Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
OF THE
INLAND AND COASTAL FISHERIES
DIVISIONS,
TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE
DEPARTMENT
CONDUCTED BY
THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
Consistent with the priorities established by the Texas Parks and Wildlife
Department’s (TPWD) planning efforts, TPWD requested an independent peer review of
its fisheries programs by the American Fisheries Society, the principal professional
organization of fisheries scientists in the United States. The review was conducted for
the purpose of “determining whether TPWD is using the best, most efficient techniques
for monitoring, managing, and protecting its aquatic natural resources.” The specific
objectives were to (1) evaluate the scientific basis and application of all key
methodologies employed to obtain scientific information for management decisions; (2)
ascertain the opinions and insights of staff on the use of, and gaps in, the science
available for monitoring and managing fisheries resources with regard to how well
science is incorporated into management decision processes; and (3) evaluate existing
processes for ongoing evaluation of science-based activities while proposing
modifications as needed to improve such evaluation, thereby leading to the most effective
use of data in management decision making.
i
necessary for the Inland Fisheries Division to better address this aspect of the agency’s
mission. The formidable amount of inland water within Texas requires a sizable staff;
the Inland Fisheries Division has done a commendable job in acquiring first-rate
personnel with a wide range of expertise. There appears to be adequate support at all
levels for continued training and staff development regarding fisheries assessment
procedures.
ii
Both fisheries divisions of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department are national
leaders in their commitment to the human dimensions component of fisheries
management. In each Division, a professional position is designated as a focal point for
human dimensions matters. Standardized assessment of human dimensions attributes of
coastal and inland anglers, conducted with scientific rigor at 4-year or shorter intervals,
has provided consistent trend data. Together with complementary data from other
internal and external sources, these assessments provide information on stakeholder
participation and opinion that is incorporated into agency decision making. Whereas the
demographics of Texas’ human population are changing, and response rates to surveys
have declined, the precision and accuracy of standardized surveys should be periodically
re-evaluated. Human dimension specialists have the expertise necessary to contribute to
an elevated level of attention to scientific assessment and the application of human
dimensions attributes, to assist field staff, and to coordinate human dimensions programs
of the divisions.
The response of the TPWD fisheries staff to the review team’s survey of opinions
and insights was commendable. Although responses were anonymous, it was possible to
categorize respondents as Inland or Coastal and as administrative or nonadministrative.
Background questions revealed that most personnel in each category hold advanced
degrees and spend the majority of their time conducting science-based activities related to
fisheries management. Strong consensus was evident within each group on many issues.
Notable differences in the distribution of responses between Inland and Coastal divisions
and between administrative and nonadministrative respondents were evident on some
questions. There appeared to be general agreement between the opinions of the staff and
the findings of the Review Team on many issues directly related to acquisition of
scientific data.
TPWD’s Inland and Coastal Fisheries divisions have developed a well-defined set
of protocols for obtaining comprehensive, scientifically sound data on fish populations,
iii
habitats, and constituents. Assessments made under these protocols are generally
effective in producing the data needed for science-based management of inland and
coastal recreational and commercial fisheries. The limitations of the data acquired by
standardized sampling are generally recognized, and procedures are in place for internal
evaluation and refinement of assessment protocols. When statistically precise data could
not be obtained through standard protocols, time and staffing were generally identified as
the limiting factors. The recommendations made in this report were developed with
consideration of how better data might be obtained more efficiently. The incorporation
of the personnel and programs of the former Resource Protection Division into the Inland
and Coastal Fisheries divisions poses opportunities to enhance each division’s habitat
assessment capabilities and to give additional attention to nonrecreational and
noncommercial aquatic species.
iv
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank the various personnel of Texas Parks and Wildlife for their
assistance to the Review Team throughout the project. The efficient conduct of this
science review would not have been possible without the great dedication of TPWD staff
to the effort.
In particular, we wish to thank Gary Saul and Ken Kurzawski for their liaison
roles in facilitating the science review. Furthermore, Ken’s assistance in establishing the
site visit and in coordinating review of the draft report was of tremendous value to the
Review Team.
Throughout the Science review process, the TPWD points of contact provided
valuable guidance. We wish to thank them—Dick Luebke and Dave Terre (representing
Inland Fisheries), Mark Fisher and Lance Robinson (representing Coastal Fisheries), and
Ken Kurzawski (representing TPWD). Their guidance on conduct of the project, their
review of materials—especially the staff opinions and insights surveyand their
assistance in identifying contacts to clarify issues after the site visit were invaluable
contributions to the Review Team’s effectiveness.
We appreciate the inputs of administrative and field staff from throughout the
agency who contributed at various points to the science review. A large group of
administrative personnel initially provided guidance to the science review coordinator on
scope and process for the science review and identified resource materials for the Review
Team. Staff, from executive director to field professionals, participated in the site visit.
The high response rate on the opinions and insight survey by personnel ranging from
division directors to field professionals was remarkable. As the Review Team sought to
clarify issues during report preparation, numerous staff members responded to inquiries
on questions specific to their expertise. For their dedication to the science review, their
availability as the Review Team needed them, and their candid inputs, we are
appreciative of each individually.
The American Fisheries Society also expresses its gratitude to each member of the
Review Team as well as to their employers for allowing them to participate. Members’
in-depth review of background materials, conduct of the week-long site visit, analysis of
findings, and preparation of the report required substantial time commitments, often with
tight deadlines. For their dedication to the science review, their availability as Team
obligations arose, and their candid inputs to the review, we are deeply appreciative.
v
Table of Contents
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………… v
I. Introduction……...………………………………………………………………… 1
V. Objective 3 ………………………………………………………………………. 25
Findings ……………………………………………………………… 26
Recommendations …………………………………………………… 27
vi
I. Introduction
The state of Texas has an abundance of inland and coastal waters that support a
spectrum of living resources. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) is one of
three trustees of Texas’ natural resources and has the responsibility for managing fish and
other aquatic resources in public waters of the state. Management is accomplished
through the Inland Fisheries Division and the Coastal Fisheries Division consistent with
TPWD’s mission “to manage and conserve the natural and cultural resources of Texas
and to provide hunting, fishing, and outdoor recreation opportunities for the use and
enjoyment of present and future generations.” Both divisions have a long history of
fisheries management complemented by a separate Resource Protection Division, the
aquatic components of which recently were melded into the existing Inland and Coastal
divisions.
