16 2.

2 1
20 1.9 2.8 2
25 2.3 3.5 3
32 1.8 2.9 4.4 4
40 1.8 2.3 3.7 5.5 5
50 1.8 2.0 2.9 4.6 6.9 6
63 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 8.6 7
75 1.9 2.3 2.9 4.3 6.8 10.3 8
90 2.2 2.8 3.5 5.1 8.2 12.3 9
110 2.7 3.4 4.2 6.3 10.0 15.1 10
125 3.1 3.9 4.8 7.1 11.4 17.1 11
140 3.5 4.3 5.4 8.0 12.7 19.2 12
160 4.0 4.9 6.2 9.1 14.6 21.9 13
180 4.4 5.5 6.9 10.2 16.4 24.6 14
200 4.9 6.2 7.7 11.4 18.2 27.4 15
225 5.5 6.9 8.6 12.8 20.5 30.8 16
250 6.2 7.7 9.6 14.2 22.7 34.2 17
280 6.9 8.6 10.7 15.9 25.4 38.3 18
315 7.7 9.7 12.1 17.9 28.6 43.1 19
355 8.7 10.9 13.6 20.1 32.2 48.5 20
400 9.8 12.3 15.3 22.7 36.3 54.7 21
450 11.0 13.8 17.2 25.5 40.9 61.5 22
500 12.3 15.3 19.1 28.4 45.4 68.3 23
560 13.7 17.2 21.4 31.7 50.8 24
630 15.4 19.3 24.1 35.7 57.2 25
710 17.4 21.8 27.2 40.2 64.5 26
800 19.6 24.5 30.6 45.3 27
900 22.0 27.6 34.4 51.0 28
1000 24.5 30.6 38.2 56.7 29
1100 26.9 33.7 42.0 62.4 30
1200 29.4 36.7 45.9 68.0 31
1400 34.4 42.9 53.5 32
1600 39.2 49.0 61.2 33
Dn [mm] 2 1/2 3.2 4 6 10 16
Presiones nominales PN [bar]
HDPE PE80 DIN 8074 / ISO 4427
Espesor [mm]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
2

3 Pipe Thickness [mm], according ASME B36.10M

4
5 ASME B36.10M SCHEDULE / IDENTIFICATION
6 Size dext 5 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 STD XS XXS

7 1/2 21.3 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.77 - 3.73 - 0 - 4.78 2.77 3.73 7.47
8 3/4 26.7 1.65 2.11 - 2.41 2.87 - 3.91 - 0 - 5.56 2.87 3.91 7.82
9 1 33.4 1.65 2.77 - 2.9 3.38 - 4.55 - 0 - 6.35 3.38 4.55 9.09
10 1 1/4 42.2 1.65 2.77 2.97 3.56 4.85 6.35 3.56 4.85 9.7
11 1 1/2 48.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.68 - 5.08 - 0 - 7.14 3.68 5.08 10.15
12 2 60.3 1.65 2.77 - 3.18 3.91 - 5.54 - 0 - 8.74 3.91 5.54 11.07
13 2 1/2 73 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.16 7.01 9.53 5.16 7.01 14.02
14 3 88.9 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 5.49 - 7.62 - 0 - 11.13 5.49 7.62 15.24
15 3 1/2 101.6 2.11 3.05 4.78 5.74 8.08 5.74 8.08
16 4 114.3 2.11 3.05 - 4.78 6.02 - 8.56 - 11.13 - 13.49 6.02 8.56 17.12
17 5 141.3 2.77 3.4 - - 6.55 - 9.53 - 12.7 - 15.88 6.55 9.53 19.05
18 6 168.3 2.77 3.4 - - 7.11 - 10.97 - 14.27 - 18.26 7.11 10.97 21.95
19 8 219.1 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 10.31 12.7 15.09 18.26 20.62 23.01 8.18 12.7 22.23
20 10 273 3.4 4.19 6.35 7.8 9.27 12.7 15.09 18.26 21.44 25.4 28.58 9.27 12.7 25.4
21 12 323.8 3.96 4.57 6.35 8.38 10.31 14.27 17.48 21.44 25.4 28.58 33.32 9.53 12.7 25.4
22 14 355.6 3.96 6.35 7.92 9.53 11.13 15.09 19.05 23.83 27.79 31.75 35.71 9.53 12.7 -
23 16 406.4 4.19 6.35 7.92 9.53 12.7 16.66 21.44 26.19 30.96 36.53 40.49 9.53 12.7 -
24 18 457 4.19 6.35 7.92 11.13 14.27 19.05 23.83 29.36 34.93 39.67 45.24 9.53 12.7 -
25 20 508 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 15.09 20.62 26.19 32.54 38.1 44.45 50.01 9.53 12.7 -
26 22 559 4.78 6.35 9.53 12.7 - 22.23 28.58 34.93 41.28 47.63 53.98 9.53 12.7 -
27 24 610 5.54 6.35 9.53 14.27 17.48 24.61 30.96 38.89 46.02 52.37 59.54 9.53 12.7 -
28 26 660 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
29 28 711 - 7.92 12.7 - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
30 30 762 6.35 7.92 12.7 15.88 - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
31 32 813 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
32 34 864 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 17.48 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
33 36 914 - 7.92 12.7 15.88 19.05 - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
34 38 965 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
35 40 1016 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
36 42 1067 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
44 1118 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
46 1168 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
39 48 1219 - - - - - - - - - - - 9.53 12.7 -
Resume

