M.

Tech ACOUSTICS ENGINEERING

Syllabus for the subjects under the department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering

AUDIO SYSTEMS LTPC

4 00 4

Aim

To introduce to the students a broad range of audio systems.

Objective
 To provide basics of sound
 To provide overview of audio systems
 To learn about microphones
 To learn about loudspeakers
 To learn about audio recording

UNIT I–Fundamentals of Sound and Audio Basics 12

Periodic and aperiodic signals, Frequency response and linearity, the decibel, Audio
level metering.
Nature of sound, Principles of speed and sound, wavelength, intensity and power,
frequency of sound waves, Resonance effect in systems. Sources of sound – Producing
sounds – vibrating bars, vibrating panels, vibrating strings, diaphragms and resonators,
The human voice.

UNIT II – Microphones, Stereo Microphones and Loudspeakers 12

Microphones – Introduction, Characteristics of microphones, Moving coil

microphone, Ribbon,
Crystal, Carbon, Capacitor microphone, Comparison of various types of microphones,
Special
microphones, Stereophony – History of stereophony, stereo microphones.
Loudspeakers - Characteristics of loudspeakers, Directivity, Moving coil cone type
loudspeaker,
Electrodynamic loudspeaker, Horn type loudspeaker, Comparison of loudspeakers.
UNIT III – Audio Recording 12

Principles of Disc recording, Block diagram of disc recording system, Block diagram
of disc reproduction system, Magnetic Recording – Principles, Reproduction, Need for
biasing – AC, DC biasing, Parts of Tape Recorder, Block diagram of Tape Recorder.

Optical Recording – Types, Methods of optical recording of sound – Compact disc, optical
recording on disc, comparison of compact discs and conventional discs, Audio system
measurements –
Wow and flutter, Rumble.

UNIT IV – Audio Amplifiers 12

Types of Audio Amplifiers, Characteristics of audio amplifiers, Amplifier Circuits,

Negative feedback, Controls in audio amplifiers, special tone controls.Noise and Distortion
– Methods of reducing noise and distortion.
Fidelity, Hi – Fi, High SNR, Flat frequency response, Dynamic range.

UNIT V – Public Addressing System 12

Need and use, Block diagram, Requirements of public addressing systems, Public
Addressing System - Public meeting, Auditorium and stadium. Acoustic Reverberation–
Necessity of reverberation, reverberation periods.
Total Periods : 60

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Audio and Video Systems Principles, Maintenance and trouble shooting, R G Gupta,

McGraw Hill, Second Edition.

2. John Watkinson, The Art of Sound Reproduction, 1998, Focal Press

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Sound system engineering, By Don Davis, Carolyn Davis, Second Edition, and
Elsevier Publications.
 2. Standard Handbook of Audio Engineering, Jerry Whitaker, Blair Benson, Second
Edition, (Technical Press, Inc)

3. Ken Pohlmann, Principles of Digital Audio, 2000 , McGraw Hill

Digital Audio Engineering LTPC

4004

Aim

To give a grounding in the techniques and applications of digital technology in the

acquisition, processing, storage and transmission of acoustic signals.

Objectives
 To introduce digital techniques in acoustics and audioDigital Audio Recording
 Time Sampling (discretization): e.g. aliasing, sample and hold AD converter.
 Quantization: Dynamic range, distortion, dithers.
 Filters: Impulse responses and frequency responses

UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF AUDIO AND DIGITAL AUDIO
12

Audio principles – Physics of sound, speed of sound, wavelength, level and loudness,
critical bands, Music and the Ear, sensation of pitch, Digital Audio – Need for digital audio,
Digital Audio principles, The sampler, Time Compression, Synchronization, Error
correction and coding, Digital Audio Broadcasting.
Pure binary code, 2’s complement, Introduction to digital processing, Logic
elements, Storage elements, binary adding, A Digital mixer, Filters, Sampling rate
conversion.

UNIT II
CONVERSION TO DIGITAL AUDIO
12

Conversion – Introduction, Sampling and aliasing, reconstruction, filter design - FIR,

IIR, Quantization, Dither – Techniques, Basic D – A conversion, Basic A – D conversion,
Alternative convertors, oversampling, Noise shaping, noise shaping ADCs, 1 bit ADC.
 UNIT III

DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDING

12

Recording Bandwidth, Types of recording medium, Magnetism, Magnetic recording,

Digital magnetic tape, Optical discs, Types of recorder, PCM adaptors, Digital Audio Tape –
Block diagram, DAT data channel, Time code in DAT, Track format, DAT error correction,
Digital audio in VTRs, DASH format, Digital compact cassette.