The Inland Fisheries Division has responsibility for 1.7 million acres of
freshwater reservoirs and 80,000 miles of streams and rivers. Goals of the Inland
Division include providing quality angling while protecting and enhancing freshwater
resources. Whereas most inland fishing occurs on the state’s 800 public reservoirs, well-
developed assessment programs, research, and special studies are conducted to prescribe
localized, reservoir-specific management with emphasis on sustaining quality game fish
populations and their prey base. Management is accomplished through an integrated use
of harvest regulations, stocking of fish produced primarily at Inland’s five hatcheries, and
habitat enhancement. Stream and river fisheries have received less emphasis because of
their limited importance for fishing, their disproportional distribution due to geographic
gradients of rainfall, and access limitations. Incorporation of expertise from the prior
Resource Protection Division, which has statewide experience in stream resources, is
anticipated to provide greater capability for dealing with stream resources and other
environmental issues. Inland Fisheries research personnel currently collaborate with
other agencies in addressing issues associated with threatened and endangered aquatic
species, which may comprise up to 25% of the state’s native freshwater fish species. In
its overall fisheries resource assessment and management, the Inland Fisheries Division
collaborates with other Texas agencies as well as those of adjacent states and the federal
government.
The Coastal Fisheries Division has responsibility for 4 million acres of coastal
waters, including nine major bays and estuaries, and the contiguous Gulf of Mexico to a
distance of 9 nautical miles offshore. Goals of the Coastal Division include sustainable
harvests of commercial and recreational resources, balanced food webs, and conservation
of marine biodiversity. Based on well-established assessment programs and research,
coastwide fishing regulations are implemented to optimize use of stocks. Supplemental
stocking of some recreationally important fishes, which are produced at Coastal’s three
hatcheries, is conducted for enhancement or remedial purposes. Ecosystem approaches
facilitate knowledge of and attention to the spectrum of biological components and
habitats. Sea turtle conservation is the principal threatened/endangered species concern.
Incorporation of expertise from the prior Resource Protection Division is anticipated to
provide greater capability for dealing with environmental issues. The Coastal Fisheries
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Division collaborates with other Texas agencies as well as those of other states and the
federal government in the assessment and management of its resources.
The review was conducted for the purpose of “determining whether TPWD is
using the best, most efficient techniques for monitoring, managing, and protecting its
aquatic natural resources.” The specific objectives were to (1) evaluate the scientific
basis and application of all key methodologies employed to obtain scientific information
for management decisions; (2) ascertain the opinions and insights of staff on the use of,
and gaps in, the science available for monitoring and managing fisheries resources with
regard to how well science is incorporated into management decision processes; and (3)
evaluate existing processes for ongoing evaluation of science-based activities while
proposing modifications as needed to improve such evaluation, thereby leading to the
most effective use of data in management decision making.
To conduct the review, the executive director of the American Fisheries Society
established the following Review Team:
James S. Bulak, South Carolina (state agency)
Greg L. Summers, Oklahoma (state agency)
Michael J. Van Den Avyle, Georgia (federal agency)
Richard L. Noble, North Carolina, Review Coordinator (university [retired])
Jessica Geubtner, Maryland, American Fisheries Society Liaison.
To facilitate communication between the Review Team and the agency, TPWD appointed
five points of contact, representing both divisions. These individuals served as advisors,
sources of information, and conduits to staff who could address specific questions.
2
applicable to both divisions, which includes numerous surveys done cooperatively with
Texas A&M University.
III. Objective 1: Evaluate the scientific basis and application of all key
methodologies employed to obtain scientific information for management decisions.
For each of the four assessment programs, the Review Team evaluated whether
the protocols address the appropriate questions, whether the best technologies are being
employed, whether assessments provide precise, accurate data efficiently, and whether
critical components of the resource are being overlooked or underemphasized.
Substantial background materials were provided to the Review Team and a high level of
participation occurred in the site visit. New information continually surfaced, suggesting
that even upon completion of the review, the findings of the Review Team’s intensive
effort are probably incomplete and may involve some misperceptions or
misinterpretations.
3
For each assessment program, this report summarizes the findings and presents
recommendations for refinement of the assessment programs and their utilization. The
findings for each of the programs were that they are scientifically sound and, when
combined with research projects and special studies, form a strong scientific basis for
management of the fisheries resources.
The Inland Fisheries (IF) Division has developed a standardized sampling design
for assessment of Texas public waters. The Fishery Assessment Procedures (FAP)
manual is a consolidation of protocols for sampling reservoirs and streams that is used to
provide scientifically valid and defensible data on the status of fish populations, habitats,
and angler attributes with which to manage the state’s freshwater resources. It was the
commission of the Review Team to examine these procedures and evaluate the scientific
basis and application of all key activities and methodologies and to discuss any issues
that could hinder this process. The Review Team reviewed the FAP manual and recent
reports based on standardized assessment procedures and conducted on-site interviews
with a representative cross section of IF staff.
Findings:
• Organization
o Inland Fisheries Division is divided into five functional groups:
Administration, Fisheries and Habitat Management, Research, Education
and Outreach, and Hatcheries.
o There are three management regions, each divided into districts under the
direction of a regional supervisor. The management staff is responsible
for monitoring and regulating all freshwater resources.
o The research station located at the Heart of the Hills Fisheries Science
Center is commissioned with providing research findings on a statewide
basis where unique problems exist and to develop new techniques to
enhance fisheries resources.
o Five freshwater production fish hatcheries are located in strategic areas of
the state and are responsible for providing the fish needed for stocking as
determined by management staff.
o The production hatchery in Athens doubles as an education and outreach
station. The Texas Freshwater Fisheries Center provides public relation
and education functions through a multifunctional visitor center.
4
o The FAP manual emphasizes population assessment in public reservoirs,
which usually are sampled on a 4-year rotation. Trends in sport fish and
forage density, size structure, and fish condition are supplemented by
assessment of age and growth and largemouth bass genetics. Assessment
of structural habitat characteristics and angler access facilities is also
required as a part of each survey. Creel surveys are optional, and
vegetation surveys are required only if noxious or problematic vegetation
is present.
o The FAP manual is equally well developed for stream sampling, which is
conducted on an optional basis at the discretion of District staff. However,
only electrofishing is required for stream and river sampling. Other
standardized stream procedures, though elaborated in the FAP manual, are
optional. Because of limited access points to streams and rivers, coupled
with private property rights issues, stream assessment is restricted to
segments accessible to the public.
o Standardized sampling is conducted utilizing randomization and with
consideration of adequate sample sizes to attain target levels of precision.
