Australiannew Zealand Standard Metal Services Portable Asnzs 189211996

AS/NZS 1892.
1:1996
Australian/New Zealand Standard
Portable ladders
Part 1: Metal
Accessed by TAFE NSW - HUNTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY on 05 Oct 2005
AS/NZS 1892.1:1996
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical

Committee SF/34, Portable Ladders. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 8 February 1996 and on behalf of the Council of Standards
New Zealand on 19 February 1996. It was published on 5 August 1996.
The following interests are represented on Committee SF/34:

Aluminium Development Council
Australian Chamber of Manufactures
Composites Institute of Australia
Department of Consumer Affairs, N.S.W.
Department of Occupational Health, Safety and Welfare W.A.
Federal Bureau of Consumer Affairs
Ladder Manufacturers Association of Australia
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
New Zealand Manufacturers Federation
University of New South Wales
Wellington Manufacturers Association
Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/

New Zealand Standards are subject to periodic review and are kept up to date by the
issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is important therefore that
Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Joint Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards
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New Zealand’, which subscribing members receive, and which give details of new
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inaccuracy or ambiguity found in a Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard should be
made without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action
taken.
This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 94179.

AS/NZS 1892.1:1996
Australian/New Zealand Standard
Portable ladders
Part 1: Metal
PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
1 The Crescent,
Homebush NSW 2140 Australia
STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Level 10, Radio New Zealand House,
155 The Terrace,
Wellington 6001 New Zealand
ISBN 0 7337 0415 8
AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee SF/34 on Portable Ladders, to supersede AS 1892.1—1986, Portable ladders,
Part 1: Metal and (in part) NZS 5233:1986, Specification for portable ladders (other than
timber ladders).
This Standard is one of a series of joint Australian/New Zealand Standards covering the
safe design, manufacture and use of portable ladders and attachments. Other Standards in
the series are as follows:
AS
1892 Portable ladders
1892.2 Part 2: Portable ladders—Timber
AS/NZS
1892.3 Part 3: Portable ladders—Reinforced plastics
In this edition, the test methods have been included as a set of appendices. The methods
of performing the tests have not changed greatly; however, in the light of experience
gained from the 1986 edition the methods have been clarified.
Included for the first time in this edition are specific requirements and test methods for
multipurpose ladders. This was agreed by the Committee in view of the increasing
popularity of this type of ladder.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
guidance.
During preparation of this Standard, reference was made to the Standards listed below.
Acknowledgment is made of the assistance received from these sources:
ANSI A 14.2—1990 Specific requirements for portable metal ladders.
BS 2037 (1984) Portable aluminium ladders, steps, trestles and lightweight stagings.
CAN3-Z11-M81 Portable ladders
NZS 5233—1986 Specification for portable ladders (other than timber ladders)
 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

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Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard
is amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
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contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia or Standards New Zealand at any time.
3 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996
CONTENTS
Page
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . ... .. .. .. .. ... ........ 6
1.2 OBJECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..... ... .. .. .. .. ... .... 6
1.3 APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 6
1.4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS . . . .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ........ ... 6
1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . .. .. .. ... ..... .. ...... ... .. 6
1.6 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .... .... .. .. . ... .. ..... 7
SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 RATINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 QUALITY OF MANUFACTURE AND FINISH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6 TREADS AND RUNGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7 MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
SECTION 3 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE LADDERS

3.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
SECTION 4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENSION LADDERS

4.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.2 EXTENSION OF STILE ABOVE TOP RUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

4.4 OVERLAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.5 STOPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.6 FITTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.7 LIFTING DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4.8 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SECTION 5 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS

5.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.3 BACK LEGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.4 SPREAD BETWEEN STILES AND BACK LEGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.5 BEARING AREA OF FEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.6 TREADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.7 SPREADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.8 TOP CAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.9 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 4
Page
SECTION 6 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR TRESTLE LADDERS
6.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.2 SPACING OF CROSS-BEARERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.4 SPREAD BETWEEN PAIRS OF STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.5 SPREADER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6.6 HINGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.7 CHECK BLOCKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.8 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
SECTION 7 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS

7.1 LENGTH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.3 ANGLE BETWEEN STILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.4 ARTICULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.5 PERFORMANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
SECTION 8 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER LADDERS

8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8.2 REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
SECTION 9 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

9.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE AND
EXTENSION LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS AND
TRESTLE LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS . . 24
9.5 TESTS FOR LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
APPENDICES
A APPLICATION OF STAND ARD BY THE AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT
OF DEFENCE FOR PORTABLE METAL LADDERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
B TESTS FOR LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
C EXAMPLES OF LABELS USED FOR ADDITIONAL SAFETY WARNINGS 30
D STILE DEFLECTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
E ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
F PERMANENT SET TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
G RUNG TORQUE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
H RUNG STRENGTH TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
I RUNG SHEAR STRENGTH TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
J SIDE SWAY TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
K STILE CANTILEVER TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
L FOOT FRICTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
M DYNAMIC DROP TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
N LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
O LATCHING DEVICE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
P EXTENSION LADDER FITTINGS AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST . . . . . 56
5 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996
Page
Q LADDER COMPRESSION AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . 58

R STILE BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
S TREAD BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
T TREAD-TO-STILE SHEAR TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
U TREAD TORQUE TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
V STABILITY TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
W WALKING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
X STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Y STEPLADDER DYNAMIC DROP TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Z MULTIPURPOSE WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
AA CYCLIC JOINT TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
AB UNLOCKED JOINT TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
AC SINGLE JOINT LOCK TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Originated in New Zealand as part of NZS 5233:1971.

Originated in Austr alia as AS 1892 — 1977.
Previous New Zealand edit ion NZS 5233:1986.

Previous Australi an edit ion AS 1892.1 — 1986.
NZS 5233:1986 (in part ) and AS 1892.1-1986 jointly revised and designated AS/NZS 1892.1:1996.
AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 6
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard

Portable ladders
Part 1: Metal
S E C T I O N 1 S CO P E A N D G E NE R A L
1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out safety requirements for the design and manufacture
of portable metal ladders. The Standard provides two duty ratings for industrial ladders
and domestic ladders, which are assigned minimum load ratings.
The Standard covers single and multiple-section ladders, multipurpose ladders,
combination ladders and those special-purpose ladders defined in Clause 1.6.
The Standard does not cover ladder accessories, such as ladder levellers, ladder stabilizers
or stand-off devices, ladder jacks or ladder straps or hooks that may be installed on, or
used in conjunction with, ladders.
1.2 OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, manufacturers

and regulatory authorities with the minimum performance and dimensional requirements
for portable metal ladders, in order to minimize the risk to the health and safety of
portable ladder users.
1.3 APPLICATION The requirements listed herein specify certain minimum

dimensions, strength stability and durability criteria deemed necessary for the safe use of
portable metal ladders thereby providing a set of performance and dimensional
requirements against which portable metal ladders may be evaluated.
NOTE: For specific directions regarding the use of this Standard by the Department of Defence,
see Appendix A.
1.4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS Portable metal ladders shall comply with the
relevant requirements of Section 2, General Requirements, and with the specific
requirements of the Section(s) appropriate to the type of ladder, as follows:
(a) Single ladders: Section 3.
(b) Extension ladders: Section 4.
(c) Stepladders: Section 5.
(d) Trestle ladders: Section 6.
(e) Multipurpose ladders: Section 7.
(f) Special-purpose ladders: Section 8.
1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
1554 Structural steel welding
1554.1 Part 1: Welding of steel structures
1665 Welding of aluminium structures
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7 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996
AS
1866 Aluminium and aluminium alloys — Extruded rod, bar, solid and hollow shapes
2089 Sheave blocks for lifting purposes
4142 Fibre ropes
4142.2 Part 2: Three strand hawser-laid and eight-strand plaited
AS/NZS
2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion
ASTM
D 903 Standard test method for peel or stripping strength of adhesive bonds
NZS
4704 Structural steel welding —Welding of steel structures
1.6 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply
(see also Figure 1.1).
1.6.1 Articulation — a hinge which is capable of being locked in one or more positions.
1.6.2 Domestic ladder—a ladder designed to be used by a householder for construction,
maintenance and repairs carried out at a private dwelling for non-commercial purposes.
1.6.3 Double-sided stepladder—a self-supporting portable ladder of fixed length with
two pairs of stiles which are—
(a) hinged or fixed; and
(b) each fitted with treads for ascent and descent.
1.6.4 Dual-purpose stepladder — a self-supporting stepladder of which the back section
is fitted with rungs or treads, and which can be further adjusted to provide an extension of
the front section as a non-self-supporting portable ladder (in the extended position).
1.6.5 Duty rating—the rating assigned to the ladder, i.e. industrial or domestic, which
indicates the service capability of the ladder.
1.6.6 Effective length—the working length of a ladder less end caps and feet where
fitted.
1.6.7 Extension ladder—a non-self-supporting portable ladder, consisting of two or
more sections travelling in guides, including interlocking stiles or brackets arranged in
order to permit adjustment of working length.
1.6.8 Industrial ladder—any ladder other than a domestic ladder.
1.6.9 Load rating—the maximum load including the weight of the user, materials and
tools which the ladder is intended to carry, in kilograms.
1.6.10 Maximum working length—
(a) For ladders of adjustable length, the length measured along the stiles, including feet
and end caps where fitted, when the ladder is in the fully extended position.
(b) For ladders of fixed length, the overall length measured along the stile, including
feet, top and end caps where fitted.
1.6.11 Multipurpose ladder —a portable ladder having one or more pairs of articulation
joints which allow the ladder to be rearranged to function as a single ladder, with or
without a stand-off, as a single or double-sided stepladder, scaffold or work platform.
1.6.12 Overlap—the distance by which each section of an extension ladder coincides
with its matching section.
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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 8
1.6.13 Platform stepladder—a single-sided stepladder with a specially designed

substantial platform near the top, to provide a working area.
1.6.14 Portable metal ladder—a readily movable appliance consisting of metal stiles
(see Clause 1.6.20) joined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called rungs or treads
(see Clause 1.6.15), on which a person may stand or step when ascending or descending.
1.6.15 Rungs and treads—cross-pieces joining the stiles and used by a person
ascending or descending a ladder.
NOTES:
1 The terms ‘rung’, ‘step’, and ‘tread’ are used in industry. For the purpose of this Standard,
the term ‘rung’ is used for single and extension ladders, and the term ‘tread’ for stepladders.
The term ‘tread’ is also used as a general term where applicable.
2 The terms ‘rung’, ‘tread’, and ‘step’ do not include the top cap.
1.6.16 Section
1.6.16.1 Bottom or base section—the lowermost section of a non-self-supporting
portable ladder.
1.6.16.2 Middle or intermediate section—the section between the top (fly) and bottom
(base) sections of a non-self-supporting portable ladder.
NOTE: There may be more than one middle or intermediate section in a ladder.
1.6.16.3 Top or fly section —the uppermost section of a non-self-supporting portable
ladder.
1.6.17 Single ladder—a non-self-supporting portable ladder, of fixed length, consisting
of one section.
1.6.18 Single-sided stepladder—a self-supporting portable ladder, of fixed length, with
flat treads for ascent and descent and a hinged back not intended for ascent or descent.
Variations in designs of single-sided stepladders include platform stepladder and dual-
purpose stepladder.
1.6.19 Special-purpose ladder—a ladder that represents either a modification or a
combination of design or construction features of one or more of the general-purpose

ladders herein defined, in order to adapt to special or specific uses.
1.6.20 Stile—a side member that supports the treads or rungs.
NOTE: The terms ‘stile’, ‘siderail’, ‘string’ and ‘stringer’ are used synonymously in industry.
For the purpose of this Standard, the term ‘stile’ is used throughout.
1.6.21 Trestle ladder—a self-supporting portable ladder of fixed length, consisting of
two sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base, each section being
provided with cross-bearers, fixed between the stiles, on which a plank or planks may be
supported.
1.6.22 Top cap—the uppermost horizontal member of a portable stepladder.
1.6.23 Working surfaces—the clear portion of steps, rungs, or treads on which a person
may step while ascending or descending a ladder.
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9 AS / NZS 1892.1:1996
FIGURE 1.1 COMPONENTS AND TERMS RELATIVE TO LADDERS
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AS / NZS 1892.1:1996 10
S E C T I O N 2 G EN E R AL R E Q UI R E M E N T S
2.1 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Portable metal ladders shall comply with the
relevant requirements of this Standard.
2.2 RATINGS
2.2.1 Duty rating Portable metal ladders shall be rated as either industrial or domestic
in accordance with their designed service capability.
2.2.2 Load rating Portable metal ladders shall have a load rating of—
(a) not less than 120 kg for industrial ladders; or
(b) not less than 100 kg; for domestic ladders.
2.3 MATERIALS Materials used shall be suitable to ensure that a product conforms to
the requirements of this Standard and shall be sufficiently durable and resistant to
corrosion. Additionally, materials shall be sufficiently robust in form to withstand normal
usage.
Ferrous fittings or components may be made corrosion-resistant by coating or plating.
Materials used shall be compatible with respect to galvanic action.
NOTE: Guidance in the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric corrosion is
given in AS/NZS 2312.
2.4 QUALITY OF MANUFACTURE AND FINISH