UNIT IV
DIGITAL AUDIO REPRODUCTION 12

Reproduction processing, D to A converter - Types, output sample and hold circuit,

output LPF, impulse response, digital filter, alternate coding methods, time base correction.

UNIT V
COMPRESSION 12

Introduction, Lossless and perceptive coding, compression principles, Audio

compression tools, sub band coding, Transform coding, Compression formats, MPEG Audio
Compression – MPEG 1 Audio standard, MPEG 2 Audio standard, perceptual coding
performance evaluation.

TOTAL PERIODS: 60

TEXT BOOKS:

1. John Watkinson, The Art of Digital Audio. 2nd Edition., 2000, Focal Press 0 240
515870
2. Ken C Pohlmann, Principles of Digital Audio. 4th Edition., 2000, McGraw-Hill

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Digital Audio Engineering, John Strawn, James F. McGraw Hill

2. Applications of digital signal processing to audio and acoustics, Mark Kahrs,

Karlheinz
Brandenburg. Kluwer academic Publishers, 6th printing, 2003
3. John Watkinson, An Introduction to Digital Audio, 2002, Focal Press 0240516435
NOISE CONTROL

AIM
On successfully completing this Module the student will be able to:

 identify sources of noise and generation and propagation mechanisms;

 learn about noise control
 assess the exposure of people and properties to noise
 implement pertinent noise control strategies at the sources, along the pathways and
at the receivers.

OBJECTIVES

On successfully completing this Module the student will have knowledge and
understanding of:

1. noise generation mechanisms;

2. radiation and propagation of noise from point, line and plane sources;
3.the procedures and techniques for identifying and quality labelling noise sources;
4.the calculation of sound levels within enclosed spaces, between enclosed spaces
and into and out of enclosed spaces;
5. the characteristics and mechanisms of absorptive materials and the roles that these
materials can have in noise control
6. the control of noise in and from air handling systems

UNIT – I

Introduction to Noise control

The need for noise control, EC directives on machinery noise and outdoor equipment,
Specification of noise control targets.Units of noise measurement - Sound pressure,
intensity and power levels, reference values, Frequency analysis. dB(A) and other
frequency weighted units, Combining sound pressures (incoherent and coherent).

UNIT – II

Noise sources

Physical nature of noise sources, idealizations, Mechano-acoustic efficiency,Frequency

spectrum, Parametric dependencies including operational speed, Limitations of sound
power as a source strength quantity. Effect of reflecting surfaces, Free field (anechoic) test
method, Reverberant field method, including Sabine formula, Sound intensity methods, Use
of surface vibration.

UNIT – III

Principles of passive noise control

Effect of multiple sources and multiple paths. Noise path models, Control at source.
Airborne transmission. Structure-borne transmission.

UNIT - IV

Transmission of airborne sound through partitions

Transmission loss of a single partition, mathematical derivation for normal

incidence, Coincidence and the transmission loss for particular angles of incidence
and for a diffuse field (qualitative), Double partitions (qualitative), Measurement
methods for sound reduction index, Machinery enclosures using Sabine formula.

UNIT - V

Sound absorbent materials and applications

Qualitative treatment of dissipation mechanisms, Surface impedance and its relation

to absorption coefficient, Practical forms of sound absorbers including resonant
systems to improve low frequency absorption, Measurement techniques for
absorption, Use of absorption in rooms and enclosures.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. F J Fahy J G Walker, Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration, 1998, E&FN spon.

2. L LBeranek I Ver, Noise and vibration Control Engineering, 1992, John Wiley, 2nd
edition.
3. Bies D and Hansen C (1996) Engineering noise control: theory and practice. E&FN
Spon, Second Ed. London.
4. I Sharland (1972) Woods Guide to Noise Control.
 SYNTHESIS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING TECHNIQUES LTPC

4004

Aim

To study about various models and systems of acoustics to impart sound knowledge in
generating acoustic models and solving relevant equations.

Objective

 Revision of the fundamentals of signal processing techniques.