A recent in-house study has revealed that precision targets are frequently
not met due to high variability and/or failure to attain necessary sample
sizes.
o Analysis of reservoir data from the FAP uses descriptive metrics such as
length-frequency, relative weight, and proportional stock density. There
does not appear to be any uniform method of interpreting these metrics.
Minimal effort has been given to developing dynamic population models
using metrics derived from standard sampling.
o The IF staff appears to understand that the data collected by standardized
assessment procedures (FAP) necessarily entail smaller than desired
sample sizes and therefore inherently poor precision. The staff perceive
these data to be of primary value for (1) identifying problems that should
be addressed by the more rigorous efforts of special studies and research
and (2) demonstrating to the public that all reservoirs and lakes are being
regularly monitored and evaluated.
o The IF administration is not satisfied with the precision of the data
currently acquired according the FAP (coefficient of variation [CV] =
20%). However, administrators also expressed concern that at current
staffing levels they cannot afford the amount of effort required to provide
better precision. This is a problem that plagues many state fisheries
agencies. The IF field staff was more or less content with the current
precision attained under the FAP, understanding the limitations of data
use.
o Electrofishing appears to provide most of the data that are generally used
to characterize sport fish and forage status. IF does not appear to be using
gill-net and trap-net data in making management decisions, despite
recognition that these gears provide the best data on certain species of high
interest. Furthermore, the utility of the data does not appear to be
proportional to the amount of effort undertaken to obtain it. Research and
5
special projects material provided to the Review Team contained minimal
information regarding species collected in gill nets or trap nets.
o Gizzard and threadfin shad are recognized as important forage species for
reservoir sport fishes. Findings from the SDAFS multistate project
(“shadathon”) show that electrofishing is an inefficient method for
evaluating the status of shad forage, especially threadfin shad abundance.
The FAP manual does not include any other assessment approaches for
this important component of reservoir systems.
o Although reservoir productivity appears to be an important indirect
consideration in management decisions, IF has no standard protocol for
evaluating any aquatic trophic levels below secondary consumers (thereby
emphasizing top-down management). As the methods of evaluating shad
populations are questionable, productivity estimates of lower forms
(thereby including bottom-up processes) can be essential in choosing
proper management strategies for both forage and predator sport fish
populations.
o The objectives of using randomly selected sampling sites in the FAP are
unclear. Randomization allows certain statistical analyses and conclusions
that would not be possible using other forms of sample site selection, but
analyses of this kind were not seen in the reports using FAP data.
o Different perceptions exist within IF regarding the relative amount of time
spent on FAP. In response to a specific question posed throughout the site
visit, the percentage of field staff time spent on FAP was estimated as 50%
by the Management and Research Director, 20−25% by the regional
directors, and 65−75% by the district biologists. This discrepancy could
be critical if unilateral decisions are made regarding assignment of extra
responsibilities to field staff as they are needed or in judgments as to
whether the expected balance of time spent on duties other than FAP is or
is not being attained.
6
were analyzed but had participated in their collection. This could lead to
biased data from poor field decisions being made when atypical situations
are encountered.
• Habitat monitoring
o As the role of habitat has become better understood in reservoir fisheries
management, procedures for sampling physical and chemical conditions,
structural habitat, and aquatic vegetation have been developed and added
to the FAP manual. The field staff appears to be insufficiently trained,
especially in structural habitat assessment, for survey data to be either
precise or accurate.
o When noxious or problematic vegetation is detected in routine fisheries
surveys, follow-up surveys, either preliminary or comprehensive, are
conducted according to standardized field procedures. There appears to be
no integration of GIS technology into the identification and assessment of
vegetation control.
o Vegetation management appears to be conducted to facilitate access rather
than to enhance fish populations.
o While vegetation control has required a postapplication evaluation, habitat
enhancement has not required a follow-up investigation to evaluate
success.
• Data management
o There is good flow with regard to FAP data, from the point of collection to
the point of retrieval. Everyone understands the required protocols. Data
7
editing is logical, definitive, and thorough. A competent system of
retrieving archived data is in place for staff use at all levels. However, the
paper forms that are currently being used for field recording are slowing
the flow of data.
o Unlike FAP data, much of the research data are not centrally archived, nor
can staff other than research readily access them.
o The maintenance of hatchery stocking records needs improvement. Some
personnel indicated that hatchery stocking locations appear to be entered
inconsistently and that entered data are not verified.
• Fish stockings
o Through the process of initial the FAP and follow-up either with special
studies or research, management decisions regarding regulations are based
on sound, rigorous data. However, the management of stocking and
habitat manipulation does not entail the same rigor of data collection with
which to justify decisions in those areas. Hatchery fish stockings are
based largely on imprecise data collected by FAP.
o While fish stockings use a significant portion of the IF budget, no formal
follow-up investigations to evaluate their success are required. IF
stocking criteria, which prioritize statewide stockings, do not address
evaluation.
o Increasing the percentage of largemouth bass with Florida alleles to 20%
in selected Texas reservoirs through stocking is a main objective of the
reservoir management program. This objective was established under a
previous administration but continues to be a Division priority.
Investigations are ongoing to evaluate whether this goal provides the
intended improvements to bass fishing.
Other issues
o Although field staff would benefit from further training in creel survey
and structural habitat assessment technologies, training is regularly
provided at annual workshops to orient staff to new or refined approaches
in FAP.
o The stated mission of IF extends to the breadth of aquatic resources, but
assessment and management efforts focus on reservoirs, which support
most inland fishing. IF does not adequately address its stated mission with
regard to non−sport fish and nonreservoir fisheries. Recently, the IF staff
has been enhanced with personnel who were in Resource Protection and
who have experience with both streams and nongame populations. The
Division has an opportunity through this recent reorganization to
successfully complete its mission.
o Although IF does have a T&E coordinator, most aquatic T&E work is
done outside the Division. IF does not have a coordinated way of
assessing nongame species that would contribute to T&E
classification/reclassification.
o Inland Fisheries Division has a good number and variety of “go to” people
8
to satisfy the needs of the Division (e.g., genetics, GIS, statistics, human
dimensions, T&E, etc.).
o There is little knowledge by most IF employees of what role the recently
integrated Resource Protection staff will have in meeting the overall
objectives of the Division. The Resource Protection staff is currently
doing business as they had in the past, although interaction among staff
with varied responsibilities is occurring through colocation in some
districts.
o As with most current natural resource agencies, the Division
administration proclaims that they are “product oriented.” In addition, the
IF strategic plan states that they will strive to produce more “products” for
the public. In a time when participation in freshwater fishing is declining,
business doctrine suggests that more time be spent on customer service to
better evaluate and address constituent needs. With our changing culture,
the traditional product-oriented idea of “if we build it, they will come” is
no longer a sound business principle in promoting fishing participation.