Cv to Kv
Transformation from Cv-value to a Kvm³/h,Pa and Kvm³/h,bar values
The flow coefficient Cv relates the flow rate (gpm) and the pressure
drop through a valve (psi), while the flow factor Kv relates de flow
rate (m³/h) and the pressure drop through a valve (Pa or bar)

Kvm 3 h, Pa=0 . 00274⋅Cv Eq .(a )

Kvm 3 h,bar =0 . 865⋅Cv Eq . (b)

Kv to K
Relation between the Kv-value and the singular pressure drop coefficient K
The singular pressure drop coefficient K of the Darcy-Weisbach relation

ΔP=K⋅hv
is expressed as a funtion of the flow factor Kv
4
2 d
K=π ⋅1620⋅ Eq .(e )
Kvm2 3 h, Pa
 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016

Kv to C
Discharge coeficient C as a function of the flow factor Kv

C =
Kvm 3/ s , Pa
A √
⋅
ρw
2
Eq .( f )

Kv application
Application example of equations (a) and (b)

K application
Application example of equation .(e)

www.piping-tools.net
Relationships_between_Cv_Kv_and_C.xls
cjcruz[at]piping-tools.net
_between_Cv_Kv_and_C.xls
Transformation from Cv-value to a Kv m³/h,Pa and Kvm³/h,bar values

The flow coefficient Cv, is the number of US gallons of water per minute at 60F, that will flow
through a valve with a pressure drop of one psi.

In the SI system, this coefficient is termed flow factor and is denoted as Kv.
Kvm³/h,Pa : Flow rate in [m3/h], at 15.6 ºC, when the pressure through the valve is one Pascal
Kvm³/h,bar : Flow rate in [m3/h], at 15.6 ºC, when the pressure through the valve is one bar

The flow rate in imperial system is given

by the formula

Q( GPM )=Cv⋅
√ ΔP( psi)
SG

where SG is the specific gravity of the

liquid
SGair = 1

In the SI system

√ ΔP Pa
√ ΔPbar
Qm 3 h= Kvm 3h , Pa⋅ Qm 3 h= Kvm 3h , bar⋅
SG SG
Relation between Cv and Kvm³/h,Pa Relation between Cv and Kvm³/h,bar