2.4.1 General All exposed surfaces shall be free from sharp edges and burrs, and shall
be either protected against corrosion or manufactured from material which is inherently
resistant to corrosion.
2.4.2 Sharp edges Ladders shall have no unfinished sheared metal edges or other sharp
parts that are exposed to hands and legs. Sheared metal edges that are not rolled shall be
finished so that any sharp feathering or edges, or any sharp burrs or spurs caused by the
shearing process, are removed.
2.4.3 Fixings Bolt and rivet holes shall be accurately located and within tolerances of
the accepted codes of practice for the material used. Rivets shall be properly set and free
from structural defects.
NOTE: Attention is drawn to the need for close quality control on the selection, hardness and
fitting of rivets.
2.4.4 Welds Welds shall be in accordance with the accepted codes of practice
appropriate to the structural material used (e.g. AS 1665 for aluminium, AS 1554.1 or
NZS 4704 for steel). All weld spatter and slag shall be removed prior to the application of
any corrosion-protective coatings.
2.5 STILES
2.5.1 Design Because of the wide variety of types of ladders and the varied conditions
of use, ladders may be designed with parallel stiles, with stiles varying uniformly in
separation along the length (i.e. tapered), or with stiles flaring at the base.
2.5.2 Manufacture Stiles shall be manufactured in accordance with the following
requirements:
(a) The stiles shall be manufactured from a suitable cross-sectional shape and shall be
of sufficient width to provide secure support for the treads, rungs, or cross-bearers.
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(b) Where stiles are manufactured from hollow section material, means shall be
provided to prevent the retention of water within the stile.
2.5.3 Feet Feet shall be fitted to the bottom of each stile in the bottom section of the
ladder and may be fixed or hung. Feet shall comply with the following requirements:
(a) The feet shall be manufactured from or faced with a material which will resist
deformation and slipping (see Clauses 9.2.9 and 9.3.10).
(b) The feet or surfacing material shall be securely fixed to the stiles but may be
removable for renewal.
The projected area of ladder feet shall be not less than the area enclosed by the external
dimensions of the stile or back leg, as appropriate (see examples in Figure 2.1).
FIGURE 2.1 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM AREA OF FEET (HATCHED)

FOR DIFFERENT SECTION OF STILE OR BACK LEG
2.6 TREADS AND RUNGS

2.6.1 Size and shape Treads and rungs shall comply with the following requirements
for size and shape:
(a) Treads and rungs shall present a working surface that will minimize the possibility
of slipping.
Working surfaces of rungs, steps, and platforms for use in ascending, descending,
working or standing, shall be corrugated, serrated, knurled, dimpled, or coated with
a skid-resistant material.
(b) They shall be of size and cross-sectional shape adequate to comply with Section 9.
NOTE: The size and shape of the working surface will also affect the comfort and therefore the
safety of persons working from ladders for extended periods. Accordingly, the maximum
practicable working surface is desirable.
2.6.2 Spacing The spacing of treads and rungs shall comply with the following
requirements:
(a) Treads and rungs shall be parallel with each other within ±2 degrees.
(b) Treads and rungs shall be uniformly spaced at a distance between centres within the
range 248 ±2 mm to 306 ±2 mm (all measurements between the centres of the tops
of treads and rungs).
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(c) The distance from the bottom ends of the stile, including feet where fitted, to the
top of the first tread or rung shall be equal to the nominal tread or rung spacing.
(d) For stepladders other than platform stepladders, treads shall be spaced so that the
distances from the upper surface of the top cap, to the top of the highest tread or
rung shall be equal (±8 mm) to the spacing of the treads or rungs.
2.7 MARKING All ladders shall have the following information permanently marked
in a prominent position:
(a) The name of the Australian manufacturer or importer (whether the ladder has been
made for sale or otherwise).
(b) In the largest lettering practicable, the duty rating (i.e. ‘INDUSTRIAL’ or
‘DOMESTIC’ as appropriate), the words ‘This ladder is intended to carry a
maximum load of ’ and the load rating in kilograms.
(c) The working length of the ladder (the closed and maximum working lengths for
extension type ladders).
(d) In the largest lettering practicable, the words ‘DO NOT USE WHERE
ELECTRICAL HAZARD EXISTS’.
(e) On double-sided stepladders, the words ‘TO BE USED IN THE FULLY OPEN
POSITION ONLY’.
(f) A warning against standing on those treads or rungs which would represent an
unsafe working position. Such markings shall warn against standing any higher than
the third top rung on a single or extension ladder and on stepladders, not being a
platform stepladder, the second top tread.
Labels used to illustrate such marking shall comply with the requirements of Appendix B,
be located to guard against wear, abrasion and disfiguring and be attached by a method
which does not affect the strength of the members to which they are attached.
NOTES:
1 Labels are not satisfactory unless appropriately located and protected.
2 Aluminium self-etching paint is suitable for the above markings.

3 Examples of labels used to illustrate additional safety warnings are given in Appendix C.
4 Manufacturers making a statement of compliance with this Australian Standard on a
product, packaging, or promotional material related to that product are advised to ensure
that such compliance is capable of being verified.
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S E C T I O N 3 P A RT I C UL A R R E Q U I R E ME N T S
F O R S I N GL E L A D D E R S
3.1 LENGTH The maximum working length of a single ladder, shall not exceed—
(a) for industrial ladders, 9 m; or
(b) for domestic ladders, 5 m.
3.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES The clear distance between the inside faces of
the stiles or the width of the working surface of the rungs shall be not less than 265 mm
(see Figure 3.1).
NO TE: The 265 mm distance is the minimum clear distance between the stiles, not the length of the rung.
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 3.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES
3.3 PERFORMANCE Single ladders shall comply with the requirements of

Clause 9.2.
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F O R E X T E N S I O N L A D D E R S
4.1 LENGTH The maximum working length of an extension ladder, including feet,
shall not exceed—
(a) 15 m for industrial ladders; or
(b) 7 m for domestic ladders.
4.2 EXTENSION OF STILE ABOVE TOP RUNG Except for those ladders fitted
with a pole chain, hoop, or similar device, the distance between the top rung and the top
of the ladder, when measured axially along the centre-line of the ladder, shall not exceed
308 mm.
4.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES The clear distance between the inside faces of
the stiles or the width of the working surface of rungs in the narrowest section of the
ladder, shall be not less than 265 mm (see Figure 3.1).
4.4 OVERLAP Care shall be taken to ensure that the rungs on overlapping sections
coincide.
4.5 STOPS The ladder shall be designed so that it cannot be overextended.
4.6 FITTINGS
4.6.1 General Fittings shall comply with the requirements of Clause 9.2.13.
4.6.2 Finish Fittings shall have no sharp edges liable to cause indentation to stiles or
rungs.
4.6.3 Fixed hooks Fixed hooks shall—
(a) have an effective length over the rungs of not less than the depth of the rung
(see Figure 4.1); and
(b) bear equally on the rungs for a width of not less than 12 mm.
FIGURE 4.1 FIXED HOOK
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4.6.4 Latching devices Ladders in which the upper section(s) are raised or lowered by
rope shall be fitted with latching devices which shall—
(a) operate to engage automatically should the rope break or be released; and
(b) comply with the requirements of Clause 9.2.12.
Latching devices, where fitted, shall—
(i) not be dependent for their operation on a spring;
(ii) bear equally on the rungs for a width of not less than 12 mm;
(iii) operate dynamically with the ladder at an angle of not less than 70 degrees and
statically at an angle of 90 degrees above the horizontal; and
(iv) be designed so as to maintain the top and bottom sections of the ladder in a relative
position, so that the working surface of rungs at the overlap form double working
surfaces at every intended stage of extension.
4.6.5 Guide brackets Guide brackets where used, shall be attached securely and
positioned so as to prevent the upper section from tipping or falling out while being
raised or lowered, or while the ladder is being used.
4.7 LIFTING DEVICES

4.7.1 General Where the maximum working length of an extension ladder is greater
than 5 m, the ladder shall be equipped with a hauling rope and pulley or suitable device to
enable an operator at ground level to raise the top section or intermediate sections.
4.7.2 Load The fittings and rope shall be capable of withstanding a load equal to
10 times the mass of the movable section(s) of the ladder.
4.7.3 Rope
4.7.3.1 Rope for two-section ladders The hauling rope used with the pulley shall be of
natural or synthetic fibre complying with the strength requirements of AS 4142.2, and
shall—
(a) have a circumference of not less than 25 mm (approximately 8 mm diameter);
(b) when composed of natural fibre, be treated to resist rotting; or

(c) when composed of synthetic fibre, be a fibrolated filament polypropylene with
ultraviolet light protection, or other fibre having equivalent performance.
4.7.3.2 Rope for ladders having three or more sections On ladders having three or
more sections, hauling ropes shall comply with the requirements of Clauses 4.7.2 and
4.7.3.1.
Where steel wire rope is used to operate the top section, in conjunction with the centre
sections, it shall be flexible steel wire rope with a diameter not less than 3 mm.
4.7.4 Hauling systems Pulleys shall—
(a) be designed to avoid excessive wear of either the pulley or the hauling rope;
(b) be of a size and design in accordance with the relevant requirements of AS 2089;
and
(c) be attached in a manner that does not weaken the stiles or rungs, to the extent that
such components fail to comply with the relevant requirements of this Standard.
4.8 PERFORMANCE Extension ladders shall comply with the requirements of

Clause 9.2.
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F O R S T E P L A D DE R S
5.1 LENGTH The length of a stepladder measured along the front edge of the stiles,
including feet, shall not exceed—
(a) 6.1 m for industrial ladders; or
(b) 2.4 m for domestic ladders.
5.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES The front section of single-sided stepladders and
both sections of double-sided stepladders shall be designed so that the clear distance
between the inside faces of the stiles at the tread immediately below the top cap is not
less than 290 mm, and either —
(a) the distance between the stiles varies uniformly along the length (i.e. tapered
stepladder); or
(b) the stiles flare out at the bottom to increase stability.
For tapered ladders described in Item (a) above, the distance between stiles shall increase
by not less than 125 mm per metre length of stile.
For flared ladders described in Item (b) above, the distance between the bottom of the
stiles shall be equivalent to that for a tapered ladder of the same length and the flare shall
be incorporated in a manner that does not weaken the stiles.
5.3 BACK LEGS The back legs shall comply with the following:
(a) Be constructed and braced so that the stepladder is stable when in the fully open
locked position.
(b) For single-sided stepladders, be braced in a manner that does not encourage the
bracing to be used for ascending or descending.
(c) Be hinged by a means that is at least equivalent in strength (single shear), wear, and
cross-section to low carbon steel pivot pins of 8 mm diameter. Neither the back legs
nor the stiles shall bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins. Nuts, if used, shall
be effectively locked. Tubular or hollow-section rivets shall not be used as pivot
pins.
(d) Except for double-sided stepladders, they be of such length that when the ladder is
laid against a wall in the fully closed position with the working surfaces horizontal,
it is supported fully on the front stiles or feet.
(e) When folded, they do not cause damage to the stiles, treads, or spreader bars.
5.4 SPREAD BETWEEN STILES AND BACK LEGS With the ladder in the fully
open position, the clear distance between the rear edge of the stiles and the front edge of
the back legs shall be not less than 500 mm and not greater than 660 mm per metre length
of stile.
5.5 BEARING AREA OF FEET The bearing area of feet fitted to stiles or back legs
shall be not less than that specified in Clause 2.5.3.
The four feet of the stepladder shall fully bear on a flat horizontal surface when the ladder
is in the open locked position and shall remain so when subject to the compression test in
Clause 9.3.1.
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5.6 TREADS Treads shall have a working surface width of not less than 75 mm. They
shall be fitted to the stiles so that when the stepladder is fully open on a horizontal
surface, the working surfaces of the treads are horizontal to within ±2 degrees measured
from front to back of the working surface.
5.7 SPREADER The spreader shall be designed so that when correctly engaged it
will—
(a) improve the rigidity of the ladder;
(b) prevent the ladder from opening beyond its design spread;
(c) prevent the ladder from being used at less than the design spread; and
(d) prevent the legs from accidentally closing when the legs are fully open.
When the ladder is in the closed position, the spreader shall not cause structural damage
to the ladder, or to itself.
5.8 TOP CAP The top cap fitted to the stepladder shall be not less than 75 mm wide
from front to back. The top cap may overhang at the front, back or sides, but any
overhang to the front shall not exceed 12 mm.
5.9 PERFORMANCE Stepladders shall comply with the requirements of Clause 9.3.
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F O R T R E S T L E L AD DE R S
6.1 LENGTH A trestle ladder shall not exceed 5 m in length.
6.2 SPACING OF CROSS-BEARERS Cross-bearers on both pairs of stiles shall be

evenly spaced and be not less than 300 mm nor more than 610 mm apart. The top
cross-bearer on one pair of stiles shall be located not less than 150 mm from the top of
the stile. The three alternative means of spacing the cross-bearers are shown in Figure 6.1.
FIGURE 6.1 POSITION OF CROSS-BEARERS ON TRESTLE STILES

