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Index Returns
ROBERT J. GREER
ROBERT GREER iven recent volatility in stock and access these returns, commodity indexes have
is a vice president
in the Global
Commodities Group
at The Chase
Manhattan Bank.
He is recognized as
G bond markets, as well as the pos-
sible resurgence in inflation, long-
only passive unleveraged com-
modity indexes increasingly are being consid-
ered by institutional investment managers.
a number of other uses. Commodity indexes
are a source of information on cash commod-
ity and futures commodity market trends, are
used as performance benchmarks for evaluation
of commodity trading advisers, and provide a
the first researcher Commodity indexes offer a means of access- historical track record useful in developing
to define an index
ing natural sources of commodity return and asset allocation strategies.
of unleveraged
commodities or inflation protection. While previous studies Historically, direct commodity invest-
to advocate it as a (Halpern et al. [1998]) have measured com- ment has been a small part of investors’ asset
separate asset class modity returns during high and low inflation allocation decision. Indirect commodity invest-
suitable for institu- periods, the real benefits of commodity invest- ment through ownership of equity in com-
tional investors. He ment may lie in periods of unexpected rises in modity producers has been the preferred
holds an MBA with
honors from Stanford
inflation. Anticipated inflation, which results strategy of obtaining claims on commodity
University. in high bond yields and high equity earnings investment. In recent years, a variety of passive
growth, may result in positive real returns for investable commodity indexes or commodity-
stocks and bonds. It is the unexpected inflation linked products have been created that pro-
that should cause concern to every serious vide direct access to commodity investment.
investor. Unexpected inflation may result in These include exchange-traded commodity
negative returns to stock and equity markets indexes such as the GSCI and CRB-Bridge and
while often being favorable to increasing com- other commodity-linked investments such as
modity prices. In addition to providing expo- the Chase Physical Commodity Index, J.P.
sure to unexpected changes in inflation, Morgan Commodity Index and the Dow
commodity indexes may provide exposure to Jones-AIG Commodity Index, as well as more
long-term growth in world demand that may exotic, futures-based products such as the MLM
also result in an increasing demand and prices index and LME metals index.
for certain commodity products. An asset class must satisfy two main cri-
One of the most attractive aspects of teria before an investor should consider adding
commodity investment today is that there are it to a portfolio. First, the asset should increase
now a number of passive indexes that are fully the expected utility of a portfolio. Utility is
investable. Most alternative assets do not have often defined in terms of the Sharpe ratio —
a passive, investable index, requiring the any asset that increases the risk-adjusted return
investor to select and monitor active managers. of the portfolio deserves some allocation in
In addition to providing a simple method to the portfolio. However, there are some assets
EXHIBIT 4
Commodity Price Changes versus Commodity Index Returns
Note: Live/lean hog contract price adjusted for change in contract specification.
Changes in
Correlations Commodities* Stocks** Bonds*** Inflation**** Inflation
*
Chase Physical Commodity Index (“CPCI”)
**
Standard & Poor’s 500 total return
***
Lehman long T-bond
****
Consumer price index(CPI-U)
inflation in the previous year. This exhibit supports the average correlation has declined. This supports the notion
theory regarding the pattern of index returns, which is that factors driving these asset prices differ from one
important in considering commodity indexes as a sepa- commodity to the next.
rate asset class for a portfolio. The commodity index was
slightly negatively correlated with stock and bond returns. CONCLUSION
It also had positive correlation (0.23) with the rate of
inflation and much higher positive correlation (0.59) with The data from 1970 to the present indeed support
changes in the rate of inflation. Meanwhile, stocks and the risk and return benefits of commodity index investing:
bonds, as expected, are negatively correlated to the rate
of inflation and to changes in the rate of inflation. Exhibit • Total return from an unleveraged commodity
5 also supports the idea that “surprises” tend to drive com- index is positive, on average, and comparable in
modity prices unexpectedly upward, since it shows that magnitude and volatility to equity returns.
the commodity index has a positive skew, while the S&P • Commodity index returns are negatively corre-
500 total return is negatively skewed. Meanwhile, the lated with stocks and bonds.
overall return of the commodity index is comparable to • Commodity index returns are positively corre-
equities in magnitude and volatility. lated with inflation.
Exhibit 6 shows the components of the annual • Commodity index returns are more positively
CPCI returns. The T-bill component is simply the aver- correlated with changes in the rate of inflation.
age thirteen-week T-bill rate reported by the Fed. The • Commodity prices are not highly correlated with
rebalancing yield is calculated using the Fernholz and each other.
Shay formula, applied to the daily returns of the weighted
components of the CPCI each year. Finally, the return ENDNOTES
component labeled “Insurance/Variance” is the remain-
1
ing component of return, such that (1 + T-bill)(1 + Thanks to Grant Gardner of the Frank Russell Com-
Rebalancing)(1 + Insurance/Variance) = (1 + Total pany for coining this term.
2
Return). Also shown in Exhibit 6 is the average cross-cor- This idea of a unique supply/demand model also argues
relation of the individual commodities in the index and that commodity prices don’t respond to a traditional CAPM,
the number of commodities involved. As the range of a supplemental argument for non-correlation with stocks and
bonds.
commodities available for investment has increased, the
50 THE NATURE OF COMMODITY INDEX RETURNS SUMMER 2000
EXHIBIT 6
Chase Physical Commodity Index Return Characteristics
Number of
Insurance/ Total Average Cross- Commodities
Year T-bill Rebalancing Variance Return Correlation in Index
3 4
This concept is described in Fernholz and Shay [1982]. An alternative would be to assign fixed relative quan-
The “excess growth” is quantified as: tities to the various commodities in an index.
5
Bessembinder [1995] shows that investors seem to
expect actual commodity prices, except those of precious met-
1 2 als, to mean-revert, though this does not address whether
∑ π i σ i − ∑ π i π jσ i , j
2 i i, j futures prices themselves are mean-reverting.
6
The CPCI is a direct continuation of the Daiwa phys-
where ical commodity index.
7
As an example, in January 1996, the market expected
p = weight given to asset i (Sp = 1.00) wheat in July to be worth $4.47 per bushel (the price of the July
s2 = variance of asset i 1996 contract on January 31, 1996). By May 31, that contract
si,j = covariance of i and j had increased to $5.29, an 18% increase in the market’s expec-
tations for wheat in July. Yet, as the market looked further out