Qgpm =Cv⋅
√ ΔP psi
SG
gpm =Cv⋅
√ ΔP psi
SG

√
√
ΔP bar⋅14 . 5
ΔP Pa Qgpm =Cv⋅
SG

Qgpm =Cv⋅
6895
SG
Qgpm =Cv⋅√ 14 . 5⋅
√ ΔPbar
SG

√
√ 14 . 5 ⋅Cv⋅ ΔPbar

√ √
Qm ³/ h =
Cv⋅¿ ΔP Pa 0.227 ΔP 4 . 403 SG
Qgpm = ⋅ ¿Qm³/h= ⋅Cv⋅ Pa
√ 6895 SG 83 SG Qm 3 h=0 . 865⋅Cv⋅
√ ΔP bar

√
SG
ΔP Pa Kvm 3 h, bar =0 . 865⋅Cv Eq . (b)
Qm³/ h=0.00274⋅Cv⋅ 1
SG Cv=
0 . 865
⋅Kv m 3 h , bar
Kvm 3h, Pa=0.00274⋅Cv Eq .(a) Cv=1. 1561⋅Kv m 3 h , bar

√ √
ΔP Pa ΔP bar
Qm 3 h= Kvm 3h , bar⋅
Qm3h=Kvm 3h,Pa⋅ SG
SG Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Kvm 3 h, Pa=0. 00274⋅Cv Eq .(a) Kvm 3 h, bar =0. 865⋅Cv Eq . (b)

 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016
Page 1 of 1

en Cv and Kvm³/h,bar

⋅14 . 5

⋅
√ ΔPbar
SG

v⋅
√ ΔP bar
SG

⋅
√ ΔP bar
SG
5⋅Cv Eq . (b)

3 h , bar

3 h , bar

⋅
√ ΔP bar
SG
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

.865⋅Cv Eq .(b)
Relation between the Kv-value and the singular pressure drop coefficient K
(Valid for liquids)

The singular pressure drop coefficient "K" for a valve with liquid is a
function only of the the valve diameter and the Kv-value

From sheet Cv to Kv ρ
hv= v 2
Kvm /h , Pa=Qm 3 h⋅
SG
ΔP Pa √ hv=
2
SG⋅1000 2
⋅v

√ ΔP Pa Q m 3 h 2
= ΔP=K⋅hv
SG Kvm 3 h, Pa SG⋅1000 2
ΔP=K⋅ ⋅v Eq (d )

[ ]
2
ΔP Pa Qm 3 h 2
= where K is the singular pressure
SG Kv m 3 h , Pa
drop coefficient of the Darcy

[ ]
2
Qm 3 h equation
ΔP Pa =SG⋅
Kvm 3 h, Pa L
ΔP=f⋅ ⋅ h v
d

[ ]
2
Qm 3 s⋅3600
ΔP Pa =SG⋅ Eq( c ) or
Kvm 3 h, Pa Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0 ΔP=K⋅ h v

Example Pressure drop

[]
Fluid: water 2
ΔP Q
Q = 80 m³/h =
352.2 gpm SG Kv
dn = 6 in DP = SG * Q^2 / Kv^2
Bray Series 20/21 Butterfly lined valve SG = 1 -
Sheet Bray Q= 80 m³/h
Cv = 2786 - Kv = 7.62
SG = 1 - DP = 110 Pa
Q= 352.232 gpm
DP = SG * Q^2/Cv^2 Flow velocity
Sg = 1 - dn = 6
Q= 352.232 gpm sch = STD
Cv = 2786 di = #VALUE! mm
 DP = 0.015984365 psi di = #VALUE! m
DP = 110 Pa A= (pi()/4)*d^2
A= #VALUE! m²
Kv-value Q= 80 m³/h
Q= 0.022 m³/s
Kvm 3 h, Pa=0 . 0027353⋅Cv v= Q/A
Q= 0.022 m³/s
Kvm3h,Pa = 0.0027353 * Cv A= #VALUE! m²
Cv = 2786 - v= #VALUE! m/s
Kvm3h,Pa = 7.62
 Equating Eq(c ) and Eq( d ) 4
2 d
SG⋅1000 2 Q 2m3 s ¿ 36002 K=π ⋅90⋅18⋅ 2
K⋅ ⋅v =SG⋅ 2 Kvm 3 h, Pa
2 Kvm 3 h , Pa d4
2 2 K=π 2⋅1620⋅ 2
1000 Qm3 s Q m3 s Kv m 3 h , Pa
K⋅ ⋅ 2 = 2 ¿ 36002
2 A Kv m 3 h , Pa 2 d4
K=π ⋅1620⋅ 2 Eq .(e )
1000 1 1 Kv m 3 h , Pa
K⋅ ⋅ 2= 2 ⋅3600 2
2 A Kv m 3 h , Pa
2⋅3600 A2
K= ⋅3600⋅ 2
⋅v 2 Eq (d ) 1000 Kvm 3h , Pa
4
d
gular pressure
f the Darcy
K=2⋅360⋅36⋅ 2
1
Kvm 3h , Pa 4( )π 22
⋅ d
2
K=π ⋅1620⋅
Kvm2 3 h, Pa
Eq .(e )

