Ajp-3.3.2 Air Interdiction and Close Air Support Jul04 Nu

NATO/PFP UNCLASSIFIED
AJP-3.3.2
AJP-3.3.2
AIR INTERDICTION
AND
CLOSE AIR SUPPORT
JULY 2004
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CHAPTER RECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONS
2 USA
3 USA
Annex A
Annex B
Annex C
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NATION RESERVATIONS
USA a. The USA does not subscribe to the language in the last
paragraph of paragraph 0304. Paragraph 0304, line 4 delete
"normally". Last line delete from "systems …..but" and insert
"other force elements".
b. The chapter on interdiction, specifically paragraph 0206, does not

address procedures for the conduct of interdiction operations
outside of LCC’s Area of Operations which are accomplished
solely by the ACC and do not require LCC coordination.
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RECORD OF CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS
Change Date Effective By whom Entered

Number and (Signature, Rank/ Grade)
Entered Date
Date
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
0101 Origin 1-1

0102 Aim 1-1
0103 Scope 1-1
0104 Application 1-1
0105 Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Reference 1-1
Publications
Chapter 2 Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support
0201 Introduction 2-1

0202 Joint Campaign/Operations Structure 2-2
0203 Apportionment 2-2
0204 Allocation 2-3
0205 Authority and Responsibility of Supported and 2-3
Supporting Commanders
0206 Air Command and Control Structure 2-3
0207 Fire Support Coordination Measures 2-5
0208 Targeting 2-5
0209 Coordinated Attack 2-5
0210 Rules of Engagement 2–5
Figure 2 - 1 Air Interdiction and Close Air Support Planning Process 2–6
Chapter 3 Air Interdiction
0301 Interdiction 3–1

0302 Use 3–1
0303 Employment methods 3–1
0304 Control and Coordination 3–2
0305 Planning and Request Considerations 3–3
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Chapter 4 Close Air Support
0401 Close Air Support 4–1

0402 Use 4–1
0403 Employment Methods 4–1
0404 Control 4–2
0405 Planning and Request Considerations 4–2
Figure 4 - 1 Management of Preplanned Close Air Support 4–5
Figure 4 - 2 Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels 4–5
Chapter 5 Mission Support Operations
0501 General 5–1

0502 Electronic Warfare 5–1
0503 Air-to-Air Refuelling 5–2
0504 Suppression of Enemy Air Defences 5–2
0505 Reconnaissance and Surveillance 5–3
0506 Special Operations 5–3
0507 Ground Manoeuvre 5–3
Annex A Glossary of Terms and Definitions A-1 – A-6
Annex B Abbreviations B-1 – B-2
Annex C Reference Publications C–1
List of effective Pages LEP – 1
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Chapter 1
Introduction
0101. Origin Allied Joint Publication (AJP) 3.3.2, Air Interdiction and Close Air
Support supersedes ATP-27 (C) - Air Interdiction and Close Air Support. It is based on
general doctrine and fundamental considerations contained in AJP-01, Allied Joint
Doctrine; AJP-3, Allied Joint Operations; and AJP-3.3, Joint Air and Space Operations
Doctrine.
0102. Aim The aim of this publication is to define allied joint operational doctrine on
the use of air power for Air Interdiction (AI) and Close Air Support (CAS) and to provide a
basis for subordinate implementation procedures.
0103. Scope The scope of this publication is limited to AI, CAS and directly related
activities as part of Anti Surface Force Air Operations (ASFAO) as outlined in AJP-01 and
other AJPs concerning joint operations, e.g. AJP-3.3.
0104. Application This publication provides doctrinal guidance for commanders and
their staffs in the planning, coordination and execution of AI and CAS.
0105. Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Reference Publications A list of

terms and definitions pertinent to this document can be found in a consolidated glossary at
Annex A. A list of abbreviations pertinent to this document has been consolidated at
Annex B. A list of reference publications to this document has been attached as Annex C.
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Chapter 2
Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support
0201. Introduction. Anti Surface Force Air Operations (ASFAO) are conducted to
deprive the enemy of the military power he needs to occupy territory or exploit sea space
by neutralising, delaying or destroying his surface forces. ASFAO can either be
accomplished in direct or indirect support of ground operations, or can be carried out with
minimal or no friendly ground forces in the area. When friendly ground forces are present,
ASFAO tends to be more effective at greater distances from the ground battle where
fratricide is not an issue and the enemy may be more vulnerable. Air Operations that are
used to perform ASFAO in the context of this document are Air Interdiction (AI) and Close
Air Support (CAS). This chapter covers the most important definitions related to AI and
CAS, describes the application of these operations and the basic command and control
structure as far as it is common to both.
a. Air Interdiction is an operation that destroys, disrupts, diverts, or delays an

