Medicine Doctor, nurse, dentist, pharmacist, veterinarian, physiotherapist

Biotechnology Biotechnologist, nutritionist, food technologist

+Biology Agriculture Estate manager, botanist, agricultural officer

Biology is the study of life or living organisms.

bios –  life Industry Research officer, scientist

logy  - (original: logos) which means study.

+Importance of Biology +Charecteristic of Living Organism

 better understanding on the functions of human body. Metapolism: Obtain energy for life and activities
 better understanding on the causes of diseases and its cure.
 better understanding on ecology and hence improve the management of
problems related to the environment. Respiration: Breakdown food to obtain energy for growth, movement....
 saving animal and plant species which arefacing extinction.

Nutrition: -Sources of energy and growth

+Fields of Biology Research -Repair dameged tissue
 Anatomy  Entomology
 Physiology  Developmetal biology
Locomotion: Moving from place to place (only for animal)
 Cell biology  Ecology
 Molecular biology  Zoology
 Genetics  Botany
Reproduction: Reproduce offspring
 Microbiology  Taxonomy
 Bacteriology  Histology
Growth: Increasing in size

Excretion: Expelled waste from body

+Career Related to Biology +Scientific Method

Scientific method is a body of technique of acquiring knowledge about the nature +Inference
and its phenomena.
Inference is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based on what one already
+Basics Steps of Scientific Investigation knows.

1. Identifying problem +Variable

2. Making hypothesis
3. Planning the investigation Variable is a quantity whose value may change in an experiment. It is the
4. Identifying and Controlling Variable parameter that may influence the outcome of an experiment or the data been
5. Conducting the experiment collected in the experiment.
6. Collecting and recording data
7. Analysing and interpreting data
8. Making conclusion
9. Preparing the report

+The 2 main scientific skills

 Science process skill (Mental skill)

 Manipulative skill (Hand skill)

+The 6 Science Process Skill (OCCMIP)

 Observation
 Communication
 Classification
 Measurement
 Inference
 Prediction

+Examples of Manipulative Skill

1. Handling apparatus and material correctly.

2. Handling speciment correctly
3. Clean apparatus correctly
4. Storing apparatus and reagents correctly

+Hypothesis
2.1 Cellular Components & Their Functions
Hypothesis is a suggested explanation for a specific phenomenon.
 1. Maintain the shape of the cell.
2. Acts as a medium for the biochemical reactions occur
+Theory of Cell within the cell
3. Storing chemical substances such as glicogen granules (in
1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells .. animal cells), starch granules (inplant cells) and enzymes.
2. Cells are the fundamental and structural unit of life. 4. Stores a variety of organelle.
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
+Cell Wall
+Non-organelle Structures of Cell
1. Support the cell and the plant.
1. Plasma membrane 2. Maintain the shape of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm 3. Prevents the cell from bursting when too much water
3. Cell wall (plant cell only) enters the cell through osmosis.
4. Allows substances to move through it.
+Organelle Structures of a Cell
+Nucleus
1. Nucleus
2. Endoplasmic Recticulum 1. Contains the genetic material of a cell.
3. Mitochondrion 2. Controls the activities of the cell.
4. Ribosom 3. Produces ribosomes and ribonucleic acids(RNA).
5. Golgi apparatus
6. Vacuole
7. Chloroplast (plant cell only)

+Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum:
+Plasma Membrane
 Transporting the newly synthesised protein.
1. Separates the content of the cell from its external  Involve in the systhesis of protein.
environment.  Provides surface for chemical reaction
2. Regulates the movement of substances entering and
leaving the cell. Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum:
3. Allows the exchange of nutrients, respiratory gases and
wastes products between the cell and its environment  Transporting lipids and glycerols.
 Synthesising lipids and other non-protein substances.
+Cytoplasm
+Mitochonrion g. endoplasmic recticulum

1. Produces ATP (Adenosine triphosphate.) +Cell Wall

2. Site of energy production through cellular respiration..
Animal Cells: Absent
+Ribosomes
Plant Cells: Present
Site for synthesising protein.
+Cytoplasm
+Golgi Apparatus
Animal Cells: Present throughout the cell.
 Site for the production of enzyme and lysosome.
 Produces polysacharides, glycoproteins and secretory enzyme. Plant Cells: Present, but usually confined to a thin layer at the edge of the cell.
 Storing and modifying carbohydrate and glycoprotein.
 Transport and store lipid. +Chloroplast

+Vacuole Animal Cells: Absent

1. Stores food (Carbohydrate, amino acid) and water. Plant Cells: Present
2. Support herbaceous plants when it is turgid.
3. Stores organic waste (in leaf cells).
+Vacuole
+Chloroplast
Animal Cells: Present in some animall cells. Normally small and distributed
throughout the cell.
Contain chlorophyll and hence a site for photosynthesis to take place.
Plant Cells: Present. Large and filled with cell sap.
2.2 Comparison of an Animal Cell & Plant Cell

Similarities of Animal Cell and Plant Cell +Nucleus

Animal Cells: Normally in the middle of the cell

Both animal cells and plant cells have

Plant Cells: Normally at the edge of the cell

a. plasma membrane
b. nucleus with nucleic bounded by nuclear membrane
c. cytoplasm +Lysosome
d. ribosome
e. mitochondria Animal Cells: Present
f. golgi apparatus
Plant Cells: Normally absent Animal Cells: Produces a variety of secretions.

+Centriole Plant Cells: Produces few secretions.

