oN ti, px 7: POLIME ‘ GHUONG 7: POLIME 4. KEN THe eo BA ) nina ee es . DAL GUGHG UE POLIME SSS TTT ‘Ten polime = poli ténmonome * 4490 ILOVEBOOK.VN 1. KHAL NIEM Polime la nhiing hop chit cé phan tt 1a mit xich) lién két v6i nhau tao nén- ‘Thi dy: Polietiten: (CH, ~CH,-),,nilon-6(-NHICH,} 04), duge goi la hé s6 polime hod hay 46 polime hod, n cing ln, phin tos phan tirnhur: CH=CH, HEN[CHICOg, Pa *Piy Ki rt 16n do niu dom vg i cca polime cang cao. Cée 2 «ing véi nhau dé tgo nén polime dugc goi la monome. = Ten cin plime duge ego Bing céch ghép pol tre én mpg Néu tn cia monome gm 2 cum fr Hn thin 46 2496 5 tng ngoac don, ‘Thi dus polittens(-CH, ~CH, ~), 7 Polivinyl clorua)-(-CH, ~Ciq.) M@t sé polime 06 tin riéng (tén thong thung). Thi dy. te (C8 -CR,~),, nilon-6:(-NH[CH,}, -CO-), , xenlulozo: (CaHadj,— ~ Céc polime durge phan loai da theo nguén géc: Polime téng hop (Gam nguoi téng hop, thi du polietilen), polime thién nhién (polime oé sin thién nhién, thd tinh bt) va polime bin t6ng hop (polime thin ne duage che bign mot phin,thi du to visco). [éc potime tng hap Iai dae phn loai theo phuong,phép ng hg. + Polime tring hop (duge ting hop bang phan wing tring hop, (Hi dy polipropilen) H+ Polime tring ngung (duge téng hop bing phan tng tring ng iy dy nilon- v 2. OAc mlem cAU TRUC (Céc mit xich cita polime cé thé ndi véi nhau thanh mach Khong nhanh (hin 7la) nh amilozo... mach phan nhanh (inh 71b) nhu amilopecn slicogen,... vi mach mang khdng gian (hink 71) nhs cao su lunt hos, hye bakelit. | 5 ‘Hinh 71. Céc kigi mach polime 3. TINH CHAT VAT Li Hau hét polime l& nhig chat rn, khéng bay hoi, khéng ob nhigt db tt chay xde dinh ma néng chay 6 mét khodng nhiét dé khd rong. Khinéng dd! da s6 polime cho chat ling nhét, dé ngu6i sé rdn lai goi la chat nhigt ¢t Scanned with CamScannerHan ca mgt cudn sich Da s6 polime khong tan trong cde dung moi thong thurdmg, mot s6 tan duoc trong dung mdi thich hop cho dung dich nhét, thi dy: polibutadien tan trong benzen... ni néng chdy cho: ei inhot: dE ngudi sé ons. atte an Plime c6 tinh déo (potietilen,potipropiten..), mot 86 ane a pole chi ma bj phan (polibutadien, poliisopren....), mét sé e6 thé kéo thanh qi dai, ey pairs stmnttrin | Xlulozo,..).Cé potime trong suét ma khong gion (poli(metyl metacrylat)- iy Nhi@u polime c6 tinh cich dign, cich nhigt (poietilen, poli(vinyl clorua).-) hoie ‘ban dan (polianilin, polithiophen....). 4. TINH CHAT HOA Hoc Polime c6 nhimng phn img phan ft mach, gir mguyén mach va tan cacbon. 