enemy’s surface military potential before it can be used effectively against
friendly forces, or otherwise achieve its objectives. Typical targets for AI are
lines of communication, supply centres, command and control nodes, or
fielded forces. AI is either performed as part of an overall JOA-wide
interdiction effort, which typically aims to isolate all or part of the battlefield
from its source of support and reinforcement, or as a more local effort in
response to the needs of ground combat. Whenever AI is flown in the vicinity
of own ground operations, the two achieve the greatest effects when the
efforts are integrated.
b. Close Air Support is an operation flown in direct support of own ground

forces, in offensive and defensive operations, to destroy, disrupt, suppress,
fix or delay enemy forces. CAS can be conducted at any place and time
friendly forces are in close proximity to enemy forces. The term ‘close’ does
not imply a specific distance; rather it is situational. The key factor to
success is that detailed integration is required between each air mission and
the fire and movement of surface forces to minimize the risk of fratricide.
Control of CAS is performed by Tactical Air Control Parties (TACP) attached
to units being supported.
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0202. Joint Campaign/Operations Structure
a. The Joint Force Commander (JFC) sets overall campaign/operation priorities,

which guide component objectives and determine the level of support
between components. The Air Component Commander1 (ACC)
recommends JOA-wide targeting priorities and, in coordination with the other
component commanders’ interdiction priorities, forwards the air
apportionment recommendation to the JFC. The JFC provides target
priorities and air apportionment guidance to the ACC and other Component
Commanders (CCs). The ACC, using priorities established in the JFC’s air
apportionment decision, then plans and executes the JOA-wide air
interdiction effort. Other components may simultaneously conduct
interdiction efforts with organic or assigned capabilities. The surface
commander can determine specific targets for air interdiction or provide the
air component mission-type instructions that allow tactical mission planning
flexibility. In this way the ACC can best determine how to support the surface
commander, without knowing in advance the exact location or timing of the
priority targets. Ultimately, interdiction priorities within the surface Area of
Operations (AOO) are considered along with the overall interdiction priorities,
that are established by the JFC and guide the overall targeting process. The
supported commander should clearly articulate the concept of manoeuvre
operations to the supporting commanders.
b. The air planning cycle is an interrelated series of actions that begins with the
JFC’s guidance for the cycle period. When operations begin, an air planning
cycle is normally established to develop daily tactical tasking (Air Tasking
Order (ATO)) based on the operational guidance provided by the Air
Operations Directive (AOD) and other inputs. It provides for the efficient and
effective employment of the air assets of one or more components. The ACC
allocates resources based on the JFC’s apportionment decision and the Air
Operations Centre (AOC) publishes the ATO. The ATO, when combined
with the Airspace Control Order (ACO) and Special Instructions (SPINS),
provides operational and tactical direction for air operations. It is
subsequently executed by the AOC.
0203. Apportionment Apportionment is the determination and assignment of the total

expected air effort by priority and weight of effort that should be devoted to the various air
operations and geographic areas for a given period of time. After consultation with other
CCs, the ACC makes an apportionment recommendation to the JFC, based on the overall
needs and the available air assets. The JFC normally apportions by priority and weight of
effort into geographic areas. The apportionment may be organized by mission type
orders, functional categories or mission categories significant for the campaign. JFC
apportionment sets the degree of effort dedicated to accomplishing specific missions.
1
As the doctrine in this document applies equally to the static NATO military command structure as well to
CJTF operations, generic terms such as Air Component Command vice Joint Force Air Component
Command (JFACC) have been used but that does not preclude the latter and similar terms being used
where applicable.
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0204. Allocation Once the apportionment decision is made, the ACC allocates
resources to the AOC to accomplish specific missions. The AOC forms the Master Air
Attack Plan (MAAP), which serves as the plan of employment and the foundation of the
ATO.
0205. Authority and Responsibility of Supported and Supporting Commanders In