6.3 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES When measured at the top cross-bearer, the
distance between the inside face of the stiles shall be as follows:
(a) For trestles up to and including 2.5 m in length, not less than 380 mm nor greater
than 530 mm.
(b) For trestles over 2.5 m in length, not less than 500 mm nor greater than 530 mm.
The distance between the stiles shall increase toward the bottom, at a uniform rate of not
less than 125 mm per metre-length of stile.
6.4 SPREAD BETWEEN PAIRS OF STILES With the ladder in the fully open
position, the clear distance between the rear edge of the stiles and the front edge of the
back legs, shall be not less than 500 mm and not greater than 660 mm per metre length of
stile.
6.5 SPREADER The spreader shall be designed such that when correctly engaged it
will—
(a) improve the rigidity of the ladder;
(b) prevent the ladder from opening beyond its design spread;
(c) prevent the ladder from being used at less than the design spread; and
(d) prevent the legs from accidentally closing when the legs are fully open.
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When the ladder is in the closed position, the spreader shall not cause structural damage
to the ladder, or to itself.
6.6 HINGES Stiles shall be hinged by means at least equivalent in strength (single
shear), wear and cross-section to low carbon steel pivot pins of 8 mm diameter. Neither
the back legs nor the stiles shall bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins. Nuts if used,
shall be effectively locked. Tubular or hollow-section rivets shall not be used as pivot
pins.
Stiles shall not bear on any threaded portions of pivot pins.
6.7 CHECK BLOCKS Check blocks shall be fitted to the stiles, to relieve the hinges
of side strain when the trestles are being moved in the closed position. They shall be
attached between the first and second cross-bearers from the bottom of one pair of stiles.
6.8 PERFORMANCE Trestle ladders shall comply with the requirements of

Clause 9.3.
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F O R M U LT I P U R P OS E L A D D E R S
7.1 LENGTH
7.1.1 Where used as a single ladder The length measured along the front edge of the
stile, including feet, shall not exceed—
7.1.2 Where used as a stepladder The length measured along the front edge of the
stile including feet to the centre of the hinge pivot-pin shall not exceed —
7.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES The clear distance between the stiles shall not
be less than 280 mm with either —
(a) the distance between the stiles increasing uniformly from the centre articulation
towards both ends; or
(b) the stiles parallel from the centre articulation towards both ends, and flaring at the
ends for added stability.
For tapered stiles described in Item (a) above, the distance between the stiles shall
increase by not less than 75 mm per metre length of stile.
For flared ladders described in Item (b) above, the distance between the bottom of the
stiles shall be equivalent to that for a tapered ladder of the same length, but not less than
340 mm and the flare shall be incorporated in a manner that does not weaken the stiles.
7.3 ANGLE BETWEEN STILES

7.3.1 Where used as a stepladder Where used as a stepladder, the slope of the front
and rear stiles shall be not less than 65 degrees and not greater than 80 degrees above the
horizontal.
7.3.2 Where used as a work platform Where used as a work platform, the slope of
the front and rear stiles shall be not less than 65 degrees and not greater than 80 degrees
above the horizontal.
7.4 ARTICULATION Joints shall be attached to the stiles such that under the
foreseeable conditions of use in each of the ways in which the ladder may be configured,
the joint will not unintentionally separate from the stile.
Joints shall have locking positions to permit configuration of the ladder in the positions
intended by the ladder manufacturer. All sharp edges or pinch points shall be avoided or
eliminated. Each joint shall clearly indicate whether it is locked or unlocked and shall
incorporate a means of preventing accidental release.
7.5 PERFORMANCE Multipurpose ladders shall comply with the relevant

requirements of Section 9.
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F O R O T H E R L A DD E R S
8.1 SCOPE OF SECTION The requirements of this Section apply to ladders which
are not specifically described in other Sections.
8.2 REQUIREMENTS Ladders which are manufactured for special use by adapting or
modifying standard-type ladders shall comply, as far as practicable, with the requirements
of the relevant Section(s) as follows:
NOTE: It is not possible to list all ladders which are designed for special use. Other ladders
designed for special use should comply with those requirements of Section 9 which are
applicable to the ladder which they most closely resemble and with the requirements of the
relevant regulatory authorities. Ladders designed for special use may require additional working
or operating instructions.
(a) Combination stepladder (or dual-purpose stepladder) When used as a single
ladder, Section 3. When used as a stepladder, Section 5.
(b) Extension stepladder When used as an extension ladder, Section 4. When used as
a stepladder, Section 5.
(c) Fruit-picker’s stepladder Section 5, except that a single back leg may be fitted.
(d) Platform stepladder Section 5 and in addition, the platform shall comply with the
tread bending test in Clause 9.3.3.
(e) Bucket/tray stepladder Section 5 and in addition, the tray shall support a
distributed mass of 45 kg without distortion or failure. The tray shall be clearly
marked with the words ‘NOT A STEP’.
(f) Access hole ladders Section 3, except that the distance between the stiles may be
less than 265 mm.
(g) Order-picking stepladders When order-picking stepladders are designed
especially for order picking in aisleways between shelved racking, the following
shall apply:
(i) Except as varied hereunder, the relevant requirements of Section 5 shall
apply.
(ii) Stiles may be parallel, provided that the distance between stiles is the widest
practicable for the intended aisleway.
(iii) Handrails and kickplates shall be provided, but any foldable handrail system
shall not form a nip-point to trap hands and shall have stanchions that lock
into the vertical position.
(iv) Spring castering wheels may be fitted to one or both sets of stiles and shall
be adjusted to prevent ladder movement when one foot is placed upon a
ladder tread. The force applied to a tread to prevent movement of the ladder,
shall not exceed 150 N (15 kg).
(v) The ladders shall be designed to ensure stability and rigidity for use in stock
picking (e.g. be of diagonal bracing or be constructed of rigid frames).
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S E C T I O N 9 P ER F OR MA N C E R E Q U I R E M E N T S
9.1 GENERAL Ladders specified in Sections 3 to 7 inclusive, shall comply with the
relevant requirements specified in this Section. Other ladders (see Section 8), shall comply
with the tests applicable to the ladder which they most closely emulate.
9.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE AND EXTENSION

LADDERS
9.2.1 Stile deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix D, the stile
deflection shall not exceed the limit (D), when determined from the following equation:
D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)
where
D = permissible deflection, in millimetres
L = effective span of ladder while under load, in metres
9.2.2 Angular deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix E, the angular
deflection of the stiles shall not exceed the limit (T), when determined from the following
equation:
T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)
where
T = permissible angular deflection, in degrees
L = effective span of ladder under test, in metres
9.2.3 Permanent set test When tested in accordance with Appendix F—
(a) the maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span of
the ladder under test; and
(b) there shall be no structural failure of an extension ladder from the proof test.
9.2.4 Rung torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix G, there shall be no
visible relative motion between the rung and stiles.
9.2.5 Rung strength test When tested in accordance with Appendix H, the permanent
set in the rung shall not exceed 1 percent of the rung length between the faces of the
stiles and the ladder shall not suffer structural failure.
9.2.6 Rung shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix I, the ladder shall not
suffer structural failure.
9.2.7 Side sway test When tested in accordance with Appendix J, the deflection of the
bottom stile while loaded shall not exceed 1 percent of the distance between the supports,
the ladder shall not suffer structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed
0.1 percent of the distance between the supports.
9.2.8 Stile cantilever test When tested in accordance with Appendix K, the stile shall
not suffer structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 6 mm.
9.2.9 Foot friction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coefficient of
static friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.
9.2.10 Dynamic drop test When tested in accordance with Appendix M, the permanent
deformation of any part of the stile at the point of contact with the ground, shall not
exceed 6 mm and there shall be no structural failure.
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9.2.11 Ladder section twist test When tested in accordance with Appendix N, the
total angular deflection between two consecutive torque applications shall not exceed—
(a) 18 degrees per metre for industrial rated ladders; or
(b) 22 degrees per metre for domestic rated ladders.
9.2.12 Latching device test When tested in accordance with Appendix O, the latching
device of an extension ladder shall re-engage before the upper section of the ladder falls
450 mm and there shall be no visible signs of structural damage or malfunction of the
ladder.
9.2.13 Extension ladder fittings test When tested in accordance with Appendix P, the
fittings shall show no visible permanent deformation and the distortion of the foot shall
not exceed 6 mm in any direction.
9.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS AND TRESTLE

LADDERS
9.3.1 Compression and foot distortion test When tested in accordance with
Appendix Q, the ladder shall suffer no structural failure and the permanent set shall not
exceed 0.3 percent and the distortion of the ladder foot shall not exceed 6 mm in any
direction.
9.3.2 Stile bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix R, the ladder shall
suffer no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.2 percent.
9.3.3 Tread bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix S, the ladder shall
suffer no structural failure and the permanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1 percent of
the length of tread measured between the inside surfaces of each stile.
9.3.4 Tread-to-stile shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix T, the ladder
shall suffer no structural failure.
9.3.5 Tread torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix U, the alternating
torque shall not cause any relative movement between tread and stile during application or
removal of the forces.
The tread torsional stiffness shall be not less than 2.0 N.m2/degree, when determined from
the following equation:
. . . (9.3.5)
where
St = tread torsional stiffness, in N.m2/degree
Lt = tread length between attachment to stiles, in metres
T = torque, in newton metres
α = angle of rotation from unloaded to loaded condition, in degrees
where
H = equals height above datum plane
9.3.6 Stability test When tested in accordance with Appendix V, the bottom surface of
the stiles and back legs shall remain in contact with the level surface during application of
the forces.
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9.3.7 Walking test When tested in accordance with Appendix W, the spreaders shall
not have unlocked and the average distance through which both front feet have moved
shall not exceed the permissible walking distance (W), when determined from the
following equation:
W = 20L 1.65 . . . (9.3.7)
where
W = permissible walking distance, in millimetres
L = effective length of the ladder under test, in metres
9.3.8 Stile and back leg cantilever test When tested in accordance with
Appendix X—
(a) the stiles and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing;
(b) the permanent set of the front stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm; or
(c) the permanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm.
NOTE: Stiles and back legs may be distorted without evidence of tearing during this test.
Distortion alone is permissible.
9.3.9 Dynamic drop test When tested in accordance with Appendix Y, the permanent
set at the point of contact with the ground shall not exceed 6 mm and there shall be no—
(a) visible deformation of the bracing;
(b) stretching of rivets; or
(c) visible signs of damage to other components.
9.3.10 Foot friction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coefficient
of static friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.
9.4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS

9.4.1 Stile deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix D, the stile
deflection shall not exceed the limit (D), when determined from the following equation:
D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)
where
9.4.2 Angular deflection test When tested in accordance with Appendix E, the angular
deflection of the stiles shall not exceed the limit (T), when determined from the following
equation:
T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)
where
9.4.3 Permanent set test When tested in accordance with Appendix F, the maximum
average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span of the ladder under
test and there shall be no structural failure.
9.4.4 Side sway test When tested in accordance with Appendix J, the deflection of the
bottom stile, while loaded shall not exceed 1 percent of the distance between the supports,
and there shall be no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent
of the distance between the supports.
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9.4.5 Foot friction test When tested in accordance with Appendix L, the coefficient of
static friction between the foot and the test surface shall be not less than 0.5.
9.4.6 Dynamic drop test When tested in accordance with Appendix M, the permanent
deformation of any part of the stile, at the point of contact with the ground shall not
exceed 6 mm and there shall be no—
(b) stretching of rivets; or
(c) visible signs of damage to other components.
9.4.7 Compression test When tested in accordance with Appendix Q, the ladder shall
suffer no structural failure, the permanent set shall not exceed 0.3 percent and the
distortion of the foot shall not exceed 6 mm in any direction.
9.4.8 Stile bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix R, the ladder shall
suffer no structural failure and the permanent set shall not exceed 0.2 percent.
9.4.9 Tread bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix S, the ladder shall
suffer no structural failure, and the permanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1.0 percent
of the length of tread measured between the inside surfaces of each stile.
9.4.10 Tread-to-stile shear test When tested in accordance with Appendix T, the
ladder shall show no visible sign of damage.
9.4.11 Tread torque test When tested in accordance with Appendix U, the alternating
torque shall not cause any relative movement between tread and stile during application or
removal of the forces.
. . . (9.3.5)
where

where
H = equals height above datum plane
9.4.12 Stability test When tested in accordance with Appendix V, the bottom surface
of the stiles and back legs shall remain in contact with the level surface during application
of the forces.
9.4.13 Walking test When tested in accordance with Appendix W, the spreaders shall
not have unlocked and the average distance through which both front feet have moved
shall not exceed the permissible walking distance (W) when determined from the
following equation:
W = 20L 1.65 . . . (9.3.7)
where
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9.4.14 Stile and back leg cantilever test When tested in accordance with
Appendix X—
(a) the stiles and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing;
(b) the permanent set of the front stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm; or
(c) the permanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm.
9.4.15 Work platform bending test When tested in accordance with Appendix Z, the
ladder shall suffer no structural failure.
9.4.16 Cyclic joint test When tested in accordance with Appendix AA —
(a) the maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the test span of
the ladder under test; and
(b) there shall be no structural failure of an extension ladder from the proof test.
9.4.17 Unlocked joint test When tested in accordance with Appendix AB, the ladder
shall fold at the unlocked joint, either under its own mass, or upon application of the
specified force.
9.4.18 Single joint lock test When tested in accordance with Appendix AC, the ladder
shall not collapse under the applied force.
9.5 TESTS FOR LABELS

9.5.1 General The tests are intended to evaluate the suitability of labels for permanent
application to ladders, and the performance of printed labels applied to surfaces
representative of those employed in the intended application.
9.5.2 Tests
9.5.2.1 Adhesion test The test shall be conducted on labels not previously subjected to
other tests. When tested in accordance with ASTM D 903, the force required to remove
the labels shall be not less than 8.4N.
9.5.2.2 Scratch resistance test When tested in accordance with Appendix B,

Paragraphs B1 and B2.1, the labels shall resist defacement and removal.
9.5.2.3 Water immersion test When tested in accordance with Appendix B, Paragraphs
B1 and B.2.2, the labels shall exhibit no significant change in legibility, or of adhesion to
the mounting surface as revealed by delamination or curling.
9.5.2.4 Oven ageing test When tested in accordance with Appendix B, Paragraphs B1
and B2.3, the labels shall exhibit no significant change in legibility or of adhesion to the
mounting surface as revealed by delamination or curling.
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APPENDIX A
APPLICATION OF STANDARD BY THE AUSTRALIAN DEPARTMENT OF
DEFENCE FOR PORTABLE METAL LADDERS
(Informative)
A1 APPROVED ITEM NAME (AIN) The Items covered by this Appendix are listed
by the Defence Cataloguing Authority (DCA) under the AIN ‘Ladders (Portable, Metal)’.
A2 ENDORSEMENT This Australian Standard, without amendment, has been

endorsed by the Department of Defence subject to the provisions set out in the following
Paragraphs, which refer to specific clauses in the previous Sections.
A3 AIN VARIATIONS FROM THIS AUSTRALIAN STANDARD

Clause 1.1 Scope This Appendix applies to light alloy extension ladders of 4.9 m and
7.3 m nominal working lengths, used specifically for firefighting purposes.
Clause 2.1 Design and construction The lengths and maximum masses of the ladders
shall comply with those outlined in Table A1.
TABLE A1
Maximum working length Retracted length (see Note) Mass

4.9 m ±20 mm 3 m max. 16 kg max.
7.3 m ±20 mm 4.3 m max. 23 kg max.
NO TE: When ladder is fully retracted with latch engaged, the overall depth of
the ladder shall be 120 ±5 mm (see Figure A1).
The design shall ensure the easy sliding of the extending section without
excessive clearance in the guides. The extending section shall be guided

throughout the full range of extension so that the sections cannot be
inadvertently separated during normal use.
Clause 2.2 Rating The ladder shall be of the industrial duty rating.
Clause 2.3 Materials The material used for the stiles and rungs shall comply with the
requirements of AS 1866, Material No. 6061-T6, or shall have mechanical
properties at least equal to Material No. 6061-T6.
Clause 2.7 Marking The markings specified in Clause 2.7(b) shall not appear on the
ladder. The words ‘FIRE SERVICE ONLY’ shall appear on the ladder in
letters not less than 25 mm high. The Procurement Authority may specify
that additional markings are required.
Clause 4.2 Spacing of rungs Rungs shall be spaced at a constant centre distance of
305 ±3 mm.
Clause 4.3 Distance between stiles The width of the ladder, including any protrusions,
shall be 360 ±3 mm (see Figure A1).
Clause 4.4 Overlap The dimensional relationship between the rungs on the standing
section and the rungs on the extending section shall comply with the
limitations shown in Figure A1 when latching devices are engaged.
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Clause 4.6 Fittings A foot as specified in Clause 2.5.3 shall be fitted to the standing
section.
If specified by the Procurement Authority, small head wheels shall be fitted
to the extending section.
Clause 4.7 Lifting devices The extension rope fitted to the 7.3 m ladder shall be 8 mm
diameter polyester complying with the requirements of AS 4142.2. The
operating gear shall permit the ready removal of the extending section for
independent use if so required. The rope shall be connected to the ladder by
means of snap-hooks to facilitate separation.
The 4.9 m ladder shall be designed for and be capable of rapid extension by
one man without the use of a rope or other mechanical aid. The 4.9 m ladder
shall be capable of rapid separation into two independently usable sections,
without the use of tools and without the necessity for intermediate
operations.
A4 ORDERING DATA Requisitions, contracts and orders shall specify—

(a) the length of ladder required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 1.1);
(b) whether head wheels are required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 4.6); and
(c) extra marking details if required (Paragraph A3, refer Clause 2.7).
FIGURE A1 LADDER DIMENSIONS
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APPENDIX B
TESTS FOR LABELS
(Normative)
B1 PREREQUISITES FOR TESTS

B1.1 General It is not intended that the tests be conducted on a progressive basis on
one set of labels. After each test, the samples shall be conditioned in accordance with
Paragraph B1.3 before subsequent tests are conducted.
B1.2 Mounting Labels shall be mounted on a surface representative of that employed
in the application using a roller having a mass of 2 kg.
B1.3 Conditioning Prior to conducting any tests, the mounted label shall be
conditioned at a temperature of 23 ±3°C and 50 ±5% relative humidity, for 24 h.
B1.4 Number of samples Satisfactory results on three samples for each test are
necessary to fulfil the requirements.
B2 TESTS
B2.1 Scratch resistance A flat metal blade having a nominal thickness of 0.8 mm, and
held at a right angle across the label, is scraped along the length of the label. This test is
conducted upon labels before and immediately after the water immersion test given in
Paragraph B2.2. There shall be no conditioning of the samples between the water
immersion test and the second scratch resistance test.
B2.2 Water immersion test The mounted label is immersed face down in water having
a temperature of 23 ±3°C for 48 h. The label shall be submerged to a depth of not less
than 3 mm, and the water allowed to circulate freely across the surface of the label.
B2.3 Oven ageing test Mounted labels are placed face uppermost within a preheated
oven maintained at 70 ±3°C for a period of 240 h.
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APPENDIX C
EXAMPLES OF LABELS USED FOR ADDITIONAL SAFETY WARNINGS
(Informative)
FIGURE C1 TYPICAL STEPLADDER WARNING LABELS
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CAUTION
USE THIS GUIDE
TO POSITION
LADDER
PROPERLY
STRAIGHT UP
DANGER
PARALLEL
TO WALL
Do Not Stand On Or
Above This Rung
YOU CAN LOSE
YOUR BALANCE
FOR PROPER
ANGLE,
DISTANCE FROM
LADDER BASE
TO BASE OF
SUPPORT WALL
MUST BE 1/4
THE WORKING
LENGTH OF
LADDER
LEVEL
PARALLEL
TO GROUND
PLACE LADDER ON FIRM LEVEL

SURFACE
MAKE SURE ALL LOCKING

DEVICES ARE SECURE
Do Not Stand On Or
KEEP BODY CENTRED
BETWEEN SIDE RAILS ATALL
TIMES DANGER Above This Rung. YOU CAN
LOSE YOUR BALANCE
EXTEND LADDER ATLEAST 1 m
ABOVE ROOF
WEAR SLIP-RESISTANT SHOES
READ ADDITIONAL
INSTRUCTIONS ON LADDER
FIGURE C2 TYPICAL SINGLE AND EXTENSION LADDER WARNING LABELS
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FIGURE C3 TYPICAL MULTIPURPOSE LADDER WARNING LABELS
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APPENDIX D
STILE DEFLECTION TEST
(Normative)
D1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the stile deflection of a
metal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.
D2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported near its ends, with the treads or rungs
horizontal and a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The vertical deflection of the
stiles is measured with the force applied.
D3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two vertical supports, having no restraint to horizontal movement and capable of
withstanding the forces given in Table D1.
(b) A beam 100 mm in width and of a length not less than the overall width of the
ladder under test.
(c) A means of applying a setting force totalling 294 N (30 kg).
(d) A means of applying the test force given in Table D1.
(e) A means of measuring the stile deflection with an accuracy of ±1 mm.
(f) A means of measuring the maximum working length of the ladder.
(g) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
D4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Where the ladder to be tested is an extension or combination ladder, extend the
ladder to its maximum working length.
(b) Position the ladder on the two supports, with the climbing face of the ladder
uppermost and the treads or rungs horizontal (see Figure D1).

