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Network, to
substantially improve and extend the Available Resoure Maps (AMRs) that are the focus of this paper on moving towards Cogntive Radio
Systems or Networks (as opposed to simply Cognitive Radios).
There is no question that Cogntive Radio Newtorks are the future of wireless and are especially needed, and cost justified even now, for:
Smart Transport, Energy, Environment Radio (STEER) and complimentary wireless (e.g., precision agriculture and resouce manangemnet use
and protection) for core infrastructure and wide-georgraphy industries for the US and all nations.
Probability of Detection
CR node 1 CR node 2 ... CR node N 0.6
% !
%
u1% 'u2 uN !! 0.5
1, 3, 10 sensors
% ' !
%% ' !
& '
% ( "!
! 0.4
u 0.2
)0
0.1
Fig. 1. Block diagram of a parallel fusion network.
0
T
uk = (u1 , . . . , uk−1 , uk+1 , . . . , uN ) and ukj = 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Probability of False Alarm
0.8 1
T
(u1 , . . . , uk−1 , uk = j, uk+1 , . . . , uN ) , j = 0, 1. The
Fig. 2. Distributed detection of a known signal in AWGN using single-cycle
fusion rule is also a threshold test, and is given by detectors (Eb /No = 3 dB).
N " " # " ##
! 1 − P Mi P Mi techniques are an alternative approach for the unknown signal
ui log + (1 − ui ) log
i=1
PFi 1 − PFi detection problem that have many advantages, including signal
u0 =1
"
P (H0 )
# classification capabilities and reduced sensitivity to unknown
≷ log . (2) and changing background noise. Such techniques exploit tim-
u0 =0 P (H1 )
ing or phase properties of digitally modulated signals, and have
Thus, the person-by-person optimization solution to the binary been receiving a great deal of attention by the IEEE 802.22
decentralized Bayesian hypothesis testing problem is given by work group [13].
a system of nonlinear coupled equations. It is well-known Assume, for example, a basic cyclic-feature detector known
that the computational effort required to solve a system of as a single-cycle detector. The test statistic of such a detector
nonlinear coupled equations increases rapidly with the num- is given by [14]
ber of detectors. Tsitsiklis and Athans show in their classic $% ∞ $
paper [10] that even the simplest problems of decentralized $ α α
$ H1
$ SxT (t, f ) SS (f ) df $$ ≷ γ, (3)
decision making are hard from an algorithmic viewpoint, and $
−∞ H0
that it becomes an NP-complete problem if the measurements
at each sensor are not independent. where SxαT (t, f ) is the cyclic periodogram of the received
As the testing functions at both the local detectors and (cycloergodic) signal x (t), given by
at the data fusion center have the form of a likelihood &% T
t+ 2
'
ratio, the decision thresholds are the only free parameters. α 1 2 ) du
−j2π (f + α u
SxT (t, f ) = x (u) e
Therefore, the distributed detection problem reduces to the T t− T2
search of the optimal threshold. One possible way to find
&% T '
t+ 2
j2π (f − α )u
these optimal thresholds is by using iterative computational × x (u) e
∗ 2 du ,(4)
t− T2
algorithms. For example, a nonlinear Gauss-Seidel iterative
algorithm derived in [11] allows for the solution of reasonably and SSα (f ) is the ideal spectral correlation function.
large-sized problems, at the expense of requiring messages The performance of a single-cycle detector in a distributed
to be transmitted among fusion center and CR nodes. Other architecture, using the Gauss-Seidel algorithm for data fusion,
possible iterative algorithms can be found in [9]. is shown in Fig. 2. It is seen that when signal detection is
III. D ISTRIBUTED S IGNAL D ETECTION U SING performed using 10 sensors instead of using a single sensor,
S INGLE -C YCLE D ETECTORS the probability of detection increases from approximately 30%
to 60%, for a probability of false alarm equal to 10%.
Cognitive radios must be able to detect spectrum usage with
no a priori knowledge of modulation format and characteris-
IV. S IGNAL C LASSIFICATION U SING C YCLOSTATIONARITY
tics, such as the bandwidth, carrier frequency, and chip-rate,
of primary systems. The most conventional approach for the In addition to frequency occupancy estimation, cognitive
detection of an unknown deterministic signal in AWGN is radio systems may also need to classify the primary system
the radiometer, which is simply a measure of received energy that occupies a given frequency band. For example, the
in time and frequency. However, it is well-known that such protection (in terms of allowable interference level) that a
a method is highly susceptible to unknown and changing cognitive radio system may provide to a primary user may
noise levels and interference [12]. Cyclic-feature detection be dependent on the primary system. By taking advantage of
BPSK Cycle Freq. Profile with SNR=0 dB Obs. Length=100
1
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Fig. 3. Spectral coherence function of a BPSK signal. Fig. 5. Cycle frequency domain profile of a BPSK signal.
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Fig. 4. Spectral coherence function of a BFSK signal. Fig. 6. Cycle frequency domain profile of a BFSK signal.
the inherent cyclostationarity existent in digital signals, cyclic- signal classification. It can be shown that most digital signals
feature algorithms have the potential to provide reliable signal and some analog signals have distinctive spectral coherence
classification even at low signal-to-noise ratio scenarios. functions.
Cyclic-feature algorithms for signal classification typically It is shown in [16] that in order to ease the design of the
use the spectral coherence function of the received signal, signal classification algorithm, it is convenient to define the
defined as [15] following cycle frequency domain profile function
∆ Sxα (f ) ∆
I(α) = max |Cxα (f )| . (8)
Cxα (f ) = . (5) f
[Sx0 (f + α/2)Sx0 (f − α/2)]1/2
This function is of particular interest as it gives a normalized The profile functions of BPSK and BFSK signals are shown
measure of the cross-correlation between signal components in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively. As described in [16], an efficient
at frequencies f − α/2 and f + α/2. The magnitude of the signal classification algorithm is obtained by matching the
spectral coherence function ranges from 0 to 1, and is invariant profile function I(α) of the received signal with a database
to linear transformations to the incoming signal. of profile functions of possible digital and analog modulation
In (5), the spectral correlation function Sxα (f ) is defined as schemes. The probability of correct classification for such an
algorithm is shown in Fig. 7, assuming a low signal-to-noise
Sxα (f ) = lim lim SxαT (t, f )∆f , (6) ratio environment and a collection of five modulation schemes.
∆f →0 T →∞
It is observed that except for the QPSK modulation (QPSK
where has only cyclic feature for the symbol rate, and the strength
f +∆f /2 of cyclic feature accounting for the symbol rate is less than
1
!
∆
SxαT (t, f )∆f = SxαT (t, v)dv, (7) the one due to carrier frequency), all other schemes have very
∆f f −∆f /2
good probability of correct classification [16].
and the cyclic periodogram SxαT (t, f ) is given by (4).
The spectral coherence functions of BPSK and BFSK sig- V. C OGNITIVE R ADIO S YSTEMS BASED ON AVAILABLE
nals are shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. It is seen that the R ESOURCE M APS
spectral coherence function corresponding to these modulation An unlicensed wireless WAN based on the combination
techniques have distinct features that ultimately allow for of cognitive radio and available resource maps (ARM) was
SkyTel believes this sort of AMR-agumented Cognitive Radio (CR) network idea can be much fruther ehanced by the CR radios and network employing near-constant
sub-foot-level High Accuracy Location (HALO) in the participating CR radios. HALO determination can be used, with time-matched, near-constant spectrum-use
sensing of each radio in all times of day and season. These two correlated measurements can be used to build a map of the wireless network geographic region and
how, on a cubic-foot to cubic-foot basis, the radio signals propagate and interacte (including co-channel [CC] and adjacent-channel [AC] RF multipath. With known
fixed-station tranceivers, and the mobile received moving in various patterns, this will of course result in a massive database, but those are not cheap to store, build on,
and utilze. The resolution / accuracy would improve over time, the more the above paried measurements take place over the whole Network region. (Continued below.)