joint and combined operations, capabilities are optimised by mixing and matching forces
from different services and nations. In order to simplify the potentially complex Command
and Control (C2) arrangements, NATO uses the terms ‘supporting’ and ‘supported’
commanders, which will usually find utility in all joint and combined operations. They are
defined as follows:
a. Supported Commander A commander having primary responsibility for all

aspects of a task assigned by a higher NATO military authority and who
receives forces or other support from one or more supporting commanders
(AAP-6).
b. Supporting Commander A commander who provides a supported

commander with forces or other support and/or who develops a supporting
plan (AAP-6). Support is the action given by a component or force
commander to assist another force as directed by the JFC. The commander
of the supported force will indicate in detail to the supporting commander the
support mission objectives he wishes to have fulfilled, taking account of the
normal operational procedures of the supporting force. He will provide the
information needed for complete co-ordination of the supporting action with
the action of his own force. However, supported commanders should
provide supporting commanders as much latitude as possible in the planning
and execution of their operations. The commander of the supporting force
will ascertain the requirements of the supported force and take action to fulfil
those that are within his capabilities. Unless directed otherwise, the
supporting commander will direct the operational tactics and associated
activities of the supporting force.
0206. Air Command and Control Structure
a. In order to synchronise operations effectively, the JFC will establish

supported and supporting relationships within his JOA. Within his AOO a
commander is responsible for the synchronisation of manoeuvre, fires and
interdiction. To facilitate this synchronisation, the commander designates the
target priority, effects, and recommended timing of interdiction operations
within his AOO. The supported commander must clearly articulate his vision
of operations to those supporting commanders who apply forces within his
AOO. Supporting commanders should be given as much latitude as possible
in the planning and execution of their operations.
b. Using air assets made available in accordance with the JFC's apportionment,
the ACC should plan, coordinate, and conduct joint air operations to
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accomplish the JFC-assigned objectives. The ACC exercises the command

authority [e.g. Operational Control (OPCON), Tactical Command (TACOM)]
as delegated by the JFC.
c. The focal point for C2 of air operations is the AOC. The AOC is structured to
plan and execute all tasks deriving from the ACC’s AOD. The internal
organisation may differ based on the specific JOA requirements and
operations. However, the two organisations or functions that should be
common to all AOCs are Plans and Current Operations. Planning the next
ATO is the responsibility of Plans, which includes building the ATO.
Execution of the ATO is carried out by Current Operations. This element
closely observes the action of current joint air operations, shifting missions
from their scheduled times or targets and making other adjustments as the
situation requires according to ACC’s guidance and priorities.
d. An Airspace Control Plan (ACP) provides specific planning guidance and

