c





  defined as the time from the delivery of the placenta through the first few weeks after the
delivery. This period is usually considered to be 6 weeks in duration. By 6 weeks after delivery, most of
the changes of pregnancy, labor, and delivery have resolved and the body has reverted to the
nonpregnant state.

 

 . Laboratory analysis of amniotic fluid. About two tablespoons worth of amniotic fluid is
removed from the sac surrounding the baby, inside the motherƞs womb, to determine if any genetic
abnormalities exist. The test, typically performed during the second trimester, is extremely reliable and
can also be used to determine the babyƞs sex.


 
  

 . Migration of cells from the lining of the endocervical canal
(endocervix) to the outer portion of the cervix (ectocervix). Sometimes inaccurately called erosion or
abrasion, which implies damage. Cervical ectropion is a normal condition and is common in young women
and women taking birth control pills.

 

 

. Also known as the due date. Calculated as 40 weeksƜabout
nine monthsƜfrom the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP). Keep in mind, though, that any
delivery within 38 to 42 weeks is considered normal. The term comes from the fact that pregnant women
were once confined during the last trimester of pregnancy.

  
 . Secretion of the cervical mucous glands; the quality and quantity of these secretions
are influenced by estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen makes secretions abundant and clear, with
spinnbarkeit and afernpattern on drying. Progesterone makes secretions scant, opaque and cellular,
without a fern pattern on microscopic examination.

  A specific hypertensive disorder of pregnancy with the diagnosis made on the basis of
hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both. It occurs after the 20th week of pregnancy.

!  

Separation of the normally located placenta from its uterine attachment between
the 20th week of pregnancy and the birth of the infant. Occurs mainly in the third trimester

 
"#
 
#
A hypotensive syndrome often characterized by sweating, nausea,and
tachycardia. It occurs in some pregnant women in the supine position and is related to obstruction by the
pregnant uterus of venous return.

$"# A diagnostic aid in which high-frequency sound waves are used to detect the presence of
normal and abnormal pregnancies and pelvic tumors. It is used also to locate the placenta and to
measure the fetal biparietal diameter.

  %
  $
 
% A fetus whose size is smaller than expected for gestational age.
Potential etiologies include inaccurate dates, fetal anomalies, intrauterine fetal growth retardation, etc.

&' "

 A test for infertility in which cervical mucus is aspirated after coitus and examined
for quality and presence or absence of infection. The motility, normality, and number of sperm are noted.

"$ Ig6 directed against Rh positive antigens. Rhogam is indicated for an Rh negative infant, and
an Rh negative mother who is not immunized to the Rh positive antigens.

" 

 Application of a solution of iodine to the cervix. The iodine is taken up by the glycogen in
normal vaginal epithelium, giving it a brown color. Areas lacking in glycogen are white or whitish-yellow,
as in leukoplakia or cancer. Although non-staining areas are not diagnostic of cancer, they aid in choosing
the spot to which a biopsy should be directed.

  A product of the anterior pituitary 199 Amino acids with glycosylated and nonglycosylated
forms. It possesses a myriad of effects, the most noticeable being lactation controlled by prolactin
inhibiting factor.


  #  

  An infection of the pelvic viscera, usually by ascending routes.
The most frequent primary etiologic agent is Neisseria gonorrhea. Other important causative organisms
include coliform bacilli and streptococci.

  
 An imaginary plane passing through the pelvis that represents the upper boundary of the
true pelvis. It is bounded posteriorly by the promontory and also of the sacrum, laterally by the linea
terminalis, and anteriorly by the horizontal rami of the pubic bones and the upper margin of the
symphysis pubis.

( $
 
 Peritoneal folds containing connective tissue, autonomic nerves, andinvoluntary
muscle, arising on each side of the posterior wall of the uterus at about the level oftheinternal cervical os,
and passing backward toward the rectum, around which they extend to theirinsertion on the sacral wall.
Considered to play an important part in axial support of the uterus.

( $
   Dense connective tissue that represents the union of the base of the
broadligament to the supravaginal portion of the cervix and laterally to the sides of the pelvis. It
isconsidered to be the primary support of the uterus.

($
 "  
 "     A polypeptide hormone produced
by the synctiotrophoblast. It bears similarity to prolactin and somatropin from the pituitary and is
intimately involved in carbohydrate metabolism of the mother and fetus. Abbreviated as hPL orhCS.

   Benign mammary tumor, commonly multiple, occurring predominantly inparous
women at or shortly before the menopause. It is located typically beneath the areola and is often
associated with bleeding from the nipple.

'#
 $$"# Roentgenography of the uterus and tubes after injection of
radiopaquecontrast medium through cervix. Useful in ascertaining irregularities of the uterine cavity and
potency of the fallopian tubes.