Recommendations:
9
system dynamics and undertake appropriate acquisition of basic data through
routine assessment or special studies when needed for management.
• IF should reevaluate the use of FAP trap-net data. If they are not being used
regularly in management decision making, IF should consider making this
procedure optional.
• IF should fully integrate GIS technology into aquatic vegetation control. This
should allow for more accurate status assessment as well as more precise
evaluation of treatment effects.
• If statistical evaluation is being performed on FAP data, IF should include
these metrics in the annual reports. However, if regular statistical analysis of
FAP data within lakes, between lakes, and between years is not essential, then
administration should consider dropping randomized sampling sites. Standard
sampling sites could be more efficient when trying to maximize number of
fish in a sample for length-frequency, relative weight, and relative abundance
analyses. Keeping the minimum number of units of effort relatively high and
the amount of time in a single unit of effort low will ensure that a wide
diversity of habitats are sampled to reach quotas.
• IF should include the stocking criteria protocols in the FAP manual and
consider periodic review of the criteria and procedures.
• IF should develop a better system to record and verify hatchery stocking data
and develop a more rigorous approach to the evaluation of stocking success.
• IF should develop, through appropriate, divisionwide communication, a
specific mission, goals, and duties for the former Resource Protection staff.
These objectives should also include ways in which task sharing with
management, research, and culture staff might improve the efficiency of all
sections.
• IF should develop a more active concern for all the aquatic biota of Texas,
including establishing a stream assessment section within IF. This stream
assessment group could not only be responsible for stream and river sport fish
evaluation but also be a part of nongame species and T&E assessment.
Whereas the former Resource Protection staff has experience in these areas, it
is logical that this section be expanded or merged with existing personnel to
cover these issues.
• IF should archive its research data and summaries in a Web-based data
retrieval system similar to the one used with FAP data.
• IF should complete a time−efficiency study on its staff regarding FAP
collections, analysis, and reporting.
• IF should consider building more customer service time into staff
requirements. Activities such as participating in town meetings, marketing
local fishing information, and better sharing FAP information are just a few
proven examples of things that improve customer retention. Additionally, IF
should investigate the business principle of customer relationship management
(CRM) as an avenue of customer service.
• Although communication within the IF Division is good, it should continue to
look for ways to improve the dissemination of information from the top down.
This has the potential of alleviating some of the “disappointment” and
10
“uncertainty” expressed in the field interviews.
Findings:
• Organization
o The Management and Resources Section conducts field assessments,
investigates resource issues of regional significance, and performs fish
enhancement and hatchery activities, including studies on hatchery
operations and assessments of stocking success. The coast is divided into
two regions and each region is subdivided into four ecosystem units.
o The Science and Policy Section is responsible for designing and
overseeing the coastwide assessments and advancing coastwide
management recommendations. The section also conducts applied
research of statewide significance at the Perry R. Bass field station,
utilizing its technical expertise in age and growth, life history metrics, and
genetics.
o The Water and Habitat Resources Sections were recently added due to the
merger with the Resource Protection Division, which possessed expertise
in habitat, geographic information systems, lotic resources, and water
quantity. This merger has the potential of diversifying and increasing the
capabilities of the Coastal Division as the Management and Science
sections concentrate on recreational and commercial species management.
o Management decisions involve an administrative team comprised of
representatives of the various sections, who incorporate findings from
basic assessments, special studies, and constituents.
11
justify coastwide management decisions for the major recreational and
commercial species.
o Fishery-independent sampling is conducted annually using gill nets, bag
seines, bay and Gulf trawls, and oyster dredges. A fishery-dependent
sport fish harvest monitoring program is also conducted annually,
estimating total landings and fishing success for recreationally important
species. Commercial fishery landings are monitored annually through a
mandatory self-reporting system for licensed seafood and bait dealers.
Regularly scheduled intercept surveys of shrimp and finfish dealers are
also conducted to augment commercial landing information.
o Standardized sampling is the primary activity of personnel at the
ecosystem level. Field personnel estimate that the time commitment for
standardized fishery-dependent and fishery-independent sampling is
approximately 80−85% of available time.
o A rigorous quality control program was implemented in 1993 to ensure
that field sampling is conducted uniformly, correctly, safely, and
efficiently. The quality control program requires the involvement of all
levels of management staff.
12
o Sample sites are randomly determined each year within each ecosystem to
achieve the desired goal of a coastwide assessment. Sampling frequency
has been evaluated to give an efficient mix of acceptable precision
requirements and available manpower. Sampling strategy is designed to
produce precise coastwide estimates of a few economically important
species. Standard errors for the primary recreational species range from
10% to 20% of the estimate. Regional estimates would have less precision
than coastwide estimates.
o Analysis of the precision associated with various sample sizes is
efficiently addressed in an in-house report, “Sample Size Analysis of
Coastal Fisheries Resource Monitoring Program.” The findings indicate
that current assessment strategies are scientifically sound and represent a
balance between available resources and reasonable statistical precision
for economically important species.
13
scheduled intercept surveys of shrimp and finfish dealers are also
conducted to augment commercial landing information.
o Shrimp comprise roughly three-quarters of the weight of commercial
landings and account for more than 80% of the exvessel value of
commercial landings. Therefore the shrimp fishery is the principal source
of landings data.
o Seafood and bait dealers are required to submit monthly reports listing
water body, total weight, and price paid for each purchased species.
o The amount of inaccurate or incomplete reporting is unknown and must be
considered constant when making comparisons.
o Data trends were last published in 2004 for the period 1981−2001. The
report compiles the information for each year and inspects trends. Long-
term trends in total seafood landings have remained nearly constant over
time.
