Khulna University

Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline

Title of the Course: Op-Amp & IC Technology Sectional
Course No. ECE 2202

Title
Study and analysis of integrator using op-amp configuration.

Theory:
An op-amp integrator simulates mathematical integration which is basically a summing
process that determines the total area under the curve of a function ie., the integrator does
integration of the input voltage waveform. Here the input element is resistor and the feedback
element is capacitor as shown in fig. 2-1.

Fig. 2-1 Basic op-amp integrator

The output voltage is given by

∫ ( ) 2-1
Where VC (t=0) is the initial voltage on the capacitor. For proper integration, RC has to be
much greater than the time period of the input signal.
It can be seen that the gain of the integrator decreases with the increasing frequency so, the
integrator circuit does not have any high frequency problem unlike a differentiator circuit.
However, at low frequencies such as at dc, the gain becomes infinite. Hence the op-amp
saturates (ie., the capacitor is fully charged and it behaves like an open circuit). In order to
limit the gain of the integrator at low frequencies, usually the feedback capacitor is shunted
by a resistance Rf, and hence saturation problems can be avoided. A practical integrator
circuit is shown in Fig. 2-2.

Fig. 2-2 Practical op-amp integrator

 Required component:

1. OP-amp 741c
2. Capacitor ( )
3. Resistor (
4. Function generator
5. Multimeter
6. Regulated power supply
7. Oscilloscope

Circuit Diagram:
Cf
Model graph
Vin

Rf t
R1 t

+12V
7

Vin Vo
2
-
3
6 VO = - [1/R1Cf] ∫Vin dt
+
IC 741 t
RCOMP t
Rom = R1 RL
4

-12V

FIG: Integrator Circuit

Procedure:

1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input voltage using F.G -5. and DC Supply [for 4 & 7] pin }observe the output
waveform at Pin no.6
3. Connect oscilloscope at Pin no.6 and measure 0/p voltage and note it down.
4. Plot the output waveforms

Calculation:

We know that fa = fb =
Let fb = 10fa . fa =1 kHz so fb =10kHZ
Let C = .1µF so RF = =
So RF = 1.60KΩ
And R1 = =
R1=160Ω

Result:
From the oscilloscope we can saw that when we gave sin wave in to input we got integrate
negative cosine wave and when we gave square wave then we got integrated negative
triangular wave. So the experiment is verified.

Discussion:
1. We have to connect the circuit carefully
2. We have to connect wires tightly so there is no loose connection
3. We have to measure the output carefully
 Khulna University
Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline
Title of the Course: Op-Amp & IC Technology Sessional
Course No. ECE 2202

Title
Study and analysis of substractor using op-amp configuration

Theory
The function of a subtractor is to provide an output proportional to or equal to the difference
of two input signals. A basic differential amplifier or a subtractor circuit is shown in fig. 2-2.

Fig. 2-1 Subtractor

The output voltage of the differential amplifier can be expressed as

( )
Thus it can be seen that the output voltage depends on the difference of the input voltages.
(V1-V2) can be suitably amplified choosing the values of Rf/R1. The circuit also behaves as a
subtractor if Rf=R1.
In output voltage, if we get the subtractor of input dc voltages, then the experiment will be
proved.

Required Device and Instruments

1. Op-Amp (μA741)
2. Resistor: 1k 5. Connecting Wires
3. Fixed dc source: 5 V ,+ 15 V,-15 V 6. Trainer Boar
4. Multimeter 7. Oscilloscope
Circuit diagram

FIG: Subtractor

Procedure

1. Connect the components as per the circuit diagram.

2. Set the input voltage using F.G -5. and DC Supply [for 4 & 7] pin }observe the output
waveform at Pin no.6
3. Connect voltmeter at Pin no.6 and measure 0/p voltage and note it down.

Data
Data table for subtractor verification

No of data Input voltage Output voltage

Va(V) Vb(V) Measured(V) Theoretical(V)

1 5 5 0 0
2 0 5 -5 -5
5 0 5 5
Calculation
Here,
=1
Or, =1

Let,
= 1 kΩ
So, = = 1 kΩ

Result
From the data table, we can see that measured voltage is equal to the theoretical voltage. So
the experiment is satisfied.

Discussions
1. First of all, we will connect all parts by following the actual pin configuration of op-
amp.
2. We will connect all instruments tightly and carefully.
3. Then, we will measure the voltage accurately.
 khulna University
Electronics and Communication Engineering Discipline
Title of the Course: Op-Amp & IC Technology Sessional
Course No. ECE 2202

Title
Study and analysis of three input non-inverting Summing Amplifier.
Theory
Input voltage sources which need to be summed and resistors are connected to the non-
inverting terminal is called non-inverting summing amplifier. The circuit can be used either
as a summing or averaging amplifier through selection of appropriate values of resistors, that
is, R1 and RF.

The input resistance RiF of the non-inverting amplifier is very large. Therefore, using the
superposition theorem, the voltage V1 at the non-inverting terminal is

[ Using superposition theorem from fig.]

( )

Hence the output voltage Vo is

( )

( ) ( )

In output voltage, if we get the summation of input dc voltages, then the experiment will be
satisfied.

Required Devices & Instruments

1. Op-Amp (μA741)
2. Resistor (5) 1kΩ, 1kΩ, 1kΩ, 1kΩ, 2kΩ
3. Trainer Board
4. Multimeter and
5. Connecting Wire.
 Circuit Diagram

Fig: A non-inverting Summing Amplifier

Procedures

1. First we connected all instruments by following the circuit diagram of three input
summing amplifier.
2. Then we measured all input voltages , and with respect to ground and added
this input voltages.
3. At last we measured the output voltage with respect to ground.

Data Table

Data table for three input Non-inverting Summing Amplifier.

ttttttttt Input voltage Output voltage

No of (V) (V) (V) Measured

Data (In Analog Theoretical
lab)
1 4.97 4.97 0 9.57 9.94

2 4.97 0 4.97 10.15 9.94

3 0 4.97 4.97 9.57 9.94

Table 01
Calculation

Here,
=3
Or, (1 + )=3

Or, =2

Let,
= 1 kΩ
So, = 2 = 2 kΩ
Again, we know,
Vo = ( )

=3*
= + +
= (4.97+4.97+0) v
= 9.94V
Similarly for second and third Vo = 4.97+0+4.97=9.94, and 0+4.97+4.97=9.94.

Result
From the data table, we can see that measured voltage is nearly equal to the theoretical
voltage. So the experiment is satisfied.

Discussions
4. First of all, we will connect all parts by following the actual pin configuration of op-
amp.
5. We will connect all instruments tightly and carefully.
6. Then, we will measure the voltage accurately.