4.1, Phan ing phan edt mach polime ~ Polime cé nhém chite trong mach dé bi thy phén, thi du nhu tinh bt, xenlulozo bj thuj phn thinh glucozor poliamit, polipeptit bi uy, phan thanh amino axit,. ‘ - Polime tring hop bi nhigt phan 6 nhit 46 thich hep thanh céc doan ngan, cudi cling thanh monome ban dau. Phan tmg nhiét phan polime thanh cic monome durge goi la phan img giai triing hop hay la phan tig depolime hoa. Thi dy: dan hoi 1g mach polistiren ‘Mét sé polime bj oxi hoa cét mach. 4.2. Phin ding gid nguyén mach polime Nhimg polime ¢6 lién két déi trong mach hoe nhém chize ngoai mach c6 thé tham gia céc phan ting dc trumg ciia lién két di va clia nhém chute 46. Thidi a (-cH, -cH=¢-cH, -) sonic CH, -CH, -C-CH, CH, cH, 4.3, Phan dng tang mach polime Khi cé diéu kign thich hgp (nhigt dé, chat xtic téc,..), cde mach polime o6 thé 1néi véi nhau thanh mach dai hon hogc thanh mang ludi, ching han nhu cdc phan ting lu hod chuyén cao su thanh cao su Iuru hod, chuyén nhya rezol thanh nya rezit.... Thi du: ee ‘cong nghé, phan img ba on ‘eke mach polime véi . o i ‘shau tgo think mang khong cH P ‘CH CH, -\ +n#,0 ian durge goi la phan ting, loa fs Nadu mach polime. _/ is cH, on LOVEBOOK.VN! 491 Scanned with CamScannerPolime thuing duge dita ching phirong phip tring gp hoge tring ngung. {Tring hop 13 qua tri két hop mig phin tir nhé rmonome gidng nau (tong, ty nha) thinh phan tr lon (polime) + Tring agung 18 qua trink k&t hop nbiéu phan tir nhd {monome) think phin tir lén (polime) ding thoi gidt phéng phin tir nhd khée (HO...) 492 ILOVEBOOK.VN Cong phd Ui thuyel Hy 5, PHUONG PHAP DIEU CHE jpn ng I ring hop Va tring Polime thuximg duge diéu ché theo hai lo ngumg, 5.1, Phan dng tring BaP shop crits ent d6inh CH=CH, e — ‘Trong nhimg diéu kign thich hop, wee jercrch két hap vei nhaw 12 polime 18 (-CH,~CH, (-CH,-CHA-), »- in (Céc phan img nay thudcloai phan ting pre Ee qué trinn két hop nhieu PP hop. Vay: . tinh (monome) gidng nhay hay tuong,tw nau thank phan atin ee pees ies eae . Diéu kign can vé cau tao cua monome SC, pa, pphin tir pie ln két bi nh CH: . axiterephtalic etylen glicol (-CO-C,H, -CO-OC,H, -O-), +2nH,0 polifetylen terephtalat) ‘Cac phan ting trén thudc loai phan ting triang ngung. Vay: Tring ngung la qua trinh két hop nhigu phan tir nho (monome) thanh, phn tir lin (polime) dng thoi gidi phéng nhiimg phan tir nhd khéc (thi [au HO), iu kién cin v8 cd tgo clia monome tham gia phan tng triing ngung la trong phan tir phai cé ft nhat hai nhém chiéc ¢6 Kha nang phan ting. ‘Thi du nhu cdc monome & phan ting trén liz HOOC-C:Hs-COOH; HO-CH:-CH:-OH poli(viny! elorua) 6. UNG DUNG Polime oé nhiéu tmg dung nhu lam céc loai vat ligu polime phyc vu cho sin xuit va doi sng: Chit déo, to sgi, cao su, keo dan. Scanned with CamScannerslim sich ar eu POLIME ues aE 1. CHAT DEO. 1.1. Khai nigm vé chat déo ‘Chat déo la nhan, bj bi va vat ligu compozit 18 Val ligu polime 6 in dang khi chiu tic dung cua nhi uve su bign dang di ki thoi tac dung, AW ten polime vi chit dom thu duge mot vit lg mét cb tinh chit cba polime va chit inh déo. Tinh déo cua vat ligu 1a tink | cia dp luc ben ngoai va vin git cua vat ligu ting len rit compozit. Vay $t ligu compozit la vat ligu hn hop gm it nhit hai thinh phn Phan tn vao nhau ma khdng tan vio nhau. ‘Thanh phan cua vét ligu compozit gm chit nén (potime) va chit don, ngodt a con cic chat phy gia khac. Céc chat nitn c6 thé la nhua nhigt déo hay nhua nhigt ran. Chat dn 6 thé la soi (bong, day, poliamit, amiang...), hode Bot (ilicat, bot nhe (CaCO:), bét tan (3MgO.4SiO: 2H:0))... 