procedures to deconflict operations and avoid fratricide. The JFC will appoint
an Airspace Control Authority (ACA) - normally the same individual
designated as the ACC - to develop the ACP in coordination with the other
CCs. Deconfliction by Airspace Control Means (ACM) provides the CCs the
maximum freedom of action and the most effective weapon employment
while minimising the risk of fratricide. Considerations for Airspace Control
(ASC) can be found in ATP-40.
e. Integration and synchronisation of air and surface operations are essential for
the success of the joint campaign; this is aided by the exchange of liaison
teams between components. The ACC will provide Air Operations
Coordination Centres (AOCC) to other components, e.g. Land or Maritime.
The AOCC is functionally subordinate to its AOC but is responsive to
commander of the entity it is collocated with. AOCC duties include: providing
air power advice and air weapon system expertise to the CC; preparing
requests for CAS and AI support and, if delegated, direct tasking of air assets
assigned to the CC; monitoring and advising on the air situation; and
providing the necessary interface for the transfer of current air operational
and intelligence data. For their part, surface CCs, including Special
Operations Forces (SOF) Component Command, should provide liaison
elements to the ACC and the respective AOC. Their duties would include,
but are not limited to: monitoring the associated CC’s battle situation and
passing his intentions to the ACC and the respective AOC(s); coordinating
and expediting requests for air support and airspace control requirements;
providing the necessary interface for the transfer of component operational
and intelligence data, and weapon system expertise. To ensure the
successful integration of air and surface Operations, national air force
commands should assign an Air Liaison Officer (ALO) to the appropriate
formation (Bde, Div, Corps). Similarly, army Ground Liaison Officers (GLOs)
and Maritime Liaison Officers (MLOs) (as appropriate) are appointed to flying
units, at wing and/or squadron level, to brief them on land or maritime
operations.
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0207. Fire Support Coordination Measures (FSCMs) These measures are employed
by land or amphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and
simultaneously to provide safeguards for friendly forces. Commanders position FSCMs
consistent with the operational situation and in coordination with superior, subordinate,
supporting, and affected commanders. FSCMs include: No-Fire Areas (NFA) to protect
friendly forces; Free-Fire Areas (FFA) to facilitate rapid engagement of targets of
opportunity; Restrictive Fire Areas (RFA) to facilitate future operations; and Fire Support
Coordination Lines (FSCL) established by a land or amphibious task force commander in
coordination with other CCs to facilitate rapid and effective firepower delivery. More
detailed information on Fire Support Coordination Measures is provided in ATP-63.
0208. Targeting
a. CCs may nominate targets based on JFC’s guidance. Any CC may exercise
this option when the targeting requirements exceed the capabilities of organic
assets or are best suited for the capabilities of another CC, or the target is
located beyond the nominating CC’s AOO. CCs will pass their target
nominations based on the JFC’s Direction and Guidance (D&G) through the
Joint Targeting Coordination Board (JTCB) to the JCB for JFC approval.
Once approved, the JTCB in coordination with the other CCs identifies the
servicing agency and prioritises each target, which culminates in a Joint
Integrated Prioritised Target List (JIPTL). From there each CC will then
develop their daily target lists.
b. The end product of the target development and apportionment phase is a

prioritised list of targets called the JIPTL. The culmination of the joint air
target development process occurs when specific targets are approved and
included in the ATO. See figure 2.1.
0209. Coordinated Attack A Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) operation is a common
example of a coordinated attack involving a variety of weapons and support systems,
primarily Attack Helicopter (AH), CAS aircraft, artillery and Naval Gunfire Support.
Whenever and wherever possible, this operation is supported by Electronic Warfare (EW),
Air Defence (AD), and Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD). The purpose of a
JAAT is to create a combined arms team that can provide a commander with a lethal
combination of firepower that can move quickly across the battlefield. Each of the main
participants in a JAAT already has individual procedures for employment. However, in
order to obtain the maximum synergistic effect, these need to be combined and
coordinated. AH refers to attack and armed helicopters.
0210. Rules of Engagement
a. MC 362 defines NATO Rules of Engagement (ROE) as "Directives to military

forces (including individuals) that define the circumstances, conditions,
degree, and manner in which force, or actions which might be construed as
provocative, may, or may not, be applied.” ROE are not used to assign tasks
or give tactical instructions. With the exception of self-defence, during
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peacetime and operations prior to the commencement of hostilities, ROE

provide the sole authority to NATO/NATO-led forces to use force. Following
a commencement of hostilities ROE generally limit the otherwise lawful use
of force.
b. ROE for air operations may address, among other things, target designation,
target identification, electronic warfare and the designation of circumstances
under which they can be carried out. AI and CAS may require additional
scenario-specific rules. These specific instructions will be reflected in the
Special Instructions (SPINS).
AI + CAS Requirements AI + CAS Requirements

JFC
JTCB/JCO
Apportionment/ Target
Recommendations Apportionment Approval/
Targeting & Guidance
LCC ACC other CC

AI & CAS Requirements AOD/PTL AI & CAS Requirements
(For Consideration) (For Consideration)
Corps/ AOC / .../
AOCC Liaison Teams AOCC
Coordination & Coordination &
CAS Requests CAS Requests
ATO
ACC Air Component Command(er)
For Action AI Air Interdiction
Wings / AOC Air Operations Centre
For Coordination Squadrons AOCCAir Operations Coordination Centre
AOD Air Operations Directive
ATO Air Tasking Order
For Information CAS Close Air Support
CC Component Command(er)
JCO Joint Coordination Order
JFC Joint Force Commander
JTCB Joint Targeting Coordination Board
LCC Land Component Command(er)
PTL Prioretised Target List
Figure 2-1 - AI and CAS Planning Process
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Chapter 3
Air Interdiction
0301. Interdiction Interdiction is a powerful tool for the JFC of which AI is a major
element. Attacking interdiction targets normally requires penetration of enemy territory.
Due to the inherent characteristics of aircraft the ACC would normally assume the major
role in an air interdiction operation, and the forces can be both land-based and ship-borne.
However, SOF, AH, amphibious and airborne forces, submarine-launched and surface-to-
surface weapons may also be used for interdiction.
0302. Use
a. AI is not limited to any particular area of the battle space, but is generally
conducted forward of, or at a distance from friendly forces. Surface
component commanders can simplify the use of AI by establishing a
FSCL, although AI can operate short of a FSCL. Commanders should
strive to exploit the reach, speed, concentration of force, and precision of
air power to engage high payoff AI targets. They may aim either to
destroy elements of an enemy’s military capability, or to constrain his
ability to bring it to bear.
b. AI missions can have an effect on operations at strategic, operational and

