Practical 2

Aim :To determine the heat of reaction for :

a) Na2Co3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H1
b) NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2 ∆H2
and indirectly, by Hess Law of constant heat summation, the
heat of reaction for
c) 2NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O ∆H3

Apparatus :50 cm3 burette, retort stand and clamp, plastic cup, thermometer 0
C – 110 C ( 0.2 C), wash bottle filled with distilled water, electric
balance ( 0.01g).

Material : EC 1 is 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid

EC 2 is solid anhydrous sodium carbonate
EC 3 is solid sodium hydrogen carbonate

Procedure :
1. 30.0 cm3 of EC 1 was run into a plastic cup using a
burette. The cup was leave with its contents to stand for
a few minutes, then, the temperature of the solution was
record in the table.
2. A test tube containing 2.3 g of EC2 was weight
accurately and the weight was record.
3. At one go, all the EC2 was transfer into the plastic cup
containing EC1. All the solid from the test tube was
ensure to enters the plastic cup and no liquid is lost
through splashing.
4. The solution was stir carefully with the thermometer. The
highest temperature attained was record.
5. The almost empty empty test tube was weight again.
 6. The above procedure was repeat using EC3 to replace
EC2 by weighing accurately 3.0 g of EC 3.

Safety Precaution :

1. When stir the solution, make sure the plastic is cover with paper to avoid it
splash outside.
2. Make sure there is no fan is on during the experiment.
3. Handle the HCl with care because it is a corrosive substance.
Result :

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 27

EC 2 EC3
Weight of solid / g 2. 05 2.85
Final temperature of
mixture / C 24 21

Temperature change / C 3 6

Calculation :

In Hess Law:
Equation 1: Mixture of EC1 & EC2:
Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2

Equation 2: Mixture of EC1 & EC3:

NaHCO 3 + HCl NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2

Equation 3: (Hess law)

2NaHCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2

Equation 2 (X2)
2NaHCO 3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + 2H 2 O + 2CO 2

The Na 2 CO 3 is the product which we want to determine its enthalpy change;

therefore, the equation 1 is reverse:
2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl
By adding the equation 1 & 2:
2NaHCO 3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + 2H 2 O + 2CO 2
2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2 Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl
It becomes:
2NaHCO 3 + 2HCl + 2NaCl + H 2 O + CO 2
2NaCl + 2H 2 O + 2CO 2 + Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl

2NaHCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2

Heat for Equation 1:

Q = mcθ
= (2.05) X 4.18 X 3
∆H 1 = 25.707 (endothermic)

Heat for Equation 2:

Q = mcθ
= (2.85) X 4.18 X 6
= 71.478 (endothermic)
∆H 2 multiply by 2 because the equations 2 multiply 2 to balance up:
∆H 2 = 2 X 967.04J
= 142.956J

Heat of reaction for Equation 3:

∆H 1 + ∆H 2 = ∆H 3
25.707+ 142.956 = 168.663J

Question :

1. Draw an energy level diagram for the related reactions.

 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

25.707J

NaCl + H2O + CO2 - -- - - - - - - -

168.663J
142.956J

2NaHCO 3 --------------------

2. What are the four assumption that you make in all your calculation?
1. The density of water = 1 g/cm-3.
2. Experiment is in standard condition ( standard temperature and
standard pressure)
3. Specific heat of the mixture is equal to specific heat of water
4. No heat loss to surrounding

3. What step can be taken to improve the accuracy the value of H1 ,

H2, and H3 ?

1. Use 2 plastic cups to reduce heat loss to surroundings

2. Make sure there is no splashing of the solution from the plastic cups
3. Cover the plastic cups
4. Repeat the experiment to get accurate data

4. The standard enthalpy changes of combustion of benzene, carbon

and hydrogen are – 3271, - 394 , -286 kJmol-1. Calculate the standard
enthalpy change of formation of benzene.

Equation for combustion

 C6H6 + 15/2 O2 6CO2 + 3H2O

Element with the most stable form under standard condition will have
enthalpy change of 0. Therefore, O2 = 0

C6H6 ΔH = -3271 kJ mol-1

CO2 ΔH = -394 kJ mol-1
H ΔH = -286 kJ mol-1

Standard enthalpy change of combustion of benzene :

= [6CO2 + 3H2O] – [C6H6 + 15/2 O2]

= [6(-394) + 3(-286 – 0 )] – [ -3271 + 15/2 (0)]
= [-3222] + 3271
= 49 kJ

Discussion

Hess law state that the heat liberated or absorbed in a chemical reaction
is independent of the route by which the chemical change occurs, provided the
initial and final condition are the same. The law states that enthalpy is the state
function. It depends only upon the initial and final state of the reactants or
products and not on the specific pathway taken to get from the reactants to the
product.

There are four assumptions that I make in my calculation. It is the density

of the solution is equal to the density of the water. It is 1 g cm-3. Other
assumption is the specific heat of the solution is also equal to the specific heat of
the water. It is 4.186 Jg-1 k-1. We are also assume that there is no heat loss to the
surroundings and the experiment is in the standard temperature and pressure.

We also have to prioritize the safety precaution while doing the

experiment, to improve the accuracy of the values. One of the precaution is use
two of plastic cups because it is a good insulator. When the solution is stir, make
sure there is no splashing because it can affect the calculation. To reduce the
loss of the heat, we can use the filter paper to cover the cup.

Conclusion
The enthalpy change for the heat of reaction for sodium hydrogen carbonate can
be determine using Hess law where ΔH1 + ΔH2 = ΔH3 = 25.707 J + 142.956 J =
168.663 J.

References ;

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/492712/heat-of-reaction

http://pslc.ws/fire/cellulos/combcals.htm
Lee Ching (2006), PREU TEXT STPM CHEMISTRY, Longman

Hong, E. N., Wah, L. E., & Ching, L. Y.(2004). E-masteri SPM Kimia. Selangor
Darul Ehsan: Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.