π 2⋅360⋅72 d 4
K= ⋅ 2
16 Kvm 3h , Pa

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

Velocity pressure Kv-value

hv = r / 2 * v^2
r= SG * rwater Kvm 3 h, Pa=0 . 0027353⋅Cv
rwater = 1000 kg/m³
hv = SG * rwater / 2 * v^2 Kvm3h,Pa = 0.0027353 *CV
Cv = 2786 -

SG⋅1000 2 Kvm3h,Pa = 7.62

hv= ⋅v
2
hv = SG * 1000 / 2 * v^2
SG = 1 Singular pressure drop coefficient
rwater = 1000 kg/m³ 4
d
v= #VALUE! m/s K = π 2⋅1620⋅
K2v
hv = #VALUE! Pa
K= p^2*1620*d^4/kv^2
Singular pressure drop coefficient d= #VALUE! m
K= DP / hv Kv = 7.62 -
DP = 110.2 Pa K= #VALUE! -
hv = #VALUE! Pa
K= #VALUE! -
 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016
Page 1 of 2

4
2 d
π ⋅90⋅18⋅ 2
Kvm 3 h, Pa
d4
π 2⋅1620⋅ 2
Kv m 3 h , Pa
2 d4
π ⋅1620⋅ 2 Eq .(e )
Kv m 3 h , Pa

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

4
d
20⋅ Eq .(e )
Kvm2 3 h, Pa

Page 2 of 2

20*d^4/kv^2
1 m³/h = 4.4029 gpm
1 psi = 6894.7573 Pa
Kv value as function of Cv value. Application examples Flow rate in m³/h
Pressure in "Pascal"
For a certain valve, following Cv values are given.
Required is the water flow rate for a fully open valve, Relationship
Kvm3h,Pa =

√
Q( m ³/ h )=Kv( m ³/ h, Pa )⋅

Example (SI, m3/h, Pa)

Valve:
dn =
DP =
SG =

From the table

Cv =
Kvm3h,Pa =
Kvm3h,Pa =
Q=
Kv =
DP =
SG =
The Cv value is the water flow rate Q [GPM] that will pass through a valve Q=
when the pressure across it is DP = 1 [psi].
The reference water specific gravity is defined as SG = 1
Kvm 3 h, Pa=0. 00274⋅Cv
ow rate in m³/h Flow rate in m³/h Flow rate in gpm
essure in "Pascal" Pressure in "bar" Pressure in "psi"

Relationship Relationship
0.0027353 *Cv Kvm3h,bar = 0.864972 *Cv Cv direct from table

√
Q( m ³/ h )=Kv( m ³/ h, Pa)⋅

ample (SI, m3/h, Pa)

ΔP( Pa)
SG √
Q( m ³/ h )=Kv( m ³/ h, bar )⋅

Example (SI, m3/h, bar)