(c) Adjust the position of each support so that the supports are 150 mm from each end
of the ladder stiles.
(d) Apply the vertical setting forces of 147 N (15 kg) each, to the point midspan on
each stile (a total of 30 kg) through a 100 mm wide beam, for a period of not less
than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(e) Remove the setting forces and establish a datum point at midspan.
(f) Apply a vertical force in accordance with Table D1 through the inner face of the
lowest stile, to a point midspan on one stile, for a period of not less than 60 s and
not greater than 90 s. The force shall be applied through a vertical axis aligned with
the centre-line of the combined width of the stiles.
(g) With the force applied, measure the horizontal distance between the supports. For
the purpose of this test, this distance is considered to be the effective span of the
ladder.
(h) With the force applied, measure and record the deflection of each stile from the
reference plane to the datum point on the outside of the stile.
(i) Remove the force.
(j) Repeat Steps (f), (h) and (i) for the other stile.
(k) Calculate the mean deflection of each stile, when loaded and when not loaded.
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D5 CRITERION The stile deflection shall not exceed the limit D when determined
from the following equation:
D = 15L . . . (9.2.1)
where
TABLE D1
STILE DEFLECTION TEST FORCES
Rated load Test force
kg N kg
100 216 22.0

110 237 24.2
120 259 26.4
130 280 28.6
140 302 30.8
150 323 33.0
160 345 35.2
NO TE: The magnitude of the vertical test force or test

load may be determined from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 0.22R l; or . . . (D(1))

Fk = 0.22R l . . . (D(2))
where
Fn = test force, in newtons
Fk = test load, in kilograms
Rl = ladder rated load, in kilograms
FIGURE D1 DEFLECTION TEST
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APPENDIX E
ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST
(Normative)
E1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the angular deflection of
a metal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.
E2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported near its ends with the treads or rungs horizontal
and a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The vertical deflection of the stiles is
measured and the angular deflection calculated.
E3 APPARATUS The apparatus shall be as required by Appendix D, Paragraph D3.
E4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as specified in Appendix D, Paragraph D4.
E5 CALCULATION The angle of twist of the ladder under test is calculated from the
following equation:
Sin α = D/W . . . (E5)
where
α = the angular deflection, in degrees
D = the difference between the average deflection of the loaded stile and the
average deflection of the unloaded stile, as calculated in accordance with
Appendix D (see Figure E1 and notes thereto), in millimetres
W = width of ladder at the point of measurement, in millimetres
E6 CRITERION The angular deflection of the stile shall not exceed the limit (T)
when determined from the following equation:
T = 0.92L0.83 . . . (9.2.2)
where
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NO TES:
1 Dimensions A, B and W are to be taken at the datum points (see Appendix D).
. . . (E5(1))
FIGURE E1 ANGULAR DEFLECTION TEST

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APPENDIX F
PERMANENT SET TEST
(Normative)
F1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the permanent set of a
metal ladder in a single, extension or combination configuration.
F2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported near its ends with the treads or rungs horizontal
and a force applied at the midpoint of the span. The permanent set of the ladder is
measured after the load has been removed.
F3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two movable supports capable of withstanding the forces given in Table F1.
(b) A beam 100 mm in width and of a length not less than the overall width of the
ladder under test.
(c) A means of applying the setting force of 75 percent of the test force given in
Table F1.
(d) A means of applying the test force and for extension ladders, the proof force given
in Table F1.
(e) A means of measuring the set with a resolution of 10 percent of the permanent set.
(f) A means of measuring the effective span of the ladder.
F4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Place and support the ladder under test in the manner described in Steps D4 (a)
to (d).
(b) Simultaneously apply an equally distributed vertical force equal to 75 percent of the
test force given in Table F1, to the midpoint of both stiles through a 100 mm wide
beam for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(c) Remove this setting force and establish a datum point at midspan.
(d) Simultaneously apply an equally distributed vertical test force in accordance with
Table F1, to the midway point of both stiles through a 100 mm wide beam for a
period not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s (see Figure F1).
(e) Remove the test force.
(f) Measure the permanent set of the ladder within 15 min.
(g) For extension ladders only, apply the vertical proof force appropriate to the rated
load of the ladder, to the midway point of both stiles through a 100 mm wide beam
for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(h) Remove the proof force.
(i) Visually examine the ladder for structural failure.
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TABLE F1
PERMANENT SET TEST FORCES
Rated load Test force Proof force
kg N kg N kg
100 980 100 1 225 125

110 1 080 110 1 350 138
120 1 175 120 1 470 150
130 1 275 130 1 595 163
140 1 370 140 1 715 175
150 1 470 150 1 840 188
160 1 570 160 1 960 200
NO TE: The magnitude of the vertical test force and proof force may be
determined from the following equations:
F n = 9.8Rl; . . . (F3(1))
Fk = Rl; . . . (F3(2))
Pn = 9.8 × 1.25Rl; or . . . (F3(3))
Pk = 1.25 Rl . . . (F3(4))
where
Pn = proof force, in newtons
Pk = proof force, in kilograms
Rl = rated load, in kilograms
FIGURE F1 TEST FOR PERMANENT SET
F5 CRITERIA The maximum average permanent set shall not exceed 0.1 percent of
the effective span of the ladder under test and for an extension ladder there shall be no
structural failure as a result of the proof force.
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APPENDIX G
RUNG TORQUE TEST
(Normative)
G1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the ability of a joint
between a rung and stile of a ladder to withstand a torque. The test may be applied to a
complete ladder or to a test section having not less than three rungs and both stiles.
G2 PRINCIPLE An alternating torque is applied to one rung of a ladder via an arm

clamped to the rung. During application of the force, the joint between the rung and each
stile is inspected for any visible relative motion.
G3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A clamping adaptor having a nominal width of 90 mm and designed so as not to
damage or distort the rung (see Figure G1).
(b) A means of applying a force equivalent to 100 N.m.
(c) A means of timing an interval of not less than 5 min.
FIGURE G1 RUNG TORQUE TEST
G4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Attach the clamping adaptor to the shortest rung of the ladder or section under test,
at a point midway between the stiles.
(b) Start the timer.
(c) Apply a force to one end of the clamping adaptor equivalent to a torque of
100 N.m, while visually inspecting the joint between the rung and each stile for
relative motion.
(d) Release the force.
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(e) Apply the force in the opposite sense, while visually inspecting the joint between
the rung and each stile for relative motion.
(f) Release the force.
(g) Repeat Steps (c) to (f) nine more times.
(h) The total elapsed time to complete the 10 cycles shall not exceed 5 min.
G5 CRITERION There shall be no visible relative motion between the rung and stiles.
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APPENDIX H
RUNG STRENGTH TEST
(Normative)
H1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bending
of single and extension ladder rungs. The test may be applied to a complete ladder or to a
test section having not less than three rungs and both stiles.
H2 PRINCIPLE The ladder or test section is set at a specified angle above the
horizontal and a force applied to one rung. The rung is subsequently inspected for
permanent set and visible signs of structural failure.
H3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table H1.
(b) A 100 mm long bearing block.
(c) A means of measuring an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.
(d) A means of measuring permanent set with resolution of 10 percent of the permanent
set, e.g. feeler gauges and a straight edge.
(e) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
H4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Set the ladder or section under test to an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above the
horizontal.
(b) Position the bearing block on the longest rung, midway between the stiles
(see Figure H1).
(c) Apply the appropriate force vertically to the rung via the bearing block, for a period
of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.

(e) Measure the permanent set of the rung to the nearest 0.1 mm within 15 min of
releasing the force.
(f) Inspect the ladder for structural failure.
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TABLE H1
RUNG STRENGTH TEST FORCES

kg N kg
100 2 450 250
110 2 700 275
120 2 940 300
130 3 190 325
140 3 430 350
150 3 680 375
160 3 920 400
NO TE: The magnitude of the test force or test load may be determined
from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 2.5R l; or . . . (H4(1))

Fk = 2.5Rl . . . (H4(2))
where
FIGURE H1 RUNG OR TREAD STRENGTH TEST
H5 CRITERIA The permanent set in the rung shall not exceed 1 percent of the rung
length measured between the faces of the stiles and the ladder shall suffer no structural
failure.
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APPENDIX I
RUNG SHEAR STRENGTH TEST
(Normative)
I1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the shear strength of
rungs. The test may be applied to a complete ladder or to a test section having not less
than three rungs and both stiles.
I2 PRINCIPLE The ladder or test section is set at a specified angle above the
horizontal and a force applied to each rung of each design, bracing or material
specification. The rung and ladder are subsequently examined for visible signs of
structural damage.
I3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a force of 3920 N (400 kg).
(c) A means of measuring an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.
(d) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
I4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Set the ladder or section under test to an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal.
(b) Position the bearing block on the rung, touching one stile or swage as applicable (see
Figure I1).
(c) Apply the 3920 N force vertically to the rung via the bearing block for a period of not
less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(e) Inspect the ladder for structural failure.
FIGURE I1 RUNG SHEAR TEST
I5 CRITERION The ladder shall not suffer structural failure.
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APPENDIX J
SIDE SWAY TEST
(Normative)
J1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the sideways sway of a
ladder. The test is applied to a complete single or combination ladder, or to each
individual section of an extension ladder.
J2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported on its side at each end and a force applied at
midspan. The vertical deflection of the bottom stile resulting from the force, is measured.
J3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) Two movable supports capable of withstanding the forces to be applied.
(c) A means of applying a force of 147 N (15 kg).
(d) A means of applying a force of 260 N (26.5 kg).
(e) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
(f) A means of measuring deflection and permanent set to ±0.5 mm.
J4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Place the ladder on the two supports, with the stiles horizontal and the rungs vertical
(see Figure J1).
(b) Adjust the position of the supports so that the supports are each 150 mm in from the
ends of the ladder.
(c) Position the bearing block at midspan on the bottom stile.
(d) Apply the vertical setting force of 147 N to the bearing block for a period of not less
than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(e) Release the setting force.
(f) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.
(g) Apply the force of 260 N vertically to the bearing block.
(h) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.
(i) Release the force.
(j) Measure and record the vertical position of the midspan point of the bottom stile.
(k) Visually inspect the ladder for structural failure.
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NO TE: The deflection is the difference between the height of the lower edge of the ladder side when
unloaded (solid line) and when loaded (dotted line). L is the effective span (in mm).
FIGURE J1 SIDE SWAY TEST

J5 CRITERIA The deflection of the bottom stile while loaded shall not exceed
1 percent of the distance between the supports (L) and there shall be no structural failure.
Permanent set measured after removal of the load shall not exceed 0.1 percent of the
distance between the support.
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APPENDIX K
STILE CANTILEVER TEST
(Normative)
K1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of a ladder
stile to lateral buckling.
K2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is placed on its side, with the rungs vertical. The section
between the bottom rung and the foot of the ladder is unsupported. A force is applied to
the unsupported section and the resulting permanent set is measured.
K3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the ladder along its length.
(b) A means of securely clamping the ladder to the support.
(c) A means of applying the force given in Table K1.
(d) A 50 mm long bearing block.
(e) A means of measuring permanent set to ±0.5 mm.
(f) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
K4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figures K1 and K2):
(a) Position the ladder on the support with the rungs vertical. The section of stile
between the lowest fastening of the bottom rung and the foot of the ladder shall be
unsupported and positioned such that the force in Step (d) may be applied vertically
to the stile.
(b) Firmly clamp the ladder to the support.
(c) Measure and record the distance between the stiles at the foot of the ladder.
(d) Apply the force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder given in Table K1, via
the bearing block to the extreme end of the upper stile, for a period of not less than
60 s and not more than 90 s.
(e) Release the force.
(f) Measure and record the distance between the stiles at the foot of the ladder.
(g) Determine the permanent set, i.e. the difference between the measurements taken in
Steps (c) and (f).
(h) Where a ladder with flared stiles is under test, reposition the ladder such that the
force in Step (d) may be applied vertically to the stile.
(i) Apply the force in Step (d) via the bearing block to the extreme end of the lower
stile, for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(j) Release the force.
(k) Measure and record the distance between the stiles at the foot of the ladder within
15 mins of releasing the force.
(l) Determine the permanent set, i.e. the difference between the measurements taken in
Steps (f) and (k).
(m) Determine the permanent set for both tests as the sum of Steps (g) and (l).
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TABLE K1
STILE CANTILEVER TEST FORCES
kg N kg
100 980 100

110 1 080 110
120 1 175 120
130 1 275 130
140 1 375 140
150 1 470 150
160 1 570 160
NO TE: The magnitude of the vertical test force may be

determined from the following equation.
Fn = 9.8Rl ; or . . . (K4(1))
Fk = Rl . . . (K4(2))
where
Rl = load rating, in kilograms
FIGURE K1 STILE CANTILEVER TEST
K5 CRITERIA The stiles shall not exhibit any sign of tearing and permanent set,
either (L2−L 1 ) or (L3−L 2) of the stiles shall not exceed 6 mm (See Figure K3).
NOTE: Stiles may be distorted without evidence of tearing during this test. Distortion alone is
permitted.
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FIGURE K2 FORCE APPLICATION POINT

NO TE: The permanent set either (L 2 – L 1) or (L 3 – L 2) is not to exceed 2 mm in the case of stiles and 6 mm in
the case of back legs.
FIGURE K3 DETERMINATION OF PERMANENT SET
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APPENDIX L
FOOT FRICTION TEST
(Normative)
L1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the coefficient of static
friction between the foot of a ladder and a test surface.
L2 PRINCIPLE A ladder foot is placed on a specified test surface and a vertical force
applied to the foot. A horizontal force sufficient to initiate slipping of the foot along the
test surface is applied and the coefficient of static friction determined.
L3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required (see also Figure L1):

(a) A flat, horizontal, unwaxed, vinyl floor or a flat, horizontal base to which unwaxed
vinyl floor tiles are affixed.
(b) A means of applying a vertical force of 200 N (19.6 kg) to the foot.
(c) A means of applying a horizontal force of increasing magnitude required to initiate
slip.
(d) A means of measuring the horizontal force, e.g. a spring balance.
L4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) The test shall be carried out at a temperature of 23 ±3°C.
(b) Position the foot to be tested on the vinyl tiles.
(c) Apply the vertical force to the top of the foot.
(d) Apply a horizontal force of increasing magnitude until slip occurs.
(e) Measure and record the maximum value of the applied horizontal force.
(f) Calculate the coefficient of static friction by dividing the horizontal force to initiate
slip by the vertical force.
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FIGURE L1 FOOT FRICTION TEST
L5 CRITERION The coefficient of static friction shall be not less than 0.5.
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APPENDIX M
DYNAMIC DROP TEST
(Normative)
M1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the effect of
inward-cantilever dynamic loading of a ladder.
M2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is supported above a surface with one end of the bottom
stile horizontal and the rungs vertical. One end of the ladder is permitted to free fall onto
the surface and the resulting permanent deformation is measured.
M3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) A roller on a stand, capable of supporting one end of a ladder 600 mm above the
ground.
(b) A means of guiding the ladder and retaining its orientation while in free fall.
(c) A quick-release trip device which may be incorporated into the guide mechanism in
Item (b) above.
(d) A means of measuring permanent set to ±0.5 mm.
M4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure M1):

(a) Support the top end of the ladder on the roller at a point 100 mm from the end of
the ladder, so that the stiles are horizontal and rungs vertical.
(b) Measure the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.
(c) Place the bottom end of the ladder in the guide mechanism so that when the release
is tripped, the bottom end of the ladder will free fall 600 mm to strike the floor.
NOTE: Dual purpose ladders should be in the fully extended position.
(d) Release the ladder.

(e) Where the ladder is rated as an industrial ladder, repeat Steps (b) to (d) twice more.
(f) Measure the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.
(g) Determine the permanent set in the ladder at the point of contact with the floor.
(h) Examine the ladder bracing for structural failure.
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FIGURE M1 STILE CANTILEVER DYNAMIC DROP TEST
M5 CRITERIA The permanent set of the ladder stile shall not exceed 6 mm and there
shall be no—
(a) structural failure of the ladder bracing; or
(b) stretching of rivets.
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APPENDIX N
LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST
(Normative)
N1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the torsional deflection
of a ladder. The test is applied to the base section of ladders or, in the case of dual
purpose ladders, to the ladder in its extended position.
N2 PRINCIPLE A section of ladder is supported at one end and an axial torque

applied at the other end. The angle through which the ladder twists is measured.
N3 APPARATU S The apparatus shall be as depicted in Figure N1. The torque may be
applied via a torque wrench to the central pivot, or by a suitable mass suspended from the
radial arm.
N4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure N1):

(a) Mount the section of ladder in the test rig securely clamping one end of the ladder
section in place, to prevent torsional movement. The maximum overlap beyond the
clamping point shall not exceed 150 mm. The minimum test section shall be 2 m in
length.
Where a dual purpose ladder is under test, the ladder shall be extended and the test
section shall include the joint between the base and extended section. The base and
extended section shall be of equal lengths.
(b) Apply a torque of 130 N.m about the axis of the ladder to the unrestrained end of
the section.
(c) Measure and record the angular position of the end of the ladder section to which
the torque was applied.
(d) Reverse the direction of the 130 N.m applied torque.

(e) Measure and record the angular position of the end of the ladder section to which
the torque was applied.
(f) Divide the difference in angular positions determined in Steps (c) and (e) by the
length of the ladder test section (i.e. the distance between the restraints), to yield the
total torsional deflection in degrees per metre.
NOTE: The difference in angular positions is the absolute sum of the angular deflections found
in Steps (c) and (e).
N5 CRITERION The total torsional deflection between the torque applications shall
not exceed —
(a) for industrial rated ladders, 18 degrees per metre; or
(b) for domestic rated ladders, 22 degrees per metre.
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NO TES:
1 The test section is not less than 2 m in length.
2 The torque may be applied by using a torque wrench, or alternatively, a test force may be applied
alternately on each end of the arm. The arms are of a design such that the magnitude of the applied
torque remains constant as the test section rotates.
FIGURE N1 LADDER SECTION TWIST TEST
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APPENDIX O
LATCHING DEVICE TEST
(Normative)
O1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the effectiveness of the
latching device for metal extension ladders.
O2 PRINCIPLE An extension ladder is secured in a near vertical attitude, and

partially extended. The latching device is fully disengaged and the extending section
permitted to free fall. The latching device shall re-engage within a specified distance.
O3 APPARATUS A means of securing an extension ladder at an angle of not less than

85 degrees above the horizontal, in such a manner that the extending section is not
prevented from sliding freely.
O4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Extend the ladder by not less than three rung spaces.
(b) Mount the ladder at an angle of not less than 85 degrees above the horizontal.
(c) While supporting the upper section of the ladder, disengage the latching device from
the rungs.
(d) Engage the latching device in a trip mechanism, ensuring that the latching device is
completely clear of the rungs.
(e) Release the ladder upper section support.
(f) Release the trip mechanism.
(g) Measure the distance through which the upper section of the ladder fell.
O5 CRITERIA The upper section of the ladder shall not fall through a distance
greater than 450 mm before the latching device re-engages, and there shall be no ladder
malfunction as a result of the test.
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APPENDIX P
EXTENSION LADDER FITTINGS AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST
(Normative)
P1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to
permanent deformation of extension ladder fittings and distortion of ladder feet. The test
is not applicable to end caps.
NOTE: A test for the latching device of an extension ladder is given in Appendix O.
P2 PRINCIPLE The extension ladder, or a test section of an extension ladder, is

subjected to a longitudinal force for a specified time period. Any distortion of the ladder
foot is measured and the ladder is subsequently inspected for deformation of the fittings.
P3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the ladder such that—
(i) the applied force is transmitted totally to the top of the ladder or section
under test; and
(ii) any tendency for the ladder or section under test to bend is minimized.
(b) A means of applying to the top of the ladder the force appropriate to the ladder load
rating given in Table P1.
(c) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
(d) A means of measuring the distortion of the ladder foot.
P4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure P1):

(a) Position the fully closed ladder or a section of a ladder consisting of portions of
each section, with all fittings attached in the support.
(b) Extend the ladder from the fully closed position by not less than one rung.
(c) Apply to the top of the ladder the force given in Table P1 appropriate to the ladder
load rating, so that the force is equally distributed across both stiles and is
transmitted totally to the fittings.
(d) Maintain the force for a period of not less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(e) Measure the distortion of the ladder foot.
(g) Inspect the fittings for visible deformation.
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TABLE P1
TEST FORCES FOR LADDER FITTINGS
kg N kg
100 3 920 400

110 4 310 440
120 4 705 480
130 5 095 520
140 5 490 560
150 5 880 600
160 6 270 640
NO TE: The magnitude of the vertical test force or test

load may be determined from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (P3(1))
Fk = 4Rl . . . (P3(2))
where
Rl = load rating, in kilograms
FIGURE P1 ALTERNATIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR FITTINGS TEST
P5 CRITERIA The fittings shall exhibit no visible signs of permanent deformation,

and the distortion of the ladder foot shall not exceed 6 mm in any direction.
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APPENDIX Q
LADDER COMPRESSION AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST
(Normative)
Q1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to
compression and distortion of the feet of a metal step or trestle ladder, as well as a
combination ladder in its stepladder configuration.
Q2 PRINCIPLE A stepladder or trestle ladder is positioned in its normal open

working position and a uniformly distributed force is applied to the top cap. The
distortion of the feet is measured, while the test is force is applied and the resulting
permanent set is measured after removal of the test force.
Q3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A test surface comprising a typical horizontal, flat, smooth, dry and unwaxed vinyl
tile floor.
(b) A wooden loading block of any convenient size, not smaller than the top cap of the
ladder under test.
(c) A means of applying a setting force, equal to the load rating of the ladder under
test.
(d) A means of applying the test force appropriate to the load rating and ladder type,
given in Table Q1.
(e) A means of measuring the vertical height of the ladder above the floor, a tape
measure is considered suitable.
(f) A means of measuring the distortion of the ladder foot.
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TABLE Q1
LADDER COMPRESSION TEST FORCES
Test forces
For double-sided
Rated load For single-sided
stepladders and trestle
stepladders
ladders
kg
N kg N kg
100 3 920 400 7 840 800
110 4 310 440 8 625 880
120 4 705 480 9 410 960
130 5 095 520 9 995 1 040
140 5 490 560 10 975 1 120
150 5 880 600 11 760 1 200
160 6 270 640 12 545 1 280
NO TES:
1 The magnitude of the test forces for single-sided stepladder may be determined
from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (Q3(1))
Fk = 4Rl . . . (Q3(2))
where
2 The magnitude of the test forces for double-sided stepladders and trestle ladders
may be determined from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 8Rl ; or . . . (Q3(3))
Fk = 8Rl . . . (Q3(4))
where

Q4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Position the fully open ladder on the test surface.
(b) Apply the setting force via the loading block to the top cap, or if no top cap is used,
to the top step of the ladder (see Figure Q1), for a period of not less than 60 s and
not greater than 90 s.
(c) Remove the setting force.
(d) Measure and record the vertical height above the test surface of the force
application point.
(e) For double-sided stepladders and trestles, apply a test force equal to 4 times the
load rating of the ladder for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
NOTE: The force to be applied is equal to the test force for a single-sided stepladder of the
same load rating given in Table Q1.
(f) For double-sided stepladders and trestles, measure and record any distortion of the
ladder.
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(g) Apply the full test force appropriate to the ladder rating and ladder type given in
Table Q1 via the loading block to the top cap or, if no top cap is used, to the top
step of the ladder for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(h) For single-sided stepladders, measure and record any distortion of the ladder foot.
(i) Remove the test force.
(j) Measure and record the vertical height above the test surface of the force
application point within 15 min of removing the force.
(k) Visually examine the ladder for evidence of structural damage.
(l) Determine the permanent set of the ladder.
FIGURE Q1 COMPRESSION TEST
Q5 CALCULATION The permanent set of the ladder under tests is calculated from
. . . (Q5)
where
P = permanent set, as a percentage
R = residual vertical deflection of the ladder, in millimetres
H = vertical height above the test surface of the force application point, in
millimetres
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Q6 CRITERIA The ladder shall suffer no structural failure, the permanent set shall
not exceed 0.3 percent and the maximum distortion of the foot shall not exceed 6 mm in
any direction.
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APPENDIX R
STILE BENDING TEST
(Normative)
R1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bending
of a metal stepladder or trestle ladder.
R2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is positioned in its fully open position and a test force
applied vertically to the tread nearest to the midpoint of the stiles. Any resultant
permanent set of the stile is measured after removal of the test force.
R3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

tile floor.
(b) Two loading blocks each 75 mm square × 20 mm thick.
(c) A beam of any convenient size capable of withstanding the forces in Table R1.
(d) A means of applying a setting force equal to the load rating of the ladder.
(e) A means of applying the test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder given
in Table R1.
(f) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
(g) A means of measuring the deflection of the stile to ±0.5 mm.
TABLE R1
STILE BENDING TEST FORCES
kg N kg
100 3 920 400

110 4 310 440
120 4 705 480
130 5 095 520
140 5 490 560
150 5 880 600
160 6 270 640
NO TE: The magnitude of the test force may be
determined from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 4Rl ; or . . . (R3(1))

Fk = 4Rl . . . (R3(2))
where
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R4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Position the fully open ladder on the test surface.
(b) Position the two loading blocks on the tread nearest the midpoint of the stile
(see Figure R1).
(c) Position the beam on the two loading blocks.
(d) Apply the setting force via the beam to the tread, for a period of not less than 60 s
and not greater than 90 s.
(e) Remove the setting force.
(f) Apply the test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder given in Table R1
via the loading block to the tread nearest the midpoint of the stile, for a period of
not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(g) Remove the test force.
(h) Measure the resultant permanent deflection of both stiles.
(i) Record the larger permanent deflections of the stile.
(j) Visually examine the ladder for evidence of structural failure.
FIGURE R1 STILE BENDING TEST
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R5 CALCULATION The permanent set of the ladder stile is calculated from the
following equation:
. . . (R5)
where
P = permanent set, expressed as a percentage
R = residual deflection of the stile, at the centre of the stile, in millimetres
L = length of stile, in millimetres
R6 CRITERIA The ladder shall show no structural failure and the permanent set shall
not exceed 0.2 percent.
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APPENDIX S
TREAD BENDING TEST
(Normative)
S1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance to bending
of treads for stepladders and trestle ladders.
S2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is positioned in its fully open position and a test force
applied to the longest tread of each design, bracing or material specification. After
removal of the test force the ladder is examined for structural failure.
S3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

tile floor.
(b) A block 100 mm × 100 mm of any convenient thickness.
(c) A means of applying a test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder, given
in Table S1.
(e) A means of measuring permanent set with a resolution of 10 percent of the
permanent set, e.g. feeler gauges and straight edge.
S4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure S1):

(a) Determine the number of different tread designs, bracing or material specifications
in the ladder.
(b) Measure and record the width of the longest tread having different treads, design,
bracing or material specification between the inside surfaces of each stile.
(c) Position the block at the centre of the tread.