• Database
o Fishery-independent and fishery-dependent survey data are entered into a
relational database by regional management staff. A regional editor and
management staff check the accuracy of data entry before the data are
released.
o Science and Policy Division staff check the accuracy of landings data
prior to entry into a central database by regional management staff. A
regional editor and management staff check the accuracy of data entry
before the data are released.
o Assessment data are centrally stored in a timely and accurate fashion,
allowing professional staff to access the entire database from remote
locations.
o Standard programs provide valuable descriptive summaries of the
assessment data, which are stored as raw data.
o The database provides opportunities to conduct coastwide as well as
ecosystem-level modeling to examine potential management strategies.
14
o Statewide age and growth analysis is conducted at Perry R. Bass Research
Station using a state-of-the-art image analysis system. Life history
investigations are also performed at this location.
o Within the Management and Resources Section, hatchery biologists
conduct research on hatchery production and genetics. The hatchery
program contracts with in-state universities to conduct genetic
investigations. A main focus has been development of a genetic tag for
stocked red drum.
o The effectiveness of hatchery augmentation of coastal stocks has been a
primary area of investigation by the Management and Resources Section.
Whether hatchery stockings have truly augmented or replaced natural
reproduction is still technically unresolved.
o Although basic standardized resource assessments provide information on
the breadth of inshore communities, the only threatened, endangered, or
nonrecreational species that are given any significant attention are sea
turtles. Apparently, there is nothing on the immediate horizon to expand
efforts to address this important group of resources.
o The Division has produced a highly commendable number of peer-
reviewed publications and an impressive list of Management Data Series
Reports. Few examples were found of reports specifically designed to
inform the public of resource status and the resultant management and
regulatory recommendations.
o In 2002, a special report was issued on the status of the Texas shrimp
fishery. Significantly, the report compiled historic assessment data to
generate indices of biotic integrity to address the condition of resource
communities in Texas inshore coastal waters. This compilation of historic
assessment data to address specific questions was an excellent use of the
assessment database.
o In addition to its contracting with universities, the Division has established
collaborative efforts with interstate groups and federal agencies
responsible for natural resource management. These collaborations
increase the effectiveness and efficiency of natural resource management
efforts.
Recommendations:
The Coastal Fisheries (CF) Division has done an excellent job of creating and
developing a long-term, resource assessment database. There is always a need to
reevaluate existing programs in the face of ever-changing technology, environment, and
societal values. In the spirit of advancing ideas that may improve the acquisition of data
and application of science to natural resource management, the following
recommendations are advanced.
Whereas the time of professional field staff is consumed in the collection of data
under standardized assessment protocols, little time appears to be left for other
investigations and analyses that could improve management decision making. Resource
15
assessment data and the unique features of various Texas bays suggest that regional
management will become more applicable to natural resources in the future. Modification
of protocols, schedules, working relationships, and priorities should be considered. Some
suggestions follow:
16
decreased slightly to 499 mm,” when the previous year’s mean length was
500 mm.
• CF should increase efforts to understand the relation between resource status and
habitat. The expertise of Resource Protection staff could be used to develop a
database relating the condition of biota to habitat.
• CF should increase its emphasis on habitat and nonrecreational species. Existing
assessment data provide an initial opportunity to define the status of coastal
aquatic resources, as required by the Federal State Wildlife Grant Program. At
present, the Division identifies only sea turtles as an aquatic species of
conservation need.
• CF should continue to evaluate technology that will allow direct entry of sample
data into a database. If suitable technology is found, this will decrease data entry
time and reduce transcription errors.
• Regarding landings data, the level of inaccurate or incomplete reporting is
unknown. CF should investigate whether this problem affects the statistical
accuracy or precision of trend data and whether underreporting is creating an
underestimate of the value of commercial landings.
• While the Division should be commended for an institutionalized quality
assurance program, it should consider reducing the time allocated to this effort.
At the field level, the perception exists that oversight efforts are excessive. CF
should reallocate some of this effort to special projects.
• The assessment database offers additional opportunities for data mining. The
long-term monitoring program has accumulated a tremendous amount of
information, which, because of personnel limitations, has not been fully analyzed.
For example, CF could produce an atlas of coastal fishes documenting the
existence, abundance, occurrence, and stability of these resources.
• CF should continue to address the question whether hatchery stockings provide a
cost-effective increase in population abundance in coastal waters. Substantial
resources have been allocated to augmenting populations of red drum and spotted
seatrout with hatchery stockings. While the survival of hatchery-reared fish has
been documented, the research hypothesis that hatchery stockings increase
abundance has not been conclusively proven.
• CF should refine its organizational structure so that all studies of hatchery
augmentation are under the direction and oversight of the science director.
Presently, both the Enhancement (i.e., hatchery) and Science sections are
conducting independent evaluations that are not well coordinated. For example,
the Enhancement Section has contracted with a university for genetic assessments
while substantial in-house genetic resources exist within the Science Section.
• In general, most applied science is done within the Division. CF should evaluate
developing further collaborative opportunities with universities. That has the
potential to increase funding and expertise that can be applied to a priority need.
• CF should consider implementing a system in which management biologists
would recommend regional or ecosystem-level regulations based on scientific
input from the science director, local knowledge, and the manager’s perception of
logistical constraints.
17
• CF should formalize regular communications between the sections. In the past,
communications between the Management/Resources and Science sections have
been based on an “as-needed approach.” With two new divisions and a perceived
need to more fully discuss regional issues, a more rigorously defined process for
sharing information would seem to be beneficial. Within this process, CF should
formalize an annual process that seeks input from all professionals and identifies
priority special studies.
• CF should consider producing technical reports for the public when regulation
modifications are under consideration. Such reports should document the use of
science-based data in the decision-making process.
Both the Inland and Coastal divisions indicate that habitat is a key issue in
resource management. In addition to habitat assessments undertaken as a part of
standardized fishery surveys by each division, investigations of fish (and wildlife) kills,
pollution affecting fish and wildlife, and harmful algae blooms are conducted by the
TPWD Kills and Spills Team (KAST) in conjunction with appropriate state and federal
agencies. KAST activities are elaborated in the KAST procedures manual dated
February 1997, which was revised in October 2003. The procedures manual is
comprehensive, addressing investigation, documentation, restitution, and recovery
projects. The Review Team focused on the assessment and documentation of pollution
spills, fish kills, and harmful algal blooms as elaborated in the procedures manual,
discussed during the site visit, and further explored through communication with TPWD
personnel. In some cases, such as water quality investigations, KAST follows TCEQ’s
protocols, which were not specifically reviewed by the Review Team.
Findings:
18
• Whereas data may ultimately be used to obtain restitution, their accuracy and
precision are given high priority and the collection and reporting processes are
detailed. For litigation purposes, emphasis is placed on being certain of the
sources of pollution and the causes of kills. Standard protocols include
determination of a “conclusive” cause or source, and best efforts are made to be
definitive.
• Standardized assessment procedures are tailored to individual short-term events
rather than an event ongoing through time or broadly occurring through space.
• A checklist facilitates decisions on whether a site investigation is warranted. The
response threshold for investigations has been modified due to insufficient
funding and personnel. Events that meet the checklist point system threshold still
are typically being investigated, but non-KAST personnel (e.g., district fishery
biologists/ecosystem leaders or enforcement officers) may need to follow up on
some cases in the absence of KAST professionals.
• KAST personnel have intensive training upon recruitment, followed by periodic
updates on procedures and methods. District fisheries biologists and ecosystem
leaders assist in KAST assessments as needed and available. Their training in
KAST procedures is less formal, but they usually work in conjunction with
trained KAST members.
• Procedures for assessing harmful algal blooms through collection of both living
and preserved samples are well elaborated. Unlike spills and kills, however,
assessment is aimed at determining presence/absence in an initial response.
Biological and gross physicochemical samples (up to three) from up to 10 sites
are considered adequate based on experience. Failures of the protocol to detect
the presence of harmful algae have occurred, usually in response to unusual
hydrodynamic events.
• The KAST procedures manual is updated periodically in response to suggestions
from field personnel and/or standard protocols (e.g., the update of AFS
standards). Inputs from co-located fishery biologists are informally or
incidentally obtained.
• Interaction between KAST personnel and inland and coastal fishery biologists is
anticipated to increase as personnel from the former Resource Protection Division
are incorporated into the Inland and Coastal Fisheries divisions. Personnel are
expected to increasingly co-locate and collaborate. However, regional offices
sometimes differ in location.
• Assessments and documentations of kills and spills according to established
procedures have typically been sufficient to justify restitution where appropriate
and to facilitate recovery efforts when feasible.
Recommendations:
The Kills and Spills Team has developed broad procedures that are well suited to
assessing the resource issues of both the Inland and Coastal divisions. Some suggestions
for additions and refinements follow.
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• The KAST procedures manual is intended to be thorough and detailed. Portions
of the Manual that are incomplete or are in draft stages should be completed and
adopted.
• The effects of altering the response threshold for investigations should be
evaluated, both in terms of the quantity and quality of investigations, i.e., whether
all qualifying events are being investigated, and whether events are properly
investigated when non-KAST personnel have to respond. KAST should ensure
that such personnel are adequately trained to obtain data consistent with KAST
procedures.
• To the extent feasible, standardized protocols should be developed to address
sampling requirements for assessing events that are associated with unusual
hydrodynamic conditions, ongoing through time, or broadly occurring through
space.
• Although harmful algal bloom data, unlike spills and kills data, are not collected
for restitution purposes, their reliability should be evaluated. Biological and gross
physicochemical samples from three (or fewer) subjectively chosen sites may be
insufficient, even for initial assessment aimed at the establishment of
presence/absence.
• KAST staff should consider developing emergency protocols regarding a major
kill due to harmful algal blooms. Since these blooms have the potential to cause
substantial economic crises at highly valued recreational waters (e.g., Lakes Fork
or Texoma), it would seem that there is a need for structured procedures in the
event of a major kill. Not only should rapid biological assessment be outlined
(who, what, when, and where), but prompt communication strategies with
designated stakeholders and media should also be considered.
• KAST should utilize the PRISM database more broadly. Its use, which is now
primarily in response to the legislative reporting mandate, should be expanded to
routine incorporation into water quality and fisheries management.
• Reorganization of TPWD to absorb and integrate the former Resource Protection
Division into the Inland and Coastal Fisheries divisions offers new opportunity
for closer working relationships between KAST personnel and fishery biologists
at the district, region, and ecosystem levels. Efforts should be made to co-locate
personnel to the extent feasible, to integrate assessment activities as appropriate,
and to utilize personnel and other resources jointly in order to expand capabilities
in assessment and management.
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assessments provide information on stakeholder participation and opinions at the
statewide and coastwide levels as well as the local water body and ecosystem levels that
are incorporated into agency decision making. The Review Team examined the Ditton
survey in detail and in conjunction with the national survey, lists of special studies, and
HD components of standardized creel surveys.
Findings:
• The combination of assessments provides comprehensive information on the
sportfishing constituencies of both the Coastal and Inland Fisheries divisions.
• Consistency over time in the federal and Ditton surveys provides valuable trend
data on recreational fishing.
• The Ditton survey includes a breadth of components, including angler
characteristics, motivations, attitudes, and participation assessed with consistency
over time, but it also has the flexibility to incorporate assessments relative to
contemporary issues.
• The Ditton survey is conducted under a stratified random sampling design to
increase its precision and ensure balance between inland and coastal anglers. No
measure of precision is indicated in the Ditton study. Large sample size,
reasonable response rate, and subjection to peer review suggest that precision is
adequate. However, the response rate has declined, suggesting a possible
reduction in precision.
• Although the Ditton survey provides consistency with earlier surveys, it has
possible biases of concern. Only in-state, annually licensed anglers are polled.
Nonresident, senior, and lifetime license-holders are not included. As
demography changes, the resulting impacts are not assessed by this survey.
• Whereas trends established by the Ditton survey have been consistent, routine
collection of the survey data as frequently as at 4-year intervals may be providing
less useful information than special studies that are aimed at evaluating biases or
focused on more specific questions.
• Division administrators with HD expertise, working in conjunction with staff HD
specialists and the contractor, coordinate in the evaluation and modification of the
Ditton survey prior to its periodic administration. Issues identified by field
personnel are highlighted for possible inclusion in the Ditton survey or pursuit
through special studies. The years between the standardized Ditton surveys are
frequently used for directed HD studies focused on either specific resources or
issues.
• The findings of the Ditton survey, coupled with those of the federal survey and
special studies, are incorporated into division and agency decision making by the
respective Division management teams. For example, HD assessments of
recreational participants indicate low Hispanic participation and the need for
better access. These have been incorporated into agency priorities.
• HD assessments of the fisheries divisions have primarily focused on fishing
publics. Beyond the information available through the federal survey,
standardized assessment data are not being systematically sought on the human
dimensions of the general public pertinent to Texas fisheries. TPWD has, in
21
recent years, contracted special studies of broader environmental awareness,
which include aquatic issues. With increasing emphasis on habitat protection and
nongame species by the agency, the characteristics of a broader constituency
relative to aquatic resources are important to setting of priorities by the divisions.
• The broadly-administered federal and Ditton surveys and intervening special
studies have been supplemented with routine components of creel/angler surveys
and add-ons to creel surveys when special issues arise. Such surveys, conducted
as a part of routine creel surveys, have been minimized so as not to detract from
the data collection primarily aimed at catch and effort.
• Coastal Division field staff are specifically trained to ensure consistency in the
administration of HD questions, which are added to the routine annual angler
surveys. Inland Division staff, who have used standard HD questions as a part of
standardized creel surveys, conduct creel surveys optionally and are subject to
little formal training in HD investigations.
• With the assistance of the divisional HD specialist in conception and design,
focused HD investigations may be contracted or occasionally conducted by
existing field personnel as special projects. Scientific rigor in project design and
peer review of reports are utilized to ensure quality studies. Lists of technical
reports and special projects indicate that special HD projects by field personnel
are seldom undertaken.
• Although TPWD obtains standardized HD data from the Ditton survey and
federal survey and more specific data through research and special studies, their
HD requirements are being met on a piecemeal basis.
• HD data, license data, lifestyle information, and other pertinent consumer data are
not archived into an accessible, usable data warehouse where relationships
between HD findings can be further explored. To some extent, the fisheries
divisions are data rich and analysis poor relative to HD.
• The Texas shrimp fishery exemplifies the incorporation of human dimensions
information into resource management in the commercial arena. Socioeconomic
aspects of the fishery were investigated through a spectrum of assessment
procedures that considered the broad dimensions of the fishery.
• The fisheries divisions of Texas Parks and Wildlife Department have been
national leaders in their commitment to the human dimensions component of
fisheries management. In each division, a professional position is designated as a
focal point for human dimensions matters, though both were vacant during the
science review site visit. These positions have the potential to contribute to an
elevated level of attention to scientific assessment (and application) of human
dimensions attributes, to assist field staff, and to coordinate the HD programs of
the Inland and Coastal divisions.
Recommendations:
22
• The decline in response rate for the standard Ditton surveys suggests that
precision would also decline if the number of questionnaires administered
were held constant. As the next standard survey is developed, anticipated
precision should be evaluated in light of the anticipated response rate.
• Biases in the Ditton survey should be evaluated through special studies.
Whereas the survey is limited to in-state, annually licensed anglers and
excludes nonresident, senior, and lifetime license-holders—for whom the
trends are probably different from those of in-state licensed anglersthe
overall consistency in the trends indicated by the standard Ditton survey may
be misleading.
• Whereas the trends established by the Ditton survey have been so consistent,
increasing the interval between the standardized surveys should be considered.
The time and expense saved could be reallocated to special studies, e.g., the
evaluation of biases.
• Whereas field staff conduct some HD studies and the HD components of
standard creel surveys are administered by them, those staff, especially in the
Inland Fisheries Division, should be better trained to ensure efficiency and
accuracy in HD data collection.
• With increasing emphasis on habitat protection and nongame resources by the
agency, the characteristics and attitudes of a broader constituency relative to
aquatic resources are important to the setting of priorities by the divisions.
Although some information is available from broader surveys, specific needs
for HD data on nonanglers should be evaluated and plans developed and
implemented for obtaining such information.
• A comprehensive HD assessment program should be developed that looks to
meeting future needs as well as ascertaining current attitudes and opinions.
Balance should be sought between standardized surveys and special studies to
acquire HD data.
• Declining participation indicates a need for all state fish and wildlife agencies
to develop a thorough customer evaluation system. TPWD should consider
developing a data warehouse, through a specific informational platform, that
would allow investigation of the relationships among HD parameters. The
warehouse should be dynamic and current, so that the potential effects of
decisions could be easily evaluated. The database should include not only
demographic information on fishing and hunting participants but also
nontraditional HD data such as lifestyles, census, economic status, GIS, and
others. Such a database would also facilitate HD data mining, which would
allow probability analysis in all aspects of customer participation. Full
utilization of the database by the fisheries divisions should have a significant
positive effect on the marketing of agency programs and the recruitment and
retention of constituents.
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IV. Objective 2: Ascertain the opinions and insights of selected TPWD staff on use
of, and gaps in, science available for monitoring and managing fisheries resources to
determine how well science is integrated into management decision processes.
Coastal Admin 10 0 0 30 30 40
Coastal Non- 30 0 0 33 60 7
admin
Inland Admin 15 0 0 20 60 20
Inland Non- 39 0 3 19 66 13
admin
Total 94 0 1 26 59 15
The final background question allowed characterization of how staff perceived the
percentage of time they personally devoted to science-based activities and the application
of scientific information to fisheries management (reported as the percentage of
respondents in each category) as follows:
24
Coastal Admin 10 0 40 10 20 30
Coastal Non- 30 0 17 13 40 30
admin
Inland Admin 15 0 33 20 33 14
Inland Non- 39 0 3 33 32 33
admin
Total 94 0 16 23 33 28
The four open-end questions also addressed perceptions of the breadth of science-
based management—strengths and impediments in the acquisition and application of
scientific dataand anticipated long-term priority issues, including their ability to be
addressed scientifically. Responses to the open-end questions are provided in Appendix
2.
25
Findings:
• The agency is concerned with the defensibility of its results in the courts. Review
processes for assessment and interpretation have been developed to ensure that
results are scientifically defensible. Throughout the agency, the need for
standardized assessment procedures is recognized, as is the importance of revising
the procedures in light of field experiences and new technologies.
• For each of its standardized assessment procedures, periodic review is undertaken
relative to the overall goals of the assessment program. These periodic reviews
are supplemented by short-term (usually annual) evaluation of operational needs.
• Inland Fisheries has continually revised and updated its standardized assessment
procedures since 1975. In 1997, a committee approach was adopted to ensure
review of all components of the procedures manual on an ongoing basis.
Revision of existing procedures is largely reactive, being based on comments and
suggestions from field personnel received and considered on an annual basis. For
new procedures and major changes, the respective committee actively solicits
input from throughout the Division, including Resource Protection personnel.