ΔP( bar)
SG
Q( GPM )=Cv⋅
√
Example (Imperial units
ΔP( psi)
SG

fully open Valve: fully open Data

12 in dn = 12 in Valve: fully open
561 Pa DP = 0.0056 bar dn = 12
1 SG = 1 DP = 561
DP = 0.0814
om the table From the table SG = 1
12102 Cv = 12102 From the table
0.00274 *Cv Kvm3h,bar = 0.864972 *Cv Cv = 12102
33.10 Kvm3h,Pa = 10,468 Q= Cv * (DP/SG)^0.5
Kv * (DP/SG)^0.5 Q= Kv * (DP/SG)^0.5 Cv = 12,102
33.10 Kv = 10,468 DP = 0.0814
561 Pa DP = 0.00561 bar SG = 1
1 SG = 1 Q= 3,452
784.0 m³/h Q= 784.0 m³/h Q= 784.1

For derivation, see sheet Cv to Kv

Kvm 3 h, Pa=0. 00274⋅Cv Eq .(a) Kvm 3 h,bar =0. 865⋅Cv Eq . (b)
 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016
Page 1 of 1

v⋅
√ ΔP( psi)
SG

in
Pa
psi

v * (DP/SG)^0.5
-
psi
-
gpm
m³/h

ee sheet Cv to Kv
K values as function of Cv values
Example
The singular pressure drop coefficient "K" is defined Fluid: water
in the Darcy-Weisbach equation as Q = 784.0 m³/h
DP = K * (f / L) * hv 3452 gpm
where "hv" is the velocity pressure dn = 12 in
hv = (r / 2) * v^2 [Pa] For the selected valve
"r" is the fluid density [kg/m³] Cv = 12102 -
"v" is the fluid velocity [m/s] SG = 1 -
Q= 3452 gpm
Examples, for a Bray Series 20/21 Butterfly lined valve DP = SG * Q^2/Cv^2
Sg = 1 -
Q= 3452 gpm
Cv = 12102
DP = 0.08 psi
DP = 561 Pa

Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
Pressure drop in SI (m3/h,Pa) Singular pressure drop coefficient "K" Singular pressure drop coefficien

√
(dimensions for a CS pipe, sch = STD) K=
ΔP( Pa ) DP =
Q(m ³/h )= Kv(m ³/ h , Pa)⋅
SG Flow velocity hv =

√
Q(m ³/h ) ΔP( Pa) dn = 12 K=
= sch = STD
Kv( m ³/ h, Pa) SG di = #VALUE! mm Singular pressure drop coefficien

[ ]
2
Q ( m ³/ h) ΔP( Pa ) di = #VALUE! m calculated as a function of the pip
= A= (pi()/4)*d^2 diameter and Kv value.
Kv( m ³/ h , Pa) SG
A= #VALUE! m² 4

[ ]
2 d
Q( m ³/ h) Q= 784.0 m³/h K = π 2⋅1620⋅
ΔP ( Pa )=SG⋅ Q= 0.218 m³/s K2v
Kv( m ³/ h , Pa) v= Q/A (For derivation, see sheet kv to K
Kv-value Q= 0.218 m³/s
A= #VALUE! m² K coefficient
Kvm 3 h, Pa=0.0027353⋅Cv v= #VALUE! m/s K=
d=
Kvm3h,Pa = 0.002735 * Cv Velocity pressure Kvm3h,Pa =
Cv = 12102 - hv = r / 2 * v^2 K=
Kvm3h,Pa = 33.10 r= SG * rwater
rwater = 1000 kg/m³ Pressure drop
DP = SG * ( Q / Kv )^2 hv = SG * rwater / 2 * v^2 DP =
SG = 1 SG = 1 K=
Q= 784.0 m³/h rwater = 1000 kg/m³ hv =
Kv = 33.10 v= #VALUE! DP =
DP = 561 Pa hv = #VALUE! Pa
 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016
Page 1 of 1

gular pressure drop coefficient

DP / hv
561.0 Pa
#VALUE! Pa
#VALUE! -

gular pressure drop coefficient

culated as a function of the pipe
meter and Kv value.
4
d
K = π 2⋅1620⋅
K2v
r derivation, see sheet kv to K)

p^2*1620*d^4/kvm3h,Pa^2
#VALUE! m
33.10 -
#VALUE! -

K * hv
#VALUE!
#VALUE! Pa
#VALUE! Pa
[2] http://www.valvias.com/discharge-coefficient.php

Discharge coefficient "C" as a function of flow coefficient "Kv"

(Valid for liquids)

Equation of a discharge though a valve

Q =C ⋅ A ⋅√ 2 ⋅ g ⋅Δh
C: discharge coefficient -
Q: volume flow rate m³/s
Dh: height difference m
A: area oif pipe section m²
d: inside pipe diameter m

Dh = h 1 - h2
A= (p/4) * d²

The discharge coefficient is non dimensional and for a given

valve model its value is practically constant for any diameter.
Usually, the published values are for the totaly open valves.

Fixed cone valves, are discharge valves. For this reason they are
caracterized by means of the discharge coefficient "C" instead of Q =C ⋅ A ⋅√ 2 ⋅ g ⋅Δh
the flow coefficient Cv or Kv

√ ΔP Pa
For this type of valves, the dischaarge coefficient is of the order
of C = 0.75 to C = 0.85 Qm 3 h= Kvm 3h , Pa⋅
SG
 Q m 3/h =Kv m 3/ h , Pa⋅
√ ΔP Pa
SG Kvm 3/s , Pa=
3600
Kv m 3 /h , Pa

Q m 3/s =
Kv m 3 h , Pa
3600
⋅
SG √ ΔP Pa

Q m 3/s =
3600 SG √
Kv m 3 h , Pa Δhmfc⋅γ f
⋅ C =
Kvm 3/s , Pa
A √
⋅
ρw
2
Eq .( f )

√
Kv m 3 h , Pa Δhmfc⋅g⋅ρf
Q m 3/s = ⋅
3600 ρf
ρw
Kv m 3 /h , Pa
Q m 3/s = ⋅√ Δh mfc⋅g⋅ρw
3600

Q m³/s=C ⋅ A ⋅√2 ⋅ g ⋅Δh mfc

Kvm 3/h , Pa
C ⋅ A ⋅√ 2 ⋅ g ⋅Δhmfc = ⋅√ Δh mfc⋅g⋅ρw
3600
Kv
C ⋅ A ⋅√ 2 = m 3 /h, Pa ⋅√ ρw
3600
Kv 1 ρ
C = m 3 /h, Pa ⋅ ⋅ w
3600 A 2 √
A ⋅√ 2 ⋅ g ⋅Δh Kvm 3/s , Pa=
Kvm 3/h , Pa
3600

√
3h , Pa⋅
ΔP Pa
SG
Kv
C = m 3 /s, Pa ⋅ w
A 2
ρ
√ Eq .( f )
Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0
 Rev. cjc. 21.05.2016

Kv m 3 /h , Pa
3/s , Pa=
3600

Kvm 3/s , Pa
A √
⋅
ρw
2
Eq .( f )
 [1] http://www.valvias.com/coeficiente-de-caudal-valvula-de-bola.php

[2] Coeficiente de descarga

http://www.valvias.com/ecuaciones-de-fluidos-coeficiente-de-descarga-c.php#c-K

[3] http://detector-gas-systems.web.cern.ch/detector-gas-systems/downloads/kv_calc_doc.pdf

Joucomatic
Engineering information
Flow data
Flow factor and orifice size

[4] http://www.fnwvalve.com/FNWValve/assets/images/PDFs/FNW/tech_AboutCv.pdf
FNW
About CV.
(Flow coefficients)

[5] Ideal valve

Flow calculation for gases
http://www.idealvalve.com/pdf/Flow-Calculation-for-Gases.pdf

[6] Spiraxsarco
http://www.spiraxsarco.com/resources/steam-engineering-tutorials/control-hardware-el-pn-actuation/con

[7] Intellsitesuite
http://help.intellisitesuite.com/Hydrocarbon/papers/6110.pdf

[8]

[9] Joucomatic
http://detector-gas-systems.web.cern.ch/detector-gas-systems/downloads/kv_calc_doc.pdf
Engineering information
Flow data
Flow factor and orifice size
 Microsoft Editor de
ecuaciones 3.0

alc_doc.pdf

ware-el-pn-actuation/control-valve-sizing-for-steam-systems.asp