tactical levels. Surface force CCs (land, amphibious, maritime, SOF) will
be directly concerned with those opposing forces and capabilities that
affect their current and near term operations. AI conducted in support of
surface force operations must be coordinated between the supported and
supporting CCs.
c. The ACC is responsible for JFC's overall AI effort. He will normally be the
supporting commander for interdiction within another CC's AOO; the
authority and responsibility of the ACC in this regard are established by
the JFC.
d. CCs will nominate their AI targets, either individually or as target sets for
the respective phase of a campaign and forward these to the JTCB. The
JTCB will, in turn and based on the JFC directing guidance, prioritise the
targets, nominate the servicing CCs and issue this JIPTL to the CCs for
execution. CCs will then, in line with the JFC priorities and Weight Of Effort
(WOE), service the targets to achieve the desired effect.
0303. Employment methods A number of factors influence the planning and

execution of AI missions. Unless dynamic or time sensitive targeting requires otherwise,
attacks are best pre-planned to allow for proper weapon to target matching, target area
tactics, threat avoidance, weather study and consideration of all the other variables that
maximise the possibility of target destruction with minimal losses.
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a. AI is normally preplanned to hit specific fixed or mobile targets not

expected to move between planning and execution (for example, revetted
armour) where detailed intelligence information is available to support
planning.
b. AI can be planned against a specific area rather than a specific target,

where lucrative targets are known or suspected to exist, or where mobile
enemy surface units have moved as a result of ground fighting. The area
may be defined as a box or grid, or may be a line feature such as a road,
rail line or river. In this case the aircrew will locate, identify, and attack
targets in the assigned area.
c. There are circumstances where a lucrative target has been identified and
assets located against it, but no permission or precise targeting data is
available. These on-call missions rely on real or near real-time targeting
guidance from other sources, which can be an inefficient use of assets
unless you have an overwhelming number of assets or an insufficient
number of lucrative pre-planned AI targets available.
Experience has shown that certain key conditions tend to produce favourable AI results; a
degree of control of the air; the existence of target sets critical to the enemy and
vulnerable to attack; sustained pressure from ground combat, continued air attack or both;
logistical constriction (due to both reduced supply and high consumption); and
concentration of effort. The key to providing proper control for AI lies in assessing how
much flexibility will be required and which C2 assets will be in the best position to provide
targeting updates in a timely manner.
0304. Coordination The most recognisable FSCM, and the one with the potential to
impact interdiction operations most is the FSCL. A FSCL is established by a surface force
commander within his AOO in coordination with other component commands. Within this
AOO the surface force commander is normally the supported commander, and the FSCL
identifies the coordination requirements for fires by systems which are not organic to his
force, but which might affect his operations:
a. Short of the FSCL Short of the FSCL (or within an enclosed FSCL) all air-to-
surface and surface-to-surface attack operations are controlled by the
surface force commander responsible for the AOO, who will specify the
procedures required. The word control under these circumstances denotes
aircraft control procedures; it does not imply that the surface force
commander has OPCON or TACON of the aircraft.
b. Beyond the FSCL Commanders of forces attacking surface targets beyond

the FSCL (or outside an enclosed FSCL) must coordinate with all other
commanders who might be affected - both air and surface - in sufficient time
to avoid fratricide and in order to harmonise joint objectives. This
coordination is achieved through the targeting process and the component
liaison elements. If the attacks are to take place within an AOO, this
coordination is essential to ensure that they will not adversely affect the
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associated surface force commander’s plan of operations or scheme of