(d) Start the timer.
(e) Apply the force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table S1 vertically to
the block for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(f) Remove the force.
(g) Measure and record any permanent set in the tread under test.
(h) Visually inspect the ladder for signs of structural failure.
(i) Repeat Steps (b) to (h) for the longest of each remaining tread having different
design, bracing or material specification.
(j) Calculate the percentage permanent set for each tread tested.
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TABLE S1
RUNG STRENGTH TEST FORCES

kg N kg
100 2 450 250
110 2 695 275
120 2 940 300
130 3 185 325
140 3 430 350
150 3 675 375
160 3 920 400
NO TE: The magnitude of the test force may be determined from the
following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 2.5Rl ; or . . . (S3(1))

Fk = 2.5Rl . . . (S3(2))
where
S5 CRITERIA The ladder shall exhibit no visible signs of structural damage and the
permanent set of the tread shall not exceed 1.0 percent of the length of tread.
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FIGURE S1
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APPENDIX T
TREAD-TO-STILE SHEAR TEST
(Normative)
T1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the shear strength of
tread-to-stile joints.
T2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is positioned in its fully open position and a test force
applied to the longest tread of each design, bracing or material specification. After
removal of the test force, the ladder is examined for structural failure.
T3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

tile floor.
(b) A block 100 mm long, shaped to fit within the section shape of the ladder stile and
of any convenient thickness.
(c) A means of applying a test force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder, given
in Table T1.
T4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure T1):

(a) Determine the number of different tread designs, bracing or material specifications
in the ladder.
(b) Measure and record the length of the longest tread having different tread designs,
bracing or material specification between the inside surfaces of each stile.
(c) Position the block on the tread and in contact with the inside face of one stile or
swage.
(d) Start the timer.
(e) Apply the force appropriate to the ladder load rating given in Table T1 vertically to
the block for a period of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(f) Remove the force.
(g) Visually inspect the ladder for signs of structural failure.
(h) Repeat Steps (b) to (g) for the longest of each remaining tread having different
design, bracing or material specification.
T5 CRITERION The ladder shall show no visible signs of structural failure.
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TABLE T1
TREAD TO STILE SHEAR TEST FORCES
kg N kg
100 2 940 300

110 3 235 330
120 3 530 360
130 3 820 390
140 4 115 420
150 4 410 450
160 4705 480
NO TE: The magnitude of the test forces for the stiles

may be determined from the following equations:
Fn = 9.8 × 3Rl; or . . . (T3(1))
Fk = 3Rl . . . (T3(2))
where
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FIGURE T1
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APPENDIX U
TREAD TORQUE TEST
(Normative)
U1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the ability of a joint
between a tread and stile of a ladder to withstand a torque.
U2 PRINCIPLE An alternating torque is applied to one tread of a ladder via an arm

clamped to the tread. During application of the force, the joint between the tread and each
stile is inspected for any visible relative motion. During application of the final force, the
movement of the arm is measured and the torsional stiffness calculated.
U3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) A clamping adaptor having a width of 90 mm and designed so as not to unduly
damage or distort the tread (see Figure U1).
(b) A means of applying a force equivalent to a torque of 100 N.m.
(c) A means of timing an interval of not less than 5 min.
(d) A means of measuring any movement of the torque arm.
FIGURE U1 TREAD TORQUE TEST
U4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Attach the clamping adaptor to the shortest tread of the ladder under test at a point
midway between the stiles.
(b) Start the timer.
(c) Apply a force to one end of the clamping adaptor, equivalent to a torque of
100 N.m, acting along the longitudinal axis of the tread, while visually inspecting
the joint between the tread and each stile for relative motion.
(e) Apply the force in the opposite sense while visually inspecting the joint between the
tread and each stile for relative motion.
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(g) Repeat Steps (c) to (f) eight more times.
(h) Repeat Step (c).
(i) Measure and record the vertical height of each end of the adaptor arm relative to a
reference plane (see Figure U2).
(j) Repeat Steps (d) and (e).
(k) Repeat Step (i).
(l) The total elapsed time to complete the 10 cycles shall not exceed 5 min.
FIGURE U2 MEASUREMENT DATUM POINTS FOR THE

DETERMINATION OF ANGLE OF ROTATION
U5 CRITERIA The alternating torque shall cause no visible relative motion between
the tread and the stile during the loading and unloading phases.
. . . (9.3.5)
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where
and where
where
H = vertical height above datum plane
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APPENDIX V
STABILITY TEST
(Normative)
V1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the stability of a
stepladder or trestle, when subjected to non-simultaneous forces applied in the forward,
sideward and rearward directions.
V2 PRINCIPLE A fully opened ladder is positioned on a level surface and preloaded

with a force applied to the highest step intended for use. Non-simultaneous forces are
applied in the forward, sideward and rearward direction. During application of these
forces, the stiles and back legs are inspected for lifting clear of the surface.
V3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) A level surface such that the ladder does not slip or slide during the test.
(b) A means of applying a uniformly distributed force of 1175 N (120 kg), to one
ladder tread or step.
NOTES:
1 The means of applying the force should not provide any external stability.
2 A suitable means of applying the force is a 120 kg mass lowered onto the tread with the aid
of a crane.
3 It is recommended that the mass be left attached to the crane during the test to minimize
risk of injury or damage in the event of the ladder collapsing.
(c) A means of applying the forces appropriate to the test directions given in Table V1.
TABLE V1
FORCES FOR STABILITY TEST
Front pulling force Side pulling force Rear pulling force

N kg N kg N kg
145 15 120 12 250 25.5
V4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see Figure V1):

(a) Position the ladder in its fully open position on the level surface. Ladders equipped
with bucket holders shall have the bucket holder in the in-use position and either
loaded to capacity, or unloaded, whichever configuration is more unstable.
(b) Apply the uniformly distributed force to the highest step or tread intended for use.
NOTES:
1 For a ladder with a top cap, or platform this will normally be the second top step or tread.
2 For ladders without a top cap or platform, this will normally be the top tread.
(c) Apply the front pulling force selected from Table V1 to one of the following
locations on the ladder, according to the type of ladder:
(i) The top cap of a stepladder where fitted at a height not exceeding 13 mm
above the top cap.
(ii) The top step of a stepladder where no top cap or guardrail is fitted.
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(iii) The apex of the stiles of a trestle.

(iv) The top of the guardrail where fitted.
(d) Inspect the stiles and back legs of the ladder for signs of lifting clear of the
test surface and record the result of the inspection.
(e) Release the test force.
(f) Repeat Steps (c) to (e) for each of the two remaining pulling forces.
V5 CRITERION The bottom surface of stiles and back legs shall remain in contact
with the level surface while the test forces in Table V1 are applied.
FIGURE V1 FRONT, SIDE AND REAR STABILITY TESTS
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APPENDIX W
WALKING TEST
(Normative)
W1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of a
ladder to movement relative to the supporting surface, when subjected to the fluctuating
forces associated with normal use.
W2 PRINCIPLE A ladder is loaded with a force and a lateral load is applied

alternately to each side of the top cap. Any resulting movement of the ends of the front
stiles is measured.
W3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A flat, horizontal, unwaxed vinyl tile floor.
(b) A means of applying the setting force equivalent to the load rating of the ladder.
(c) A 10 kg mass.
(d) A means of measuring the walking distance.
W4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see Figure W1):

(a) Place the ladder in the fully open position and with any spreaders fully set, on
the test surface.
(b) Apply the setting force appropriate to the load rating of the ladder to the top
cap or platform.
(c) Remove the setting force.
(d) Measure the length of one stile and thus determine the midpoint of the ladder.
(e) Apply the 10 kg mass to the centre of the tread immediately below the midpoint of
the ladder.
(f) Mark the position of both the left- and right-hand stile feet on the test surface.
(g) Apply a horizontal force by hand and without shock, to the right-hand side of the
top cap or platform, sufficient to lift both the right-hand stile and right-hand back
leg clear of the test surface by at least 5 mm.
(h) Gently remove the horizontal force.
(i) Apply a horizontal force by hand and without shock, to the left-hand side of the top
cap or platform, sufficient to lift both the left-hand stile and left-hand back leg clear
of the test surface by at least 5 mm.
(j) Gently remove the horizontal force.
(k) Repeat Steps (g) to (j) a further four times.
(l) Measure and record the total distance through which both left- and right-hand stiles
have moved from the datum point established in Step (f).
(m) Examine the spreaders for unlocking.
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W5 CRITERIA The spreaders of the ladder shall have remained locked throughout the
test. The average distance through which both front feet have moved, shall not exceed the
permissible walking distance (W) when determined from the following equation:
W = 20L 1.65 . . . (9.3.7)
where
FIGURE W1 WALKING TEST
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APPENDIX X
STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST
(Normative)
X1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the resistance of a ladder
to lateral bending.
X2 PRINCIPLE A fully opened ladder is placed on its side with the treads vertical.
The section below the lowest fastening between the stile and tread is unsupported. A force
is applied to the end of the unsupported section and the resulting permanent set is
measured.
X3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the stepladder along its length.
(b) A means of securely clamping the stepladder to the support, without damaging the
stile or back leg.
(c) A means of applying the forces given in Table X1.
(d) A 50 mm wide bearing block.
(e) A means of measuring the permanent set in the legs and stiles.
(f) A means of timing an interval of not less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s, e.g. a
stopwatch.
X4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure X1):

(a) Position the fully opened ladder on the support with the treads vertical. The section
of the stile between the lowest fastening of the tread to the stile and the foot of the
ladder and the back leg between the lowest horizontal brace connection and the foot
of the ladder shall be unsupported and positioned so that the force may be applied
vertically to the stile.

