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Rossby Waves
There are several aspects of waves that we can use to characterize their nature:
1) Period – The amount of time it takes to complete one oscillation of the wave\
2) Wavelength (λ) – Distance between two peaks of troughs
3) Amplitude – The distance between the peak and the trough of the wave
4) Phase – Where the wave is in a cycle of amplitude change
For a 1-D wave moving in the x-direction, the phase is defined by:
φ ( x, t ) = kx − υt − α (1)
2π
where φ is the phase, k is the wave number = , υ = frequency of oscillation (s-1), and
λ
α = constant determined by the initial conditions. If the observer is moving at the phase
υ
speed of the wave ( c ≡ ), then the phase of the wave is constant.
k
For simplification purposes, we will only deal with linear sinusoidal wave motions.
When describing the velocity of waves, a distinction must be made between the group
velocity and the phase speed. The group velocity is the velocity at which the observable
disturbance (energy of the wave) moves with time. The phase speed of the wave (as
given above) is how fast the constant phase portion of the wave moves.
A dispersive wave is one in which the pattern of the wave changes with time. In
dispersive waves, the group velocity is usually different than the phase speed. A non-
dispersive wave is one in which the patterns of the wave do not change with time as the
wave propagates (“rigid” wave). Rossby waves are dispersive waves.
These waves can occur in the atmosphere only when the atmosphere is stably stratified.
That is, if a parcel of air is lifted or forced to descend from its equilibrium level, it will
return to that level. This occurs when the potential temperature increases with height, or
Γ < Γd (environmental lapse rate is less than the dry adiabatic lapse rate).
Technically these types of waves are called buoyancy waves, since the buoyancy force is
the restoring force (force that causes the parcel to return to the equilibrium level).
However, these waves are commonly referred to as gravity waves.
In the atmosphere, gravity waves may propagate both vertically and horizontally. In a
vertically propagating wave, the phase is a function of height. These waves are called
internal waves. Internal waves have important implications at scales smaller than the
synoptic scale.
Rossby waves are the most important type of wave for large-scale meteorological
processes. In a baroclinic atmosphere, Rossby waves conserve potential vorticity.
Movement of Rossby waves is due to this conservation aspect. It is easiest described for
a barotropic atmosphere with constant depth. In this case, Rossby waves conserve
absolute vorticity. If a closed chain of air parcels around a circle of latitude is displaced,
the new relative vorticity at a later time ( ζ t1 ) is:
ζ t1 = f t 0 − f t1 = − βδy (1)
∂f
where ft0 = Coriolis parameter at time 0, ft1 = Coriolis parameter at time 1, and β ≡
∂y
(planetary vorticity gradient at the original latitude).
β
c=u − (2)
K2
where:
wavenumber is just the number of waves over a given distance. So K2 is the total
horizontal wavenumber squared.
Eq. (2) shows that Rossby waves always propagate westward relative to the mean zonal
flow. We can develop an equation for when the Rossby wave is stationary. When c = 0,
equation (2) becomes:
β
K2 = (3)
u
Eq. (3) defines the relationship between the mean zonal flow and the wavenumber when
the phase speed is zero.
Note that even though the phase speed of the wave may be zero, the group velocity of the
Rossby wave does not have to be since they are dispersive waves. The group velocity of
Rossby waves is eastward relative to the ground. If Rossby waves were non-dispersive
(no changes in amplitude along the wave), the group velocity = phase speed.
Equation (2) can be simplified. It is sometimes assumed that l (meridional wave number)
= 0, since Rossby waves do not typically tilt in the meridional direction. Equation (2)
becomes:
β
c=u − (4)
k2
2π
Furthermore, we know that the zonal wavenumber (k) = . Eq. (4) becomes:
λ
β
c=u − (5)
2π
[ ]2
λx