1.2, MOL s6 polime ding fam chat dé0 [-CH, ~CH, -), PEI& chat déo miém, néng chay 6 trén 110°C, c6 tinh tro tuomg di cua ankan mach khéng nhénh, duge disng nhieu lim mang ming, Wat ligudigny binhy chifa.. PVC la chit rin v6 dinh hinh, cach dign tot, bin v6i axit, durge diung lam Vat 6) Paty mae, = coocH, niing cho énh sing truyn qua tot gn 90%) nén duge ding ché tgo thiiy tinh ‘rents 6 Poli(phenol fomandehit) 6 ba dang: nhya novolac, nhya rezol va nhya rezit. ‘So d@ phan tg don gian nhat diéu ché nhwa novolac nhur sau: ) 1a chit rin trong suét, co kha Seenvoae ict dn, we OH OH eg cha, 8 tan trong mot - ancol o-hidroxibenzylic nhya novolac Tir phenol va fomandehit c6 thé t6ng hop duge nhya rezol hoe nha rezit 6 nhiing dic tinh khac thu duoc Rha REZOl Dun ning chay nhya rezol (2 140°C) sau 6 dé ngudi, thu duge nha rezit, LOVEBOOK.YNI 493 Scanned with CamScannerPhan Ill ~ Chuong 7: Pot Cong ph Ui thuyé ty To viseo duge digu ché ti xenlul6zo; CS: va NaOH. To visco li to nhin 20. To nitron dai, ben va gitt init tt nén tring duge ding dé may quin éo dm hoe bn thinh soi “len” dan. fore ae 494 ILOVEBOOK.VN, Godage Snob Coon con oo eauias ol (Mat doom mach pn tena rezol Mt dogn mach phn i nya revit 2.10 24. Khai nigm Tol nhiing vétligu polime hinh sgi dai va manh véi d6 bén nhit dink, ‘Trong to, nhiing phan tr polime c6 mach khéng phan nhanh, sip xp song. song véi nhau. Polime nay tuong déi ran: tong déi bén voi nhiét va véi cae ‘dung méi théng thudng: mém, dai, khong dge va ¢6 kha nang nhudm mau, 2.2. Phan loai ‘To dugc phan thanh hai loai: |B) TALIA (sin od trong thién nhién) nhu béng, len, to thm. aaa ‘tao bing phuong phép hod hoc). To hod hoc lai dugc chia thanh hai nhém: To tng hop (ché to ti oe polime tng hop) nh cde toypoliami (a> capron), to vinylic thé (vinilon, RitfOh,..). To ban tong hop hay to nhan 120 (xuat phat tir polime thién nhién nhung duge ché bign thém bing phuong phap hod hoc) nhu"t@/vi8e0) to XenlUlGzg — 2.3. Mot sé loal to téng hop thuding gp a) To nilon - 66 To nilon - 6,6 thudc loaillipoliainil, durge diéu ché tir GREERERIN NH;{CH:].NH: va dSH6S@pI6 HOOC|CHz},COOH: nH,N-[CH, ], - NH, +nHOOC -[CH, ], -COOH —t>(-NH-[CH, |, -NHCO-[CH,], -CO-), +2nH,0 poli(hexametylen adipamit) con dugc goi 18 nilon-6 6 To nilon-6,6 cé tinh dai, bén, mém mai, dng mugt, it thém nude, gift mau kh6, nhung kém bén véi nhiét, vai axit va kiém. To nilon-6,6 cing hu nhiéu Jogi to poliamit khac ding dé dét vai may mac, vai lot sim lép xe, det bit tat, | 1) Taritron (hay olon) To nitron thudc logi to vinylic durgc téng hop tien iantia (thurong durge goi la acrilonitrin): nCH, = CH" 4(-CH, -CH- ) nN nN acrilontrin polacrilontrin Cac loai to duge cfu tao tir cdc phan tir 6 lién két amit thi khong Ben trong Len" Scanned with CamScannerHon cb mot cub sich 3.CA0 su 3.1. Khai nigm Cao su la loai vat lig : * Vat ligu polime cé tinh dan hoi, 7 ae fa OH tinh bj dang keh lye td dung bén ngodi va tr 1h ‘ang ban dau khi lye dé thai the ‘dung. 3.2. Phan lai C6 ha loaica0 su: Cao su thin nin va cao su tng hop. 2) Cao su thin nhién C20 su thignnhién ly tr mi cy cao su Citu tao: XUN dun néng cao su thién ign 1 260 -300°C thu doe SETS Melted st ey (Hea >) CH, Tinh chat va ting dung: Cao su thién nhién, 06 tinh din héi, héng dan nhiét va dién, khéng thdm khi va nude, Khéng tan trong nirdc, etanol, axeton... hung [tang » véin = 1500 - 15000 Docs lién két ‘td6i trong phan ts, cao su thién nhién o6 thé tham gia céc phan ting cong He. HCI Ch... va cleao stl ao ae ADR SO piatiora Bund SS- Pn a dc mach ost sinh 88) Cao su thd Cao su lu héa ee Hinh 72, So dé lew héa cao su ) Cao su téng hop Cao su t6ng hop lk polime tuong ty cao su thién nhién, throng, duge diéu ché tir céc ankadien bing phan tmg tring hgp. ‘Cé nhiéu Logi cao su téng hop, trong dé 6 mét vai loai théng dung sau day: Cao su buna Cao su buna duge sin xudt ti GSHSUIERHER thu duoc bing phan tng tring hap buta-1,3-dien 6 mat Na 9CH, -CH-CH =i, 5 (CH, -CH=CH-CH,), buta-1,3-dien Khi dong tring hop buta-1/3-dien voi Stiren| CHH:CH*CHr cé xitc tid NB Ding tring hop la sw tring, oe wat Sitinh dan hdi.cao. Tuong te SiS | ov des sss comtmshe Te Sorome Khée nhau thinh | nhur vay, khi dng tring h in CH= 5 Sra _ Bie Se Na urge polime dung sin xu cao'su bunaeNcé tinh chéng dtu kha “id cao. LOVEBOOK.VN| 495 Scanned with CamScannerCong phd U thuyét Hg, 4, KEO DAN TONG HOP 4.1. Khai niém Keo dan 18 loai vat li hoc khdc nhau ma khéng lam bign déi ban che inh. Ban chit cia keo dn Ia 6 thé tao ra mang hét ste méng, ben chic gitta hai phai bam chic v0 2 manh vat liu dugg fou ob kha ning Két dinh hai minh vat ligu rin ging it cia cbc Vat ligu durge ki manh vat ligu. Lop mang mong nay dan. 4.2. Mot s6 loal keo dan téng hop thong dung a) Nhya va sam Nhua vé sim la dung dich dc ca cao su trong dung m6i hitu co. Khi ding ua vio va dé cho dung méi bay di, sau d6 dn b) Keo dn epoxi . CH, -CH- Keo dén epoxi lim tir polime c6 chita nh6m epoxi “X27” Khi ding 1e mang ludi, rin lai va c6 d6 ben, d6 ket can thém chat déng ran dé tao p inh cao. Vi vay né con durge goi la keo dan hai thinh phiin. Keo dan epoxi ding dé dan céc vat ligu kim loai, g6, thay tinh, chat déo trong céc nganh sin xuit 6 t6, may bay, xay dung va trong dai song hang ngay. ) Keo dan trexomamdehity Keo dan ure-fomandehit duge san xuat tir ‘poli(ure-fomandehit). Poli(ure-fomandehit) duge diéu ‘ché tir ure vA fomandehit. nH,N-CO-NH, +nCH, =O—“"4(-HN-CO-NH-CH, -), +n, Khi ding keo ure-fomandehit phai thém chat déng ran loai axit dé tao polime mang lui, rén lai, bén vi dau mo va mét sé dung méi théng dung. Keo ure-fomandehit ding dé dan cic vat ligu bing g6, chat déo. Scanned with CamScanner