 To provide an in depth knowledge in speech signal processing
 To study the statistical models of analysis

UNIT-I Fundamentals of Signal Processing 12

Discrete representation of signals, Fourier representation of discrete signals, sampling

continuous signals, Z transform, finite sequences, right handed sequences, two sided
sequences, properties of Z transform, stability and causality, minimum phase and all pass
systems.

UNIT- II Transfer Function Models and Wave Equations 12

Wave equation-sate equation, plane waves and solution to general equation- Reflection of
plane waves. Helmoltz equation and spherical wave. Sound power output of a source,
reflection plane. Transfer functions for acoustic pipes, open acoustic pipe- velocity drive
and pressure drive sources. Driving point and transfer impedances.

Eigen frequencies and Eigen functions, distribution of Eigen frequencies, spacing

distribution, Greens function- orthogonal expansion of greens function for a 1D wave,
Image theory. Kirchoffs solution for a 3D wave.

UNIT III Statistical Models 12

Random and sound field model, Raleigh and exponential distributions. Random polynomial
model of the transfer functions of random signals, Zeros of random polynomials.
Reverberation statistics in rooms, number of reflection waves, number of collision at the
boundaries, energy decay process. Poles and zeros of room transfer function models, poles,
zeros, residues, sign change probabilities. Phase of room transfer functions.
UNIT IV Inverse Filters 12

Causality of inverse filters, inverse filters of minimum phase components, minimum phase
and all pass components of the transfer function,. Sound image projection system,
waveform recovery. Invers filters and linear equations, least square error method, signal
analysis and representation, principal component analysis, singular value decomposition of
a matrix, Pseudo inverse matrix.

UNIT V Audio Signal Processing 12

Filter bank analysis, additive synthesis, phase vocoder. Sinusoidal based analysis/
synthesis- estimation of model parameters, time frequence resolution. Source/ filter phase
model, additive deterministic/ stochastic model, signal separation using two voice model,
the ambiguity problem, FM synthesis, representation of musical sound, parameter
estimation.

Total 60 Hours

Text Books:

1. Fundamentals of acoustic signal processing, Mikio Tohyama, Tsunehiko Koike,

Academic Press, 1998
2. Application of Digital signal processing to Audio and Acoustics, Mark Kahrs,
Karlheinz Brandenburg, Kluwer academic Publishers, 6th printing, 2003
3. Discrete Time Speech Signal processing, Thomas F. Quatieri, Pearson Education,
3rd edition 2009
 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SOUND REPRODUCTION LTPC

4004

Aim

To provide a theoretical back ground necessary to understand the sound recording

and reproduction

Objective

 To give an introduction about the fundamentals of sound recording and

reproduction
 Impart knowledge on the basic principles of the common musical instruments

UNIT-I Recording and reproduction 12

Audio basics-periodicity, decibel, transforms. Physics of sound- wavelength-

Doppler effect, wave number. Microphones- Pronciples and limitations. Different
mechanisms, electrodynamic, electrostatic, Phantom power, Radio microphones. Loud
speakers and head phones- Concepts and mechanisms, low frequency reproduction,
enclousers, cross over networks, electrostatic loud speakers, Power amplifiers, active loud
speakers- Headphones.

UNIT- II Digital and Analog Audio 12

Sampling and aliasing, quantization, aperture effect- dither techniques, rectangular-

triangular-Gaussian-pdf dither, basic ADC and DAC. Noise shaping. Magnetic tape, heads,
biased recording, pre emphasis and equalization, head alignment, Capston motors,
brushless motors, reel motors, tension servos. The compact cassette, analog noise
reduction.

UNIT-III Digital Recording 12

Time compression, replay synchronization, digital recorders, channels

coding, error correction and concealment. Reed Solomon codes, Modulo-n arithmetic, the
Galois field, R-S calculations. Digital audio systems-CD and MD disk construction, focus
and tracking system, channel code of CD and MD

UNIT-IV Musical Instruments 12

Pipes, horns and cavities, impedance curves, string instruments, guitars and lutes, response
to string forces, sound radiation, bowed string instruments-violin, construction, body
vibrations, the bridge—the bow, the piano, piano hammers, sound decay, scaling and tunig,
timbre.
UNIT-V Wind Instruments 12

Sound generation by reep and lip vibrations, pressure controlled valves quasi static
model, generators coupled to horns, non linear analysis. Lip driven bass instruments-
radiation, small and large amplitude non linearity, impedance curves, and acoustic spectra.