• Inland Fisheries further evaluates the effectiveness of its assessment procedures
through peer review of survey reports. Oral presentation and evaluation of annual
reports at the regional level are followed up by presentations and critique at the
Divisional staff meeting.
• Coastal Fisheries has continually revised and updated its standardized procedures
for resource assessment and harvest monitoring since their implementation in the
mid-1970s. The science director’s office annually solicits suggestions for
modifications of the procedures manuals and receives inputs spontaneously as
problems are noted by field staff. Annual review by broad-based committees is
employed to formally evaluate potential revisions.
• In 1993, Coastal Fisheries established a Quality Control Committee and
subsequently implemented an action plan conducted under a quality control
program field operations manual. This manual addresses data acquisition for
standard field assessments only. A broad-based, 12-member committee annually
reviews the manual.
• Despite widespread staff suspicion that commercial landings data are biased,
evaluation of that bias has not been conducted. The process by which such an
evaluation would be developed and prioritized is unclear to the Review Team.
• Research projects (both Inland and Coastal) and special projects (primarily
Inland) commonly include studies that evaluate existing or potential assessment
techniques. The results of such projects are used to modify standard procedures.
• The Kills and Spills Team procedures, developed in 1997, were revised in 2003 in
response to TPWD’s strategic plan emphasis on environmental protection, the
changing requirements of regulatory agencies, and new issues and technologies.
Until such time as another major revision is needed, updates will be made in
response to suggestions from field personnel.
• The standardized human dimensions (Ditton) survey, which serves both Inland
and Coastal divisions, is reevaluated in advance of each survey (at 2−4 year
intervals). Inputs for revision are provided by Coastal and Inland Division human
dimensions specialists, based in part on issues brought up by field personnel
26
during intervening years. Revisions are coordinated closely with the contractor,
who includes recommendations for revision as a part of reporting.
• Evaluations of standardized procedures are done primarily by those most involved
with the operations conducted under the guidance of the respective manual.
Specialists from elsewhere in the agency are sometimes included (e.g., Resource
Protection specialists involved in the development of stream fisheries procedures)
to provide a broader base of expertise.
• It is recognized that fishery management decisions cannot always be made on the
basis of standardized assessments alone, especially for inland fisheries for which
the precision of assessment data is low. Each division’s administrative team
(senior staff) evaluates the need for further information and prioritizes
recommendations for further investigation through more intensive special studies
or directed research projects. Such projects are expected to be of a quality to lead
to publication in the primary literature and consequently meet the standards of
peer review for scientific journals.
• In both divisions, administrative structure and operational procedures are in place
for evaluation of scientific validity of the data on which management decisions
can be made. Working relationships between divisions and among sections
within divisions are generally good, and channels of communication between
field personnel and administrative staff are extant and operational to facilitate
inputs at all levels.
• The Inland Fisheries Division has developed a long-range plan that is closely tied
to the TPWD Land and Water Resources Conservation and Recreation Plan. The
Inland Fisheries plan appears to guide decision making. The Coastal Fisheries
Division has no such plan.
• Consistent with its priority on scientifically sound management decisions, the
agency has included external evaluation of its procedures and processes through
this formal review and the use of subject matter specialists.
Recommendations:
The spectrum of assessments utilized by for resource assessment is subject to a
variety of specific evaluations with a range of rigor and formality. Some suggestions for
refinement of evaluation processes are as follows:
• Procedures for assessment of inland and coastal resources, habitats, and users
should be revisited on a defined schedule. Comprehensive reviews should
evaluate whether the procedures as a whole meet the spectrum of information
needs. Procedures for each assessment should be reviewed proactively on an
annual basis, rather than primarily in response to sporadic suggestions from the
field, as currently occurs for some procedures.
• Evaluations of standardized procedures are done primarily by those most involved
with the operations conducted under the guidance of the respective manual. Such
evaluations should directly involve a broader base of expertise. Updates to
procedures should be performed with input not only from those directly using
them but also from a spectrum of personnel from the divisions. Such an approach
27
would not only capitalize on breadth of expertise but also contribute to the
integration and complementation of assessments.
• Coordination across divisions should be increased, particularly with regard to
KAST assessments and other habitat assessment procedures conducted under the
former Resource Protection Division.
• Attention should be given to quality control in the implementation of procedures
used for inland fisheries and KAST assessments.
• A process should be developed to evaluate the extent of bias in commercial
landings data.
• The standardized human dimensions (Ditton) survey should address
recommendations for revision provided by the contractor as a part of reporting.
• TPWD should more fully utilize inputs from managers in establishing priorities
for special studies. Such inputs should identify undefined relationships in need of
clarification for management ultimately to be science based.
• TPWD should conduct the necessary studies of management effects and develop
appropriate models that are scientifically justified, so that when scientifically
sound assessment data and research or special study results are incorporated,
management is comprehensively science based.
• Like the Inland Fisheries Division, the Costal Fisheries Division should develop a
long-range plan to guide decision making.
TPWD’s Inland and Coastal Fisheries divisions have developed a well-defined set
of protocols for obtaining comprehensive, scientifically sound data on fish populations,
habitats, and constituents. Throughout this review process, the Review Team was
impressed with the professionalism and dedication of TPWD staff to achieving
established objectives of assessment programs. Assessments made under these protocols
are generally effective in producing the data needed for science-based management of
inland and coastal recreational and commercial fisheries. Procedures are in place for
internal evaluation and refinement of assessment protocols.
When statistically precise data could not be obtained through standard protocols,
time and staffing were generally the limiting factors. The recommendations made in this
report were developed with strong consideration as to how better data might be obtained
more efficiently.
28
This review focused on the data acquisition step of science-based management.
Scientifically sound management decisions are, first and foremost, dependent on
scientifically sound assessment data. The Inland and Coastal divisions have emphasized
the acquisition of such data through comprehensive assessment programs and have
complemented those data with special studies to fill information gaps. Ultimately,
scientifically sound management depends on incorporating accurate, precise data into
predefined scientific models, mathematical or conceptual, that predict outcomes. Some
evidence of success in the latter step was encountered during the review process, but
evaluation of the application of scientifically sound data to management decision making
was beyond the scope of our assignment. Nevertheless, the staff responses to our survey
expressed considerable confidence in the scientific basis of management decision making
for both inland and coastal fisheries.
29