'# ! $

  A deficiency of circulating fibrinogen, usually below 100 mg percent. It maybe
seen in conditions such as abruptio placentae, amniotic fluid embolism, fetal death, and occasionally
intraamniotic instillation of hypertonic saline, in which the fibrinogen is consumed by disseminated
intravascular coagulation.

'#
"
    "#
  "
  Proliferation of the ovarian cortical stoma,
usually in the postmenopausal state. May be associated with increased estrogen and androgen
production.

' "
 A vasomotor symptom characterized by transient hot sensations that involve chiefly the
upper part of the thorax, neck and head. They are frequently followed by sweats and are associated with
cessation or diminution in ovarian secretion of estrogen.

'#
 

 


  Abnormal proliferation of the endometrium with a marked increasei n the number of
glands with increased and often abnormal mitotic activity. These changes may be related to prolonged,
unopposed estrogen stimulation. Adenomatoushyperplasia is sometimes a precursor of carcinoma of the
endometrium.

#  $  Endometrial proliferation with dilated glands but very little nuclearatypia, seldom
progressing to endometrial carcinoma.
 c)


)) Libial
%)) Tibolone

c*c
 2.5mg tablets
(

+c) Other Estrogens
')
c+c) A steroid derived from norenthynodrel that has estrogenic, progestogenic,
and weak androgenic properties. Used as menopausal hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of
menopausal vasomotor symptoms and the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
)c)  Complaints due to natural or surgical menopause, prevention of postmenopausal
osteoporosis in estrogen deficiency states.
c))c)
 Pregnancy and lactation, hormone-dependent tumors, undiagnosed vaginal
bleeding, severe liver disorders. Deep venous thrombosis

++
: vaginal bleeding, headaches, nausea, upset stomach, dizziness and rashes
),
)%c)
c)
å? Obtain patientƞs medical history
å? Perform liver function tests before and during treatment
å? Perform blood test
å? Assess mental status of patient
å? Assess female for intact uterus
å? Assess for edema, hypertension, cardiac symptoms, and jaundice
å? Monitor urine output
?
,%) Co-Amoxiclav
(

+c) Penicillins
c
-c,-+.,)/ 600mg/IV/bid
')
c+c) Inhibits enzymes involved in formation of
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall
c))c) Hypersensitivity to penicillins, cephalosporins or other
beta-lactams

 ++
 Hypersensitivity reactions, GI upset, mucocutaneous candidiasis. Rarely hepatitis,
cholestatic jaundice, interstitial nephritis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, blood dyscrasias, CNS effects,
antibiotic associated colitis
),
)%
c)
 (

å? Monitor for signs of nephrotoxicity; urine casts, proteinuria, increased BUN, and creatinine.
å? Monitor for bleeding; ecchymosis, bleeding gums, hematuria, stool guaiac daily if on long-term
therapy.
å? Monitor patient for signs of allergic reaction during therapy; rash, uticaria, pruritus, chills, fever,
joint pains.
?
,%) Metformin 
(

+c) Anti-diabetic drugs
c
-c,-+.,)/ 500mg/PO/1-3x a day
')
c+c) increases the sensitivity of liver, muscle, fat, and other tissues to the
uptake and effects of insulin which lowers the level of sugar in blood
c))c) hypersensitivity to metformin hydrochloride, renal disease or renal dysfunction,
acute or chronic metabolic acidosis, including diabeticketoacidosis, with or without coma

++
nausea, vomiting, gas, bloating, diarrhea, and loss of appetite, headache, muscle pain
),
)%
c)
 (

å? Obtain blood glucose level at morning before giving the medication.
å? Educate patient on signs and symptoms of hypo and hyperglycemia and proper action regarding
each condition












,%(

"

 - a flexible tube used to drain fluid from or inject fluid into the body. The most common
catheter is the Foley catheter, used to drain urine from the bladder.

# - test to look into the rectum and colon. The doctor uses a long, flexible, narrow tube with
a light and tiny lens on the end. The tube is called a colonoscope.

  "
#
# - an operation to remove the gallbladder. The doctor inserts a
laparoscope, and other surgical instruments, through small holes in the abdomen. The camera allows the
doctor to see the gallbladder on a television screen. The doctor removes the gallbladder through the
holes.


 
"
  - the peritoneum is a two-layered membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal
cavity and covers abdominal organs. Sometimes organs begin to adhere to the peritoneum, requiring
surgery to free the organs again.

'#
# A diagnostic procedure in which a lighted scope is inserted through the cervix to enable
the physician to view the inside of the uterus. It is used for the treatment and diagnosis of uterine
adhesions, polyps, fibroids and septums.