Total 60 Hours

Text Books:

1. The art of sound reproduction, John Watkinson, Focal Press, 1998

2. The physics of Musical Instruments, Neville Horner Fletcher, Thomas D.
Rossing2nd edition, Springer 1998
3. Sound system engineering, By Don Davis, Carolyn Davis, Second Edition, and
Elsevier Publications.
 NON LINEAR ACCOUSTICS LTPC

4004

AIM

To give an introduction to the theory of nonlinear acoustics. To develop the physical

concepts, mathematical models, and classical methods of solution that forms the theoretical
framework of nonlinear acoustics.

OBJECTIVE

 To study about the fundamentals of wave propagation, their non linear behavior and
the non linear geometries of acoustics.
 To study about the dispersive media and scattering of sound waves.

UNIT- I Plane Waves 12

General solution of the plane wave equation, free waves, forced waves, derivation of wave
equation, impedance sound waves, spherical and cylindrical sound waves of 1D-solution to
1D equation. 3D wave equation,

UNIT-II Non linearity & waves 12

Homogeneous gases, isotropic gases, elastic medium with cavities, on linearities in elastic
media. Non linear effects in the presence of dispersion and dissipation. Propagation of
pulses, intense acoustic noise, waves in media, finite amplitude standing waves, energy and
momentum in plane sound waves.

UNIT- III Non linear geometrical acoustics 12

Rays and ray tubes, non linear wave evolution along the rays, spherical waves, non linear
acoustics of explosive waves, one dimensional propagation in inhomogeneous media. Self
refraction of shock waves. Non linear sound beams- paraxial beams, the non linear beam
equation, divergent waves.

UNIT IV- Dispersive Media 12

Medial with selective absorption, non linear waves in waveguides, parametric amplification
and generation of sound. Acoustic solitons in a liquid with gas bubbles. Acoustic solitons in
solids, wave interaction in a liquid with resonance bubbles. Parametric sound transmitter
in a waveguide.

UNIT-V Scattering of Sound 12

Cubic non linearity in acoustics, self focusing sound, 1D modulated waves, stimulated
scattering of sound, wave front reversal, concentration of non linearity in a liquid with gas
bubbles, cavitational self focusing of sound, phase locking of non linear oscillators in
acoustics.

Total 60 Hors

Text Books

1. Nonlinear wave processes in acoustics, Konstantin Aleksandrovich Naugolʹnykh,

L. A. Ostrovskiĭ, Cambridge university press, 1998
2. Fundamentals of physical acoustics David T. Blackstock, John wiley & Sons, 2000

SIGNALS PROCESSING

LTPC

3104

AIM

To study and analyze characteristics of continuous, discrete signals and systems.

OBJECTIVES

 To study the properties and representation of discrete and continuous signals.

 To study the sampling process and analysis of discrete systems using Z-transforms.
 To study the analysis and synthesis of discrete time systems.

UNIT I REPRESENTATION OF SIGNALS 12

Continuous and discrete time signals: Classification of Signals – Periodic aperiodic even –
odd – energy and power signals – Deterministic and random signals – complex exponential
and sinusoidal signals – periodicity – properties of discrete time complex exponential unit
impulse – unit step impulse functions – Transformation in independent variable of signals:
time scaling, time shifting. Determination of Fourier series representation of continuous
time and discrete time periodic signals – Explanation of properties of continuous time and
discrete time Fourier series.

UNIT II ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 12

Continuous time Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform analysis with examples –
properties of the Continuous time Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform basic
properties, Parseval’s relation, and convolution in time and frequency domains.

Basic properties of continuous time systems: Linearity, Causality, time invariance, stability,
magnitude and Phase representations of frequency response of LTI systems -Analysis and
characterization of LTI systems using Laplace transform:
Computation of impulse response and transfer function using Laplace transform.

UNIT III SAMPLING THEOREM AND Z-TRANSFORMS

Representation of continuous time signals by its sample - Sampling theorem –

Reconstruction of a Signal from its samples, aliasing – discrete time processing of
continuous time signals, sampling of band pass signals. Basic principles of Z-transform - Z-
transform definition – region of convergence – properties of ROC – Properties of Z-
transform – Poles and Zeros – inverse Z-transform using Contour integration - Residue
Theorem, Power Series expansion and Partial fraction expansion, Relationship between z-
transform and Fourier transform.

