology, particularly in data communication.

• The customer will get wireless broadband.

• Customer can see video or satellite based programs like TV programs using this technology. •
Customers can use all the facilities at same time.

• It may also be cheap than the other traditional media we are using, as a result of price war.

• 3g users will get high quality services such as excellent sound quality, fast mobile internet
connection, new revolutionary services like video calls

Disadvantages

• One thing that makes 3G cellular phones disadvantageous to its users is the fact that these
types of cellular phones are more expensive as compared to those which do not share the same
technology.

• The companies, who will not get license from the spectrum distribution authorities will suffer to
use only 2G, which will badly affect their business. In this situation these companies will either
disappear from this sector or will run with losses. Because of the customers will start to use the
services of the companies having 3G technology.

• The radiation of magnetic waves generated with the heavily use of the wireless system will
affect our life also. More uses of the services will have more effect on us. The radiation of the
magnetic waves are danger for our life. A long use can affect our brains.

• The mobile are not suitable devices to see TV or web browsing. So, initially this service may
be used in mass but in future, mobile can not be used to see the TV or for Internet surfing.
Which will affect the business of 3G.

applications

The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:

• Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's phone where it can
be watched.

• Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.

• Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.

• Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the potentially isolated
subscriber.

• Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic conditions to the

phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby businesses or friends.

The benefits of 3G technology:

- While on the road, a manager can conduct a teleconference with colleagues to discuss an
upcoming presentation. He can download the latest version, make edits online, all while talking.

- Users can take advantage of mobile video on demand to watch news, sports highlights, and
video clips anytime on their mobile devices .You can also pay your bills and balance your
checks by logging on to your bank account using the 3G devices that you have
Teleconferencing is one of the best applications for the 3G technology in your work.

What is 4G – fourth generation

4G (also known as Beyond 3G), an abbreviation for Fourth-Generation, is a term used to

describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to
provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given
to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis, and at higher data rates than previous generations

4G systems are expected to appear in 2011-2013 (pre-4G systems like mobile WiMAX have
already appeared), and fifth generation systems after 2020.The world's first commercial mobile
WiMAX service was opened in South Korea on 30 June 2006.

As the second generation was a total replacement of the first generation networks and
handsets; and the third generation was a total replacement of second generation networks and
handsets; so too the fourth generation cannot be an incremental evolution of current 3G
technologies, but rather the total replacement of the current 3G networks and handsets. The
international telecommunications regulatory and standardization bodies are working for
commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2012-2015 time scale.

advantages of 4G

4G, the latest generation in wireless technology, offers you connection speeds like you have
never experienced before and a quality, reliable signal that will never let you down. Fourth
generation connections are nearly four times faster than their predecessors; to put this into
perspective, you can easily download an entire feature-length movie in mere minutes, instead of
hours

In addition to being clearly superior in terms of connection speeds, fourth generation provides a
much more reliable signal than any previous service has ever been able to offer. In addition, it is
also much safer than connecting over a traditional Wi-Fi signal. The connection is much more
secure and you don’t have to worry about hackers getting into the signal and gaining access to
your personal files and information. Fourth generation connections not only provide a strong,
reliable signal, they are incredibly secure as well. Another big advantage of 4G wireless is the
huge range of coverage areas it can service. Instead of providing access to the internet to a
household, apartment building or even a city block, fourth generation signals can reach across
entire cities, providing you with a secure and fast internet connection .Upgrade today to the
fourth generation and see what you have been missing.

3g vs 4g

As 4G seems to have taken a step closer to reality, I decided to do some research and find out
what advantages 4G may offer over 3G. The specifications for 4G are not standardized
One of the main advantages that 4G technology will have over 3G is higher data rates. This will
benefit the end user by allowing faster access to multimedia and video while on the move

What 5G Technology offers

5G technology going to be a new mobile revolution in mobile market. Through 5G technology

now you can use worldwide cellular phones and this technology also strike the china mobile
market and a user being proficient to get access to Germany phone as a local phone5G
technology has extraordinary data capabilities and has ability to tie together unrestricted call
volumes and infinite data broadcast within latest mobile operating system. 5G technology has a
bright future because it can handle best technologies and offer priceless handset to their
customers. May be in coming days 5G technology takes over the world market

5G Technology Features

The high quality services of 5G technology based on Policy to avoid error.

• The 5G technology is providing up to 25 Mbps

• The uploading and downloading speed of 5G technology touching the peak
• The 5G technology network offering enhanced and available connectivity just about the
world
• A new revolution of 5G technology is about to begin because 5G technology going to
give tough completion to normal computer and laptops whose marketplace value will be
effected. There are lots of improvements from 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G to 5G in the world of
telecommunications. The new coming 5G technology is available in the market in
affordable rates, high peak future and much reliability than its preceding technologies.