(# The surgical visual examination of the pelvic organs (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes)
through the abdomen with the use of a laparoscope. It is used for the treatment and diagnosis of ovarian
cysts, endometriosis, tubal disease, pelvic adhesions, fibroids, and ectopic pregnancies. Full visualization
of the abdomen is achieved as well.

# When a woman finds a lump in her breast, or a mammogram reveals a suspicious area, a biopsy
is performed to determine whether cancer is the cause. A surgeon performs a biopsy to remove a tissue
sample or the entire lump, which is then reviewed under a microscope. Breast biopsies may also be done
with a needle, depending on the type and location of the area in question.

( 
#is surgery to remove a breast tumor and some of the surrounding tissue. This surgery is
performed in a hospital under local anesthesia and a mild sedative, and does not require an overnight
stay. Lumpectomy is appropriate for women who have single tumors under 4 cms, with surrounding
margins of tissue that are free of cancerous cells.


# removes the entire breast, either to treat breast cancer or to prevent it in high-risk
individuals. Mastectomy is recommended for women whose cancers cannot be completely removed by
lumpectomy, who cannot tolerate radiation, or who have two or more areas of cancer in different areas
of the same breast.

A  
 
# removes the entire breast, including the nipple, areola, skin and the
fatty tissue underneath the skin, and some underarm lymph nodes. Currently the most commonly
performed mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy is recommended when invasive cancer is present.

A   
# removes the entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes and the chest muscle.
Considered standard care for breast cancer years ago, this surgery is almost never used now.

0 & $ 

#: When reconstruction is performed immediately with mastectomy, the
nipple and areola are typically removed along with the breast tissue, but most of the breast skin is kept
to hold an implant or a flap of tissue from elsewhere on the body. Women who have immediate
reconstruction need a longer hospital stay (usually a few days) than with mastectomy alone, and a longer
recovery (between 3-6 weeks), depending on the type of reconstruction.

  
"
 . An anesthetic which is injected into the "epidural space" in the middle and lower
back, just outside the spinal space, to numb the lower extremities.The injection can cause both a loss of
sensation (anaesthesia) and a loss of pain (analgesia), by blocking the transmission of signals through
nerves in or near the spinal cord.


$
# $
#. An operation performed immediately as a result of a urgent medical condition. It
must be performed without delay; the patient has no choice other than immediate surgery, if he does not
want to risk permanent disability or death.

?

 
  $
# An operation the patient chooses to have done, which may not be essential to
continuation of quality of life. Surgery that is scheduled in advance because it does not involve a medical
emergency

  $
# is most commonly used to operate on tissues such as nerves and blood vessels and on
small structures in the eye, middle ear, and reproductive system. Microsurgery is normally carried out
under general anaesthesia.

   $
# is a technique that enables various procedures to be performed without making
large incisions in the skin. Endoscopic surgery may be used to operate inside any part of the body that is
large enough for the instruments to be inserted into and moved around.

An

 is a tube-like viewing instrument with a light source. Some endoscopes have a built-in
miniature camera. Endoscopes are inserted through a natural body opening, such as the anus, or through
a small incision, depending on the site to be accessed.

(
 

 is used in gynaecological procedures. A laser beam can be directed into the body
through an endoscope to remove scar tissue inside the fallopian tubes, which may cause infertility. Lasers
are also used to remove cysts that form in the pelvic area due to

   and to destroy
abnormal cells on the cervix that, if left untreated, may develop into cancer

c
 $
# is a group of surgical procedures in which internal body structures are accessed by large
incisions made in the skin. Open surgery is used for all internal organ transplant operations and for
caesarean sections. Open surgery may also be necessary for the removal of certain types of tumour or in
cases in which the extent of the problem is not known.

 $
# is a group of operations carried out to replace failing body organs or tissues with
healthy ones. Transplants are usually performed only when the tissue type and blood group of the donor
and recipient are similar.

  $
# is a group of procedures used to repair and reconstruct skin and underlying tissue or
alter its appearance. Skin or tissue that has been damaged or destroyed as a result of disease or injury or
that has been malformed since birth can often be repaired or reconstructed using plastic surgery.

 $

  $
# a simple procedure to correct the ear size by trimming or reshaping the
cartilage or by pinning it back and thus moving the ear closer to the head. Cartilage ear surgery,
sometimes also called otoplasty, is a minor surgery and can be performed for children beyond the age of
six or seven.

c 

 $
# is mainly related to shaping and sizing the ear cartilage after making small incisions
if required, Middle ear surgery is more related to the ear canal, the three bones of the ear and the ear
drum.

    $
# is performed to cure patients with such problems. Patients having holes or
perforations in their ear drum, usually suffer from some amount of hearing loss. Ear drum surgery might
be performed to correct the problem.