UNIT IV 12
ADAPTIVE FILTERS

FIR adaptive filters -adaptive filter based on steepest descent method-Widrow-Hoff LMS
adaptive algorithm, Normalized LMS. Adaptive channel equalization-Adaptive echo
cancellation-Adaptive noise cancellation- Adaptive recursive filters (IIR). RLS adaptive
filters-Exponentially weighted RLS-sliding window RLS.
 UNIT V 12
MULTIRATE DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Mathematical description of change of sampling rate - Interpolation and Decimation ,

Decimation by an integer factor - Interpolation by an integer factor, Sampling rate
conversion by a rational factor, Filter implementation for sampling rate conversion- direct
form FIR structures, Polyphase filter structures, time-variant structures. Multistage
implementation of multirate system. Application to sub band coding- Wavelet transform
and filter bank implementation of wavelet expansion of signals.
TOTAL : 60

TEXT BOOK

1. AlanV.Oppenheim, Alan S.Willsky with S.Hamid Nawab, Signals & Systems,

2nd edn., Pearson Education, 1997.
2. Monson H.Hayes, Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling, John
Wiley and Sons, Inc.,Singapore, 2002

REFERENCE BOOKS

1. John G.Proakis and Dimitris G.Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing, Principles,

Algorithms and Applications, 3rd edn., PHI, 2000.
2. M.J.Roberts, Signals and Systems Analysis using Transform method and MATLAB,
TMH 2003.
3. Simon Haykin and Barry Van Veen, Signals and Systems, John Wiley, 1999
4. K.Lindner, “Signals and Systems”, McGraw Hill International, 1999.
5. Moman .H. Hays,” Digital Signal Processing “, Schaum’s outlines, Tata McGraw-Hill
Co Ltd., 2004.
6. Ashok Amhardar, “Analog and Digital Signal Processing”, 2 nd Edition Thomson
2002.
SPEECH TECHNOLOGY

LTPC
4004

Aim:

Develop an understanding of the relationship of vocal tract shapes and physical acoustics
to the acoustic speech signal.

Objective:

1. Design and implement digital filters to synthesize speech and code speech at a low
bit rate.
2. Implement speech analysis and speech synthesis modules using object-oriented
software programs.

UNIT-1 SPEECH RECOGNITION

Fundamentals of Speech Recognition: Introduction, The paradigm for speech Recognition,

out line, Brief history of speech recognition research. The Speech Signal: Production,
reception, and Acoustic-phonetic characterization: The speech production system-
Representing speech in time and frequency domains, Speech Sounds and features,
Approaches to automatic speech recognition by machine

UNIT-II SIGNAL PROCESSING

Signal Processing And Analysis Methods For Speech Recognition: The bank-of filters front-
end processor. Linear predictive model for speech recognition, Vector quantization,
Auditory based Spectral analysis model.

UNIT III SYSTEM DESIGN

Pattern Comparison Techniques: Speech detection, Distortion Measures. Mathematical

Considerations, Distortion Measures-Perceptual Considerations, Spectral-Distortion Measures,
Incorporation of spectral dynamic features into distortion measures, Time Alignment and
Normalization.Speech Recognition System Design And Implementation Issues: Application of
source coding techniques to recognition, Template training methods, Performance
analysis and recognition enhancements, Template adoption to new talkers,
Discriminative methods in speech recognition, Speech recognition in adverse
environment
UNIT-IV STTISTICAL APPROACH

Theory And Implementation of Hidden Markov Models: Discrete time Markov processes,
Extensions to hidden Markov Models, The three basic problems for HMMs,
Types of HMMs, Implementation issues for HMMs, HMM system for isolated word
recognition

UNIT V ALGORITHMS & WORD MODELS

Speech Recognition Based On Connected Words Models: General notations

for the connected Word-Recognition problem, The two level dynamic programming
algorithm, The level building algorithm, The one pass algorithm, Multiple candidate
strings, Grammar networks for connected digit recognition, Segmental K-Means
training procedure, Connected digit recognition implementation.

TEXT BOOKS

1. L. Rabiner and B. Juang, “Fundamentals of Speech Recognition”, Pearson Education.

2. L R Rabiner and RW Schafer, “Digital Processing of Speech Signals”, Pearson
Education.

References

1. B. Gold and N. Morgan, “Speech and Audio Signal Processing”, John Wiley.
2. D. Jurafsky and J.H. Martin, “Speech and Language Processing”, Pearson
Education