Today’s Topics

• Course Introduction
• Class Policy
Computer Structure &
• Course Syllabus & Objective
Language • Introduction to Computer Organization
Hossein Asadi
Department of Computer Engineering
• Computer History
Sharif University of Technology
asadi@sharif.edu
• Von Neumann Model
• Moore’s Law

Lecture 1 1
Lecture 2 Sharif University of Technology, Spring 2011 2

Course Introduction Course Introduction (cont.)

• Instructor • Course Webpage on CW
– Hossein Asadi – Check this webpage on regular basis
• Classes • At least on Sun, Tue, Thur
– Sat & Mon: 4:30PM~6PM – Everything will be posted on CW
• Office Hours • Announcements, handouts, assignments,
– Sun. & Mon. grades, quiz and exam notices, simulators, …
• 10:30am~12am – Handouts
– Wed. afternoons with appointment only • Will be posted a day before class
– Room # 610 – Print it & bring it to class
• But I may update it a day after class
• TAs Classes – Check out submission date of handouts
– TBD (most likely Sundays 12~1:30PM)
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 Teaching Assistants Textbook
• Computer Organization, ISA, • Computer Organization & Design, The
Linker/Loader, Addressing Modes, Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd
Number Representation, Arithmetic, Edition, by D. Patterson and J.
Floating-Point, IO/Busses, Memory Hennessey, MK publishing, 2005.
– Davood Salehabadi
– You can keep textbook for “Computer
– Nazanin Makinejad
Architecture” course, too!
• MIPS Assembly Programming
– Mojtaba Varmazyar
– Mahla Rahminezad

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Course Introduction (cont.) Course Introduction (cont.)

• Syllabus • Syllabus
– Computer history – Introduction to Intel IA-32 instruction
– Computer organization set
• Hardware & software components – Computer arithmetic and logical
• CPU, ALU, registers, buses, I/Os, and memory operations
subsystem • Number representation (integer & floating-
• Von Neumann model point)
– Computer language • Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
• MIPS instruction set • Logical operations
• Addressing modes in assembly languages – Introduction to memory organization
• MIPS assembly language & programming – Interrupts & I/O transactions
– Subroutines, directives, macros, assembler &
linker
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 Class Policy Class Policy (cont.)
• Ask questions anytime • Assignments
– Don’t hesitate to ask even stupid – Two late assignments will be accepted!
questions!!! • Only two days late!
• Cell phones off or on silent • Third late assignment (two-day late)
– HW will be graded out of 50%
• Absence • Forth and next late assignments will not be
– Three sessions allowed accepted!
• Food No, Drink yes! – Discussions encouraged!
– But do your own handwriting!
• Feel free to pass me your feedbacks
– Zero score for copied assignments!
– Anything related to this course
• Second time zero score for 30% share!
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Objective Objective (cont.)

• Understand organization of existing • Understand different types of instruction
computer systems set architectures
• Understand number representations in – MIPS, Intel IA-32
computer • Understand how assembler & linker works
• Understand arithmetic algorithms • Understand instruction execution flow
• Improve SW performance by writing your
own assembly code
– Introduction to assembly code optimization
• Understand MIPS instruction set
– Be able to encode and decode MIPS instructions
• Be able to read and write functions using
MIPS assembly language
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 Objective (cont.)
• By the end of semester, you should be able
to answer these questions:
– What is difference in representations of
integers, fixed-point & floating-point numbers?
– What is difference between MIPS and Intel
IA32 instruction sets?
– How recursive procedures like “factorial” or
“Towers of Hanoi” are implemented in MIPS
assembly language?
– What is best application of different addressing
modes?
– What is difference between load/store
architecture and CISC architectures?
Lecture 1 Sharif University of Technology, Spring 2011
Objective (cont.)
• By the end of semester, you should be able
to answer these questions:
– Why opcode of MIPS ISA is not 4- or 8-bit?
– How a simple assembly instruction is encoded in
machine code (e.g., “add $s0, $s1, $s2”)?
– How much stack will be used when calling
fact(20)?
– Difference between Dynamically Linked
Libraries (DLL) and Statically Linked Libraries?
– Difference between IO-mapped-IO and
memory-mapped-IO?
– How 1010 and (1010 +1) represented in FP?
13 Lecture 1 Sharif University of Technology, Spring 2011 14

Grading Today’s Topics

• Midterm Exam: 25% • Introduction to Computer
– Farvardin 29th Organization
• Final Exam: 35% (as posted in EDU) • Computer History
• Quiz (1&2): 10%
– First quiz: Esfand 14th
– Second quiz: Ordibehesht 26th
• Assignments & Project: 30%
– Bonus points for outstanding projects
• Exams: Topics of this Class and TA Classes
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 Copyright Notice Introduction
• Parts (text & figures) of lectures adopted • What Is a Computer?
from: – An electronic device capable of storing and
– Computer Organization & Design, The processing information in accordance with a
Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd Edition, by predetermined set of instructions
D. Patterson and J. Hennessey, Morgan • Oxford English Dictionary
Kaufmann publishing, 2005. – A machine that manipulates data according to a
– “Intro to Computer Architecture” handouts, set of instructions
Dept of ECE, CMU, by James Hoe, 2009. • Wiki
– “Computer Organization I” handouts, Dept of
Computer Science, FSU, by X. Liu, Fall 2007.

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Introduction (cont.) Introduction (cont.)

• Where are computers? • Where are computers?
– PCs
– Cars
– Toys
– Home appliances
• Microwaves, refrigerators, TVs
– In your pocket ☺
• Cell phones, IPoDs, MP3 players
– Or maybe in your shoes !!!
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 Computer System Computer System (cont.)
• A computer system consists of hardware • The most complicated machines ever
and software that are combined to provide
a tool to solve problems (with best
built on the earth
performance) – For example, each dual-core Intel
– Hardware may include: Itanium-2 9000 processor contains 1.72
• CPU, memory, disks, printers, screen, keyboard, mouse billion transistors
• Other peripherals
• In comparison, a Boeing airplane has about 4
– Software may include: million parts
• System software
– A general environment to create specific applications – How can we comprehend these computer
• Application software systems?
– A tool to solve a specific problem
• Using hierarchical abstraction levels
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Instruction Set
Computer System (cont.) Architecture
• Hierarchical Abstractions • Our Focus in this Course:
– Applications/systems software – SW/HW Interface
– Assembly/machine language – Known as Instruction Set Architectures (ISA)
– Architectural issues • ISA
• i.e., caches, virtual memory, pipelining – A very important abstraction
– Boolean logic, 1s and 0s – Interface between hardware and low-level
• Sequential logic, finite state machines
• Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits
software
– Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS) – Advantage: different implementations of the
– Semiconductors/silicon used to build transistors same architecture
– Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum • Modern instruction set architectures
dynamics – IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, ARM, …

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 Types of Computer
Computer Organization Systems
• Computer Components • Desktops
– Input, output, memory, control unit, & • Servers
datapath • Embedded Systems
Computer

Control Input

Memory

Datapath Output

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Types of Computer Types of Computer

Systems (cont.) Systems (cont.)
• Desktops • Servers
– General purpose computers – High-end computing systems
– Designed for use by individuals • Typically consists of several CPUs
• PCs, Notebooks – Used by multiple users
– Supercomputers highest performance
servers
• Hundreds of CPUs, TBs of memory, PBs of
storage

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