Biology Exam Practice Questions- Rachel

Schlosser
1. What are the three factors that Phylogeny is based on?
2. What is divergent evolution?
3. Define prokaryotes.
4. True or False: Bacteria have cell walls
5. Define chemoheterotrophs.
6. What is the difference between aerobes and obligate aerobes?
7. Explain conjugation in bacteria cells.
8. What are differences between Eubacteria and Archabacteria?
9. Why are viruses not grouped into a kingdom?
10. What are characteristics of eukaryotes?
11. What are the cell walls of fungi called?
12. Define parasitic and symbiotic.
13. What are the seven classes of Phylum Chordata?
14. What is evolution?
15. Define immutable. How does it connect to evolution?
16. What is the principle of uniformitarianism and who
proposed it?
17. What is spontaneous generation?
18. What is natural selection?
19. What did Darwin observe?
20. Define “survival of the fittest.”
21. What is punctuated equilibrium?
22. What is genetic drift? Explain the bottleneck and founder
effect.
23. What is gene flow?
24. Define fitness.
25. What are the 3 results that mutations can have on a
population?
26. Are the patterns of selection at the level of the genotype or
phenotype?
27. What are the 4 patterns of selection?
28. What is sexual dimorphism?
29. Explain altruism using the bee example.
30. What is cumulative selection?
31. How do you define a species?
32. What are reproductive isolating mechanisms?
33. What are the 5 prezygotic and the 3 postzygotic RIMs?
34. What is speciation? Give 2 examples of speciation.
35. What is the difference between chromatin, chromosomes
and chromatids?
36. What is the purpose of meiosis?
37. How many gametes are formed at the end of meiosis?
38. What is a tetrad?
39. What stage of meiosis does crossing over occur in?
40. What is independent assortment?
41. What is the difference between meiosis in males and
females?
42. What is nondisjunctioin?
43. What is polysomy?
44. What is translocation?
45. What are some advantages and disadvantages of asexual
reproduction?
46. What did Mendel want to show using his experiment with
the pea plant?
47. What were the genotypes of the F1 generation after the
first cross?
48. How did Mendel prove that the F1 generation, which were
all tall, were genetically different from the tall parent?
49. What is Mendel’s law of segregation?
50. What is a dihybrid?
51. What is Mendel’s law of independent assortment?
52. How can one use a test cross to determine the genotype of
a pea plant?
53. What is an example of incomplete dominance?
54. What is codominance?
55. What is gene linkage?
56. What are autosomes?
57. Define mutagen.
58. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
59. What are the 3 macronutrients?
60. What are proteins made up of?
61. What are the micronutrients?
62. What are the 3 steps of digestion?
63. How many openings does the digestive tract have?
64. What is the difference between mechanical and chemical
digestion?
65. What enzyme does the saliva have and why?
66. What does the pharynx connect?
67. Explain peristalsis.
68. What is rugae and what is its purpose?
69. What are the 4 things that the gastric glands secrete in the
stomach?
70. What allows the chyme to enter the small intestine?
71. What are the sections of the small intestine?
72. What is the purpose of the small intestine?
73. What are the sections of the large intestine?
74. What is the purpose of the large intestine?
75. What is are the functions of the liver and gall bladder?
76. How is bile sent to the small intestine?
77. When there is an increase of secretin in the blood, what
does the pancreas secrete?
78. What are enzymes? Give an example.
79. What is the difference between external and internal
respiration?
80. What are the purposes of the naval cavity?
81. How is breathing controlled?
82. When does the diaphragm contract and relax?
83. How do space and pressure relate?
84. What is tidal volume?
85. What is residual volume and why is it necessary?
86. What is emphysema?
87. What is plasma made up of?
88. What are the Latin names for red blood cells and white
blood cells?
89. What do white blood cells specialize in?
90. What is hemoglobin and what is it made of?
91. How many O2 per hemoglobin?
92. What is the difference between veins and arteries?
93. What is the difference between pulmonary arteries and
veins?
94. Why do humans have a 4 chamber heart?
95. What is the aorta?
96. What are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit?
97. How is the blood flow regulated?
98. What is blood pressure determined by?
99. What is the normal measure of blood pressure?
100. What is the purpose of baroreceptors?
Answers:

1. Developmental, structural and molecular factors.

2. Similarities between anatomical structures based on a common
ancestor
3. No membrane bound organelles
4. True
5. Require chemical reactions to provide the energy to break down
food.
6. Aerobes are bacteria that can survive in environments with
oxygen, obligate require oxygen to survive.
7. In unfavourable conditions 2 bacteria cells are joined together by
the formation of a protein bridge. The plasmid from one bacterial
cell is passed to the other. The bacteria receiving the plasmid will
end up having a new genetic makeup.
8. Archaebacteria are considered to be the oldest organism on
Earth and they can live in harsh conditions. Eubacteria are more
abundant than Archaebacteria.
9. They are not considered living.
10. Have a nucleus that is membrane bound and membrane
bound organelles. The can be unicellular or multicellular. Has
DNA in the form of chromosomes.
11. Chitin
12. Parasitic- one organism benefits at the expense of the
other. Symbiotic- both organisms benefit
13. Jawless fish, Cartilaginous fish, bony fish, Amphibians,
reptiles, birds, mammals.
14. Evolution is a process in which significant change in
inheritable traits occurs over time.
15. Immutable means unchanging. This was the common belief
before evolution.
16. It is the idea that earth is changing as it was in the past
and these changes are slow and gradual. Charles Lyell proposed
this.
17. It is the idea that new species came out of non-living
matter.
18. It is selection by the environment for favourable traits that
will help an organism survive.
19. Darwin found finches on the Galapagos Islands that
suggested that all of the species shared a common ancestor that
lived on the mainland.
20. A common phrase to define natural selection- individuals
best suited to the environment will survive and others will die
out.
21. It is an idea that suggests that species go most of their
history undergoing little change and there are rare points in time
 when a species will split into two distinct species because of a
major event.
22. Genetic drift is a change in allele frequency in a population,
due to change. Bottleneck- events results in a drastic reduction
in population size, leading to significant changes in allele
frequency. Founder- individuals from a larger population leave to
establish a new population.
23. Gene flow is when individuals from different populations
migrate to form a new population. This leads to a new allele
frequency in all populations involved.
24. Fitness is the likelihood of an organism to reproduce.
25. Mutations can be beneficial (increase fitness, neutral, or
harmful (decrease fitness)
26. Phenotype.
27. Stabilizing, directional, disruptive, sexual.
28. It is the difference in physical appearance between males
and females.
29. It is a relationship, in which one individual directly benefits
much more than the other. In bee colonies, females help the
queen produce and raise more sister offspring rather than
reproducing themselves.
30. Cumulative selection is the accumulation of many small
evolutionary changes over time which results in significant new
adaptations
31. Species is defines as any group of organisms that is able to
reproduce fertile offspring.
32. Traits that prevent members from different species from
reproducing
33. Pre- ecological, temporal, behavioural, mechanical,
gametic. Post- zygotic mortality, hybrid inviability, hybrid
infertility
34. Any event that causes the reproductive isolation of 2
populations. Examples- allopatric (geographically isolated) and
sympatic- (genetically isolation)
35. Chromatin is the string like DNA in interphase,
chromosomes are and organized, condensed from of DNA, and
chromatids are each strand of a chromosomes (Chromosomes
are made up of 2 chromatids)
36. The purpose is to produce unique haploid gametes so they
can combine with gametes of the opposite sex to form diploid
cells in sexual reproduction.
37. 4 gametes that are all genetically different from each
other.
38. Tetrads are groups of 4 chromosomes.
39. Crossing over happens in prophase 1.
40. Independent assortment is the random alignment of
 tetrads along the equator during metaphase 1. This increases
variation.
41. Spermatognia produce 4 fully functional spermatids,
oogonia only produce 1 usable ovum (egg)
42. When the homologous pairs do not move apart, it will lead
to too many or not enough chromosomes.
43. Polysomy is when a gamete has an extra homologous pair.
44. Translocation is when a piece of a homolog reattaches to a
different chromosome during crossing over.
45. Advantages- don’t need a partner, rapid reproduction rate.
Disadvantages- no genetic variation, very little ability to adapt to
environmental change (only through mutation)
46. Mendel wanted to show the patterns of heredity.
47. The F1s were all hybrids- heterozygous tall.
48. He crossed F1s with each other and he found a 3:1 ration
of tall to short plants. This proved that the F1s had a different
genetic makeup than the purebred tall plant.
49. Members of a pair of alleles are segregated when gametes
are formed.
50. Dihybrids are hybrids that are heterozygous for alleles of 2
different genes.
51. This law states that when 2 or more characteristics are
considered at one time, each pair shows dominance
independently of one another.
52. By crossing a tall plant (Tt or TT) with a short plant (tt- the
recessive trait), one can see, by the offspring, which genetic
makeup the tall plant is. If there are any short offspring
produced, the tall plant must be heterozygous.
53. The flower of the snapdragon plant- a heterozygous (Rr)
plant will express a phenotype that is a mix of the other two
(pink).
54. Codominance is then neither allele is dominant over the
other. A heterozygous individual will express both traits
(example AB blood type).
55. Gene linkage is when genes are located close to each other
on the same chromosome, they tend to be inherited together,
The further apart, the more likely they will be separated by
crossing over.
56. Autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex
chromosomes (22 pairs)
57. Mutagen are any factors that can cause a mutation
58. Glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water+ energy
59. Carbs, proteins, and fats
60. Proteins are made up of amino acids
61. Vitamins and minerals
62. Ingestion, digestion, absorption
63. 2 (mouth and anus)
64. Mechanical is tearing and shredding of food (physically
breaking food down into small pieces) and chemical is breaking
down food using enzymes and other compounds (need chemical
reactions to break down food)
65. Saliva contains salivary amylase which is an enzyme that
breaks apart the bonds in carbs
66. The oral cavity and the esophagus/trachea
67. Peristalsis is the coordinated contractions of the muscle to
move the bolus (contracts behind food and relaxes in the front.
68. Rugae is the fold od the lining of the stomach that allows
the stomach to streach
69. Hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, rennin, mucous
70. Pyloric sphincter
71. Duodenum, jejunum, illium
72. To absorb nutrients and move the nutrients into the blood
73. Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
colon, rectum and anus
74. To absorb water, vitamins and salts
75. The liver synthesizes bile (used to break down fats) and
the gallbladder stores the bile.
76. When fats enter the small intestine, endocrine glands
release cholecystokinin (CCK) into the blood. An increase of CCK
causes the gall bladder to contract and release bile through the
bile duct to the duodenum.
77. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to counteract the acid,
lipases, carbohydrases and proteases (digestive enzymes)
78. Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reaction in
the body. The have specific shapes that allow then to bind to
specific molecules. For example, proteases only break down
proteins.
79. External- exchanges gas between the alveoli and blood.
Internal- exchanges gas between blood and cells
80. Warms air by proximity to blood, moistens are by mucous,
filters air using cilia
81. Medulla Oblongata (brain stem)
82. The diaphragm contracts when you inhale to let the lungs
expand and relaxes when you exhale.
83. When the pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases, the
lungs inflate and take up more space.
84. The volume of air that passes in and out of the lungs in one
breath
85. Residual volume is the amount of air that the lungs retain
after maximal expiration. It is necessary so the lungs won
completely deflate.
86. Emphysema is the build up of debris in the airway which
 can cause the alveoli and lung tissue to become damaged from
air pressure
87. Mostly water, some proteins and other substances
88. Red- erythrocytes, white- leukocytes
89. Defense
90. Hemoglobin is a red protein responsible for transporting
oxygen in the blood. It is made up of a 4 subunit protein complex
and each subunit has an iron atom.
91. 4 O2 per 1 hemoglobin
92. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and
veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
93. Pulmonary arteries- carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs,
pulmonary veins- carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the
heart
94. It keeps the oxygenated blood separate from the
deoxygenated blood to make the circulatory system more
efficient
95. The aorta is the major artery that sends blood to the rest of
the body cells.
96. Pulmonary circuit- delivers deoxygenated blood to the
lungs (right side of heart) Systemic- deliver oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body (left side of heart)
97. Vasoconstriction (constriction) and vasodilation (relaxation)
and precapillary sphincters which control blood flow to the
capillaries
98. Cardiac output- volume of blood pumped by left ventricle
into aorta, blood volume and resistance to blood flow
99. 120/80 mm Hg
100. To detect changes in pressure.