Animal Cells: Present 2.3 Relationship Between Densities of Cwetain Organelles with the
Function of Specific Cell
Plant Cells: Absent
+Density of Organelle
+Storage Granule
1.Density of organelle is refering to the abundance of certain organelles found in a
cell.
Animal Cells: Mainly as glicogen

2. The density of an organelle in a cell is related to the specific function of the cell.
Plant Cells: Mainly as starch

+Example of cell with high density of chloroplast.

+Shape

Animal Cells: Do not have fixed shape

Cells Reason

Plant Cells: Have fixed shape Palisade mesophyll To trap sunlight to synthesise carbohydrate during
cell photosynthesis.
+Size

Animal Cells: Usually smaller than plant cell

Plant Cells: Usually bigger than animall cell

+Examples of cell with high density of mitochondria

+Cilia and Flagella
Cells Reason
Animal Cells: Present (Usually)

Sperm cells Need energy to move through the uterus towards the Fallopian tubes.
Plant Cells: Absent

Muscle cells Contraction of muscle during movement need a lot energy

+Secretion
 3. Yeast
Meristem Meristem cells in plant shoots and roots involved in cell division to
Cells produce new cells for growth. It needs a lot of energy for the activity 4. Chlamydomanas

+Examples of cell with high density of endoplasmic recticulum +Living Processes of Organism

Cells Reason 1. Feeding

2. Locomotion
3. Reproduction
Cells in salivary gland Active in synthesing and secreting digestive enzyme 4. Respiration
5. Growth
6. Excretion
Pancreatic Cells Active in synthesing and secreting hormone&enzyme 7. Response to stimuli
8. Heredity
2.4 Cell Organisations – Unicellular & Multicellular Organisms
9. Cell specialisation
+Unicellular and Multicellular Organism 10. Cell specialsation means division of labour among cells. Each type of
cell specialises in a specific funtion .

+Importance of Cell Specialisation

1. Cells can perform specific task with greater efficiency.

2. Enable multicellular organisms adapt to various environment.

Unicellular Organism - Organism with just 1 cell

3. Cell Specialisation in Animal
Multicellular Organism - Organism made up of more than 1 cell.
Cell Function
+Examples of unicellular organism

Red blood cells Transport oxygen

1. Paramecium
2. Amoeba
 White blood cells Destroy microorganisms. Engulf foreign substance in the
blood stream.

Smooth muscle cells Contract and release to produce movement

Nerve cells Transmits nerve impulse +Cytology (Cell Biology)

Cytology is an academic discipline that studies cells. It's also known as Cell Biology.
4. Cell Specialisation in Plant
+Histology
Cell Function
histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and
animals.
Palisade Mesophyll Carries out photosynthesis
Cells +4 Basic types of Tissue in Humans and Animals

1. Epithelial tissue
Guard Cells Control the size of the stomata pore to allow gaseous
2. Connective tissue
exchange.
3. Muscullar tissue
4. Nervous tissue
Xilem Transport water and mineral salt
+Basic Types of Tissue in Plants

Phloem Transport disolved food. 1. Epidermal tissue

2. Vascular tissue
3. Ground tissue

+Cell Organisation in Multicellular Organism

2.4 Human Organ System

+Circulatory System
Organ: Brain, Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sense Organs
Organ: Heart, Blood Vessel

Function: Conduct impulses the the body, spinal cord and brain.
Function: Transport nutrients, gases and wastes to and from cells, helps fight
diseases and helps stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain +Respiratory System
homeostasis.
Organ: Nose, Trachea, Lungs
+Digestive System

Organ: Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Duedenum, Small Intestine, large Function: Allow gas exchange.
Intestine
+Muscular System

Function: Breaks down food in the body, into a form that can be absorbed. Organ: Muscle
+Reproductive System
Function: -Initiates heart beat.
Organ: Males: Testes, penis -Working with the skeletal system in movement and locomotion.
Femals: Ovaries, uterus, vagina
+Skeletal System

Function: Reproduce offspring. Organ: Bones, Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage

+Endocrine System
Function: -Supports the body.
Organ: Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Ovary (female only), testis - Protects the internal organ.
(male only) -Make red and white blood cells.
-Plays important role in movement.

Function: Secrets hormone. Hormones are chemical that play a role in regulating +Excretory System
metabolism, growth, development and puberty, and also plays a part in
determining mood. Kidneys, Skin, Lung
Organ:

Function: Eliminates the waste products of metabolism.

+Nervous System
+Lymphatic System (Imune System)
 8. Maintaining a suitable environment for all the enzyme function
Lymphatic Nodes, Lymphatic Vessels, Spleen, Thymus Gland efficienly, and hence enable all biochemical reactions been carried out
Organ:
at their maximum rate.
9. Regulation of body temperature
Function: -Remove the interstitial fluid from tissues.
-Absorbs and transports fatty acids and fats to the circulatory system. Nervous system Detect changes in body temperature
-Produces immune cells.

+Integumentary System
Integumentary Produces sweat when the surrounding is hot.

Organ: Skin system

Protects the body from damage, Circulatory system Transports and distributes heat evenly through out
Function:
the body
The Internal Environment of Multicellular Organisms

+Internal Environment of Multicellular Organism Muscular system Shivering to produce heat when the surrounding is
cool.
The internal environment of a multicellular cell is referring to the medium
surrounding the cell. It consists of blood plasma and interstitial fluid. (Also named
as the extracellular fluid)

+Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the property of a system, especially a living organism,

that regulates itsinternal environment so as to maintain a stable, constant
condition.

+Factors Affecting the Internal Environment.

1. Body temperature
2. pH value of the blood
3. Sugar level of the blood
4. Blood pressure
5. Osmotic pressure of the blood
6. Concentration of the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
7. Importance of Homeostasis