manoeuvre. Following coordination between the commanders, the ACC
produces the ATO.
c. The location of the FSCL should be readily apparent to forces engaged in

high tempo operations. Normally, therefore, it should follow well-defined
geographical features. However, the positioning of a FSCL will be based on
estimates of the situation and concept of operations. Location of enemy
forces, anticipated rates of movement, weapons capabilities and tempo of
operations are considered in the commander’s estimate, as well as other
factors deemed appropriate such as his ability to control air operations short
of the FSCL. Similar considerations will apply when an isolated FSCL is
established, e.g. for airborne or amphibious operations. If there is any
disagreement between CCs on the establishment of a FSCL, resolution by
the JFC is required.
0305. Planning and Request Considerations
a. Targets that are well defended or difficult to attack carry high risk of attrition.
Communications assets, route infrastructure, key capabilities and logistics
may offer benefits for a lower expenditure of resources. However, many
targets are mobile, and this could result in difficulties in target location and
weaponeering, as well as a risk of collateral damage. Some AI targets, such
as bridges, may only be tactically relevant for very short periods. All these
factors create problems in selecting and engaging AI targets.
b. Targets of opportunity may be attacked by interdiction-capable forces. A

surface force commander may request attacks on these time-sensitive, high
priority targets not addressed in the ATO. Requests should flow from the
requesting surface force commander to the ACC via AOC. If feasible, the
ACC will retask other mission-assigned aircraft or task available aircraft to
attack the target. The targeting process is much less flexible due to the
detailed planning required to execute such missions successfully;
consequently the rescheduling of missions for these unplanned AI requests
may not always be possible.
c. Collateral damage and fratricide are undesirable aspects of warfare. Causes

include, but are not limited to, misidentification of targets, target location
errors, weapons technical failures, and loss of situational awareness during
planning or execution. It is critical for all commanders to ensure that
adequate procedures are in place to avoid fratricide or collateral damage.
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Chapter 4
Close Air Support
0401. Close Air Support CAS is defined as air action against hostile targets which
are in close proximity to friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air
mission with the fire and movement of those forces (AAP-6). The firepower and mobility of
aircraft can make an immediate and direct contribution to the land battle, especially
against targets that are either inaccessible or invulnerable to available surface weapons.
CAS has the ability to concentrate firepower in time and space when and where required.
402. Use
a. A variety of aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary, are capable of performing
CAS. CAS is not limited to any specific region of the JOA; rather it can be
conducted at any place and time that combat forces are in close proximity
to enemy forces. This does not imply a specific distance; rather it is
situational. The supported commander will determine when detailed
integration is needed because of proximity to friendly forces, fires, or
movement.
b. CCs are supported by CAS to mass fires and destroy, disrupt, suppress,
fix or delay enemy forces. CAS can be used to mass a lethal capability
rapidly at decisive points in order to achieve local combat superiority, or
allowing the commander to take advantage of battlefield opportunities.
0403. Employment Methods
a. Preplanned CAS Pre-planned CAS is conducted in 2 categories,

scheduled and on-call; aircraft flying the missions are scheduled for a
particular time or time period, which normally coincides with the
anticipated time when CAS will be needed by the supported component.
(1) Scheduled CAS Scheduled CAS puts the CAS assets over the area
of the battlefield where they are needed most at a pre-planned Time
on Target (TOT) and where a need for CAS has been established in
advance. Scheduled missions are more likely to have good
intelligence on the expected type of target resulting in a better
weapons to target match.
(2) On Call CAS. On call CAS involves putting aircraft on ground/deck

or airborne alert during a period when the need for CAS is foreseen.
This is a less efficient use of CAS resources because assets involved
may or may not actually be employed unless a back up target is
nominated.
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b. Immediate CAS Immediate CAS usually results from unanticipated needs

on the battlefield, often of an emergency nature, that require diverting or
rescheduling aircraft from other missions.
c. Readiness States To ensure a prompt response, the available assets for

tasking could be in the following readiness states:
(1) Airborne Alert Airborne alert is the highest level of operational

readiness, where combat aircraft are airborne and ready for
immediate action. Airborne alert should enable aircraft to reach
targets quickly as a threat or an opportunity develops. While
airborne alert has the advantage of providing air support in minