FATS

Fats and oils are chemically similar, but differ

in physical states.

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Fats : - found in animals
- solid in room temperature
- butter and tallow (types of fat)

Oil : - found from plants

- liquid in room temperature
- palm oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil

- Fats and oil are mixtures of different esters.

- Fats are formed from 3 molecules of long-
chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids
with 1 molecules of alcohol called glycerol.

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 O
║ Fatty acids
HO ― C ― R1 - R1 , R2 , R3 contains
12 to 18 carbon
O atoms per molecule
║ - R1 , R2 , R3 are three
HO ― C ― R2
alkyl groups which
O may be the same or
║ different
HO ― C ― R3 - group: carboxilic acid

‌‌
H
│
H ― C ― OH
│‌ Glycerol
‌H ― C ― OH - propane-1,2,3-triol
│‌
- group: alcohol
H ― C ― OH
│‌
H

‌‌

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Formation of a fat/oil molecule - ESTER
O
║
H Break up
OH ― C ― R1
and rejoin
│
H ― C ― OH +
O
│‌ ║
Break up
‌H ― C ― OH and rejoin OH ― C ― R2
│‌
H ― C ― OH
│‌ O
Break up ║
H and rejoin OH ― C ― R3

‌‌
‌‌ H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R1
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R2 + 3H2O
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― R3
│
‌H
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Importance of fats and oils (5.2:12/5/2010)
- energy
- nutrients
- thermal insulation
- protection to internal organ

[Text book: Figure 2.34 pg. 86]

Saturated and unsaturated fats

- Fat or oil molecules is affected by parent fatty
acids.
- Fatty acids can be differentiated in two ways;
i. the length of the carbon chains
(12 to 18 carbon atoms)
ii. saturated or unsaturated

Saturated fatty acid

- All carbon atoms joined together by
carbon-carbon single covalent bond.
- example:
Lauric acid (12 carbon atoms)
Palmitic acid (16 carbon atoms)
Stearic acid (18 carbon atoms)
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Unsaturated fatty acid
- The carbon chain has one or more
carbon-carbon double covalent bond.

Example:
i. Oleic acid: monounsaturated fatty acid
(one carbon-carbon double bond)-
[no of C = 18, DB = 9&10]

ii. Linoleic acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid

(two carbon-carbon double bond)
[no. of C = 18, DB = 9&10, 12&13]

iii. Linolenic acid: polyunsaturated fatty acid

(three carbon-carbon dauble bond)
[no. of C = 18, DB = 9&10, 12&13,
15&16]

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Saturated Fats
- Fats contain esters of glycerol and saturated
fatty acids.

- Example:
i. Tristearin (glycerol + stearic acid)
ii. Tripalmitin (glycerol + palmitic acid)

Tristearin

H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)16 — CH3
│
‌H

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Tripalmitin

H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)14 — CH3
│
‌H

- Animal fats have large proportions of

saturated fats.
- They have high melting point and solids at
room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fats
- Fats contain esters of glycerol and
unsaturated fatty acids.

Example:
i. Triolein (glycerol + oleic acid)

H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — (CH2)7 — CH3
│
‌H

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Example:
i. Trilinolein (glycerol + linoleic acid)
H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH ═ CH ― (CH2)4 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH ═ CH ― (CH2)4 — CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH═ CH ― (CH2)4 — CH3
│
‌H

Example:
i. Trilinolenin (glycerol + linolenic acid)
H O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH ═ CH ― CH2 ― CH═CH ― CH2―CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH ═ CH ― CH2 ― CH═CH ― CH2―CH3
│
│ O
│ ║
H ― C ― O ― C ― (CH2)7 — CH ═ CH — CH2 ― CH ═ CH ― CH2 ― CH═CH ― CH2―CH3
│
‌H

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Plant or vegetable oils contain a large
proportions of unsaturated fats.
- They have lower melting points and are
liquids at room tempoerature.

Converted unsaturated fats to saturated fats

- Unsaturated fats can be converted into
saturated fats by process called catalytic
hydrogenation. / 180OC

The hydrogenation process is carried out by

bubbling hydrogen gas through hot, liquid
oil in the presence of fine particles of nickel
catalyst.

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Effect of fats on health
- Saturated fats (animal oil) will raise the level
of cholesterol.
- Cholesterol causes fatty deposites on the wall
of veins or arteries.
- Blood circulation is restricted and will raise
the blood presure
- Arteriosclerosis, can result in heart attack.
- Unsaturated fats (plant oil) do not contain
cholesterol. Do not cause cardiovascular
problems.
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 Uses of palm oil
- Has many advantages.
- A cheaper, better and healthier oil.

[Text book: Figure 2.36 pg. 90]

Prepared by;
Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim
SMKDBL
http://kemhawk.webs.com

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