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Molar Physical
Number of
Molecular formula mass state at
carbon -1
Name (g mol ) room
atoms CnH2n+2 C=12, temperatu
(n)
H=1 re
1 Methane C1H2x1+2 = CH4 16 Gas
1
members different in molar mass is 14 g mol-1
Name No. of
Structural formulae and Name
isomers
Methane 0
H
│
CH4 H─C─H
│
H
Ethane, 0
C2H6 H H
│ │
H─C─C─H
│ │
H H
Propane, 0
C3H8 H H H
│ │ │
H─C─C─C─H
│ │ │
H H H
Butane, 2 H H H H
C4H10 │ │ │ │
H─C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │
H H H H
n-butane
2
H H H
│ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H
2 - methyl propane
Pentane, 3
C5H12 H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │
H─C─C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H H H
n-pentane
H H H H
│ │ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ C ─ H
1 2 3 4
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H
2-methyl butane
3
H
│
H H─C─H H
│ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │
H H─C─H H
│
H
2,2-dimethyl propane
Hexane, 5
C6H14 H H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │ │
H─C─C─C─C─C─C─H
│ │ │ │ │ │
H H H H H H
n-hexane
H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H H
│
H
2 - methyl pentane
4
H H H H H
│ │ │ │ │
H ─ C ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │ │
H H H─C─H H H
│
H
3 - methyl pentane
H
│
H H─C─H H H
│ │ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─ C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H
2,2 - dimethyl butane
H
│
H H H ─C─H H
│ │ │ │
H ─ C ─── C ─── C ─── C ─ H
│ │ │ │
H H─C─H H H
│
H
5
Physical Properties
Physical properties of alkanes
i. cannot conduct electrity
ii. less dense than water
iii. dissolve in organic solvents, insoluble in water
iv. low melting and boiling points
Conclusion:
- molecule held together by weak intermolecular forces
- properties of covalent compound
- gradually steady increase as the number of carbon in alkane
increases
6
6. Steps to name branched alkanes;
i. determined and named the long chains
ii. determined and named the branch chain
CH3 : methyl
C2H5 OR CH2CH3 : ethyl
C3H7 OR CH2CH2CH3 : prophyl
iii. give number to the carbon atoms in long chain, which started
from the nearest branched
iv. The number for carbon atom which branched emerged from,
must put before/infront the alkyl
v. Named the branched first, followed by the named of long chains
The word “ di, tri” is used if the branched chains is more than one
Chemical Properties
Pg 38
Reactivity of alkanes
1. Not reactive/unreactive because saturated hydrocarbon
2. Did not decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
3. Did not decolourized reddish brown solution of bromin water
4. Neutral.
Combustion of alkanes
1. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, alkanes burns to form
carbon dioxide and water. – complete combustion
Chemical equation:
C3H8
C5H12
C7H16
8
C8H18
C9H20
C10H22
Halogenation
1. The reaction is between alkane dan chlorine.
2. Takes place under sunlight/ultra violet light.
3. Carbon-hydrogen bonds broken and new carbon-halogen bonds
are formed. One or more hydrogen atoms in alkanes molecule may be
subtituted by halogen.
4. Halogenation is substitution reaction.
Chlorination of methane
First stage;
H H
│ |
H ─ C ─ H +Cl-Cl → H — C — Cl + HCl
│ |
H H monochloromethane
9
Second stage;
H Cl
│ |
H ─ C ─ Cl + Cl2 → H — C — Cl + HCl
│ |
H H dichloromethane
Third stage ;
Cl Cl
│ |
H ─ C ─ Cl + Cl2 → H — C — Cl + HCl
│ |
H Cl trichloromethane
Fourth stage;
Cl Cl
│ |
H ─ C ─ Cl + Cl2 → Cl — C — Cl + HCl
│ |
Cl Cl tetrachloromethane