(b) Firmly clamp the ladder to the support.
(c) Measure and record the distance between the stiles at the end of the stile.
(d) Measure and record the distance between the back legs at the end of the back leg.
(e) Apply the force appropriate to the load rating of the stepladder given in Table X1,
via the bearing block to the extreme end of the upper stile, for a period of not less
than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(g) Measure and record the distance between the stiles at the end of the stile.
(h) Apply the force via the bearing block to the end of the upper leg, for a period of not
less than 60 s and not greater than 90 s.
(i) Release the force.
(j) Measure and record the distance between the back legs at the end of the stile.
(k) Repeat Steps (b) to (j), except that the forces are applied to the lower stile and back
leg.
(l) Examine the ladder for damage in the stiles and back legs, below the bottom tread
and the lowest brace connection point.
(m) Determine the set of the front stiles and back legs.
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TABLE X1
STILE AND BACK LEG CANTILEVER TEST FORCES
Test force
Rated load Stiles Back legs
kg
N kg N kg
100 980 100 655 66
110 1 080 110 720 73
120 1 175 120 785 80
130 1 275 130 850 87
140 1 370 140 915 93
150 1 470 150 980 100
160 1 570 160 1 045 107
NO TES:
1 The magnitude of the test forces for the stiles may be determined from the
following equations:
Fn = 9.8 Rl ; or . . . (X3(1))
Kk = Rl . . . (X3(2))
where
Fn = Test force, in newtons
Fk = Test load, in kilograms
Rl = Rated load, in kilograms
2 The test force for the back legs is 2⁄ 3 that for the stiles
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FIGURE X1 STEPLADDER CANTILEVER TEST
X5 CRITERIA The stiles and back legs shall not exhibit any sign of tearing,
permanent set of the front stile or stiles shall not exceed 2 mm (see Figure X2) and
permanent set of the back legs shall not exceed 6 mm (see Figure X2).
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NO TE: The permanent set either (L2 − L 1) or (L3 − L 2) is not to exceed 2 mm in the case of stiles and 6 mm in
the case of back legs.
FIGURE X2 DETERMINATION OF PERMANENT SET

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APPENDIX Y
STEPLADDER DYNAMIC DROP TEST
(Normative)
Y1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the effect of inward
cantilever dynamic loading, on the tallest ladder for each stile section size and bottom
bracing pattern.
Y2 PRINCIPLE A stepladder is supported above a surface, with one stile vertically

above the other end and with the lower stile horizontal. The bottom end of the ladder is
permitted to fall onto the surface and any resulting permanent deformation is measured.
Y3 APPARATU S The following apparatus is required:

(a) A roller on a stand capable of supporting one end of a stepladder 600 mm above the
ground.
(b) A means of guiding the stepladder and retaining its orientation while in free fall.
(c) A quick-release trip device which may be incorporated into the guide mechanism in
Item (b) above.
(d) A means of measuring the permanent set to ±0.5 mm.
(e) A level concrete floor.
Y4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows (see also Figure Y1):

(a) Support the top end of the closed stepladder on the roller, at a point 100 mm from
the end of the ladder, so that the lower stile is horizontal.
(b) Place the bottom end of the stepladder in the guide mechanism so that, when the
release is tripped, the bottom end of the stepladder will free fall vertically a
minimum of 600 mm, to strike the floor.

(c) Measure and record the width between the stiles at the bottom of the stepladder.
(d) Release the stepladder.
(e) Measure and record the width between the stiles at the bottom of the ladder.
Y5 CRITERIA There shall be no —

(b) stretching of rivets; and
(c) signs of structural damage on other components.
The permanent set of the stile at the point of contact shall not exceed 6 mm when
determined by the following equation:
D = A 1−A 2 . . . (Y5)
where
D = permanent set of stile, in millimetres
A 1 = distance between stiles before the test, in millimetres
A 2 = distance between stiles after the test, in millimetres
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FIGURE Y1 STILE CANTILEVER DYNAMIC DROP TEST

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APPENDIX Z
MULTIPURPOSE WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST
(Normative)
Z1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the strength of multi-
purpose ladders when used as a work platform.
Z2 PRINCIPLE The ladder is configured as a work platform and positioned in its

normal working position. A force is applied to the centre of the ladder for a specified time
and after removing the force, the ladder is examined for visible signs of structural
damage.
Z3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of applying a total force equal to four times the ladder load rating.
(b) A low carbon steel plate having a length equal to that of the horizontal section of
the ladder under test, a nominal width of 150 mm and nominal thickness of 10 mm.
The mass of the plate forms a part of the total test force.
(c) A means of timing an interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
Z4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Configure the ladder as a work platform, in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
(b) Position the steel plate at the centre of the horizontal surface of the work platform
(see Figure Z1).
(c) Apply the force to the centre of the steel plate and work platform for a period of not
less than 60 s and not more than 90 s.
(d) Remove the force.

(e) Remove the steel plate.
(f) Inspect the ladder for visible signs of structural damage.
Z5 CRITERION The ladder shall exhibit no visible sign of structural damage.
FIGURE Z1 WORK PLATFORM BENDING TEST
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APPENDIX AA
CYCLIC JOINT TEST
(Normative)
AA1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the durability and
minimum life of the lockable hinged joints used on multipurpose ladders.
AA2 PRINCIPLE A pair of hinged joints are cycled a specified number of times,
from the fully closed to the fully open position. At each of the intended intermediate
locking positions, the hinge joint is locked and unlocked to simulate use. The joints are
subsequently subjected to the permanent set test and the unlocked joint test.
AA3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of moving one pair of hinged joints, fitted to the midspan point of a
multipurpose ladder, from the fully closed position to the fully open position, at any
convenient velocity. The test rig shall be capable of stopping the opening motion at
each of the intended locking positions of the hinged joint and then locking and
unlocking the joint in each position.
(b) A means of counting 6000 cycles of opening and closing the ladder. This may be
incorporated into the test rig in Item (a).
(c) The apparatus required by Appendix F, Paragraph F3.
(d) The apparatus required by Appendix AB, Paragraph AB3.
AA4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Mount the fully closed ladder to the test rig.
(b) Lubricate the hinged joints.
NOTE: No further lubrication of the ladder joints is permitted during the test.
(c) Open the ladder from the fully closed position to the first locking position.
(d) Lock the joint in position.
(e) Unlock the joint in position.
(f) Open the ladder to the next locking position.
(g) Repeat Steps (d) to (f) for each of the remaining locking positions, until the ladder
is fully open.
(h) Fully close the ladder.
NOTE: The joints are not locked and unlocked during the closing movement of the ladder.
(i) Repeat Steps (c) to (h) until 6000 cycles have been completed.
(j) Perform the permanent set test in accordance with Appendix F.
(k) Perform the unlocked joint test in accordance with Appendix AB.
AA5 CRITERIA The permanent set shall not exceed the limit specified in Appendix F
and the ladder shall subsequently fold at the unlocked joint, either under its own mass or
upon application of the force.
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APPENDIX AB
UNLOCKED JOINT TEST
(Normative)
AB1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a means of verifying that the internal friction of
unlocked hinge joints will not permit a multipurpose ladder, set up in single ladder mode
to remain at rest.
AB2 PRINCIPLE A multipurpose ladder is leaned against a supporting surface at a

specified angle and the hinged joints at midspan are unlocked. A small force is applied to
the bottom rung and the ladder is observed for folding at the unlocked joint.
AB3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the top of a fully opened ladder at an angle of 75 ±5 degrees
above the horizontal, e.g. a vertical wall.
(b) A means of applying a vertical force to the bottom rung of the ladder. A mass of
2.27 kg may be used.
(c) A 90 mm wide adaptor designed to fit over the bottom rung of the ladder.
(d) A means of measuring an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.
AB4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Fully open the multipurpose ladder to its maximum length.
(b) Set the ladder against the vertical supporting surface at an angle of 75 ±5 degrees.
(c) Position the adaptor over the bottom rung at the rung centre.
(d) Carefully unlock the hinged joints at the midspan position.
(e) Apply the 22.2 N force with minimum shock via the adaptor to the centre of the
bottom rung.
NOTE: It is permitted that the ladder fold before the force is applied. In this event, Step (e) is
omitted.
(f) Observe whether the ladder folds at the midspan joint.
(g) Remove the force.
AB5 CRITERION The ladder shall fold at the unlocked joints either under its own
mass or upon application of the force.
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APPENDIX AC
SINGLE JOINT LOCK TEST
(Normative)
AC1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out a method for determining the strength of a single
hinged joint, and of the ladder, when one hinge at midspan of a multipurpose ladder is
unlocked.
AC2 PRINCIPLE A multipurpose ladder is leaned against a supporting surface at a

specified angle and one hinged joint at midspan is unlocked. A specified force is applied
to the ladder and the ladder shall not suffer ultimate failure.
AC3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) A means of supporting the top of a fully opened multipurpose ladder at an angle of
75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal, e.g. a vertical wall.
(b) A means of applying the force appropriate to the ladder load rating, given in Table
AC1, to the ladder.
(c) Two straps, each 90 mm wide designed to fit over the rungs of the multipurpose
ladder and fitted with an equalizer bar.
(d) A means of measuring a time interval of between 60 s and 90 s.
AC4 PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Fully open the multipurpose ladder to its maximum length and lock all hinges into
position.
(b) Set the ladder at an angle of 75 ±5 degrees above the horizontal, against the vertical
supporting surface.
(c) Unlock one of the hinged joints situated at the midspan point of the ladder.
(d) Position the straps and equalizer bar on the first rung above the unlocked hinge.
(e) Apply the test force appropriate to the ladder rating in accordance with Table AC1
vertically, via the equalizer bar and straps for a period of not less than 60 s and not
more than 90 s.
(f) Remove the test force.
(g) Visually examine the ladder for structural failure.
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TABLE AC1
TEST FORCE FOR SINGLE
LOCK JOINT TEST

kg N kg
100 3 920 400
110 4 310 440
120 4 705 480
130 5 095 520
140 5 490 560
150 5 880 600
160 6 270 640
AC5 CRITERION The ladder shall not collapse under the applied force.
NOTE: Permanent deformation is permitted.
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AS/NZS 1892.

Australian/New Zealand Standard

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical

The following interests are represented on Committee SF/34:

Review of Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Joint Australian/

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 94179.

Australian/New Zealand Standard

PUBLISHED JOINTLY BY:

 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 3 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE LADDERS

SECTION 4 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTENSION LADDERS

4.2 EXTENSION OF STILE ABOVE TOP RUNG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SECTION 5 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS

SECTION 7 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS

SECTION 8 PARTICULAR REQUIREMENTS FOR OTHER LADDERS

SECTION 9 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

9.5 TESTS FOR LABELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Q LADDER COMPRESSION AND FOOT DISTORTION TEST . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Originated in New Zealand as part of NZS 5233:1971.

Previous New Zealand edit ion NZS 5233:1986.

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/ STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

1.2 OBJECTIVE The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, manufacturers

1.3 APPLICATION The requirements listed herein specify certain minimum

1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

1.6.13 Platform stepladder—a single-sided stepladder with a specially designed

combination of design or construction features of one or more of the general-purpose

FIGURE 1.1 COMPONENTS AND TERMS RELATIVE TO LADDERS

2.4 QUALITY OF MANUFACTURE AND FINISH

FIGURE 2.1 EXAMPLES OF MINIMUM AREA OF FEET (HATCHED)

2.6 TREADS AND RUNGS

2 Aluminium self-etching paint is suitable for the above markings.

FIGURE 3.1 DISTANCE BETWEEN STILES

3.3 PERFORMANCE Single ladders shall comply with the requirements of

4.5 STOPS The ladder shall be designed so that it cannot be overextended.

FIGURE 4.1 FIXED HOOK

4.7 LIFTING DEVICES

(b) when composed of natural fibre, be treated to resist rotting; or

4.8 PERFORMANCE Extension ladders shall comply with the requirements of

6.1 LENGTH A trestle ladder shall not exceed 5 m in length.

6.2 SPACING OF CROSS-BEARERS Cross-bearers on both pairs of stiles shall be

FIGURE 6.1 POSITION OF CROSS-BEARERS ON TRESTLE STILES

6.8 PERFORMANCE Trestle ladders shall comply with the requirements of

7.3 ANGLE BETWEEN STILES

7.5 PERFORMANCE Multipurpose ladders shall comply with the relevant

9.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR SINGLE AND EXTENSION

9.3 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR STEPLADDERS AND TRESTLE

9.4 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR MULTIPURPOSE LADDERS

Lt = tread length between attachment to stiles, in metres

9.5 TESTS FOR LABELS

9.5.2.2 Scratch resistance test When tested in accordance with Appendix B,

A2 ENDORSEMENT This Australian Standard, without amendment, has been

A3 AIN VARIATIONS FROM THIS AUSTRALIAN STANDARD

Maximum working length Retracted length (see Note) Mass

excessive clearance in the guides. The extending section shall be guided

A4 ORDERING DATA Requisitions, contracts and orders shall specify—

FIGURE A1 LADDER DIMENSIONS

B1 PREREQUISITES FOR TESTS

FIGURE C1 TYPICAL STEPLADDER WARNING LABELS

PLACE LADDER ON FIRM LEVEL

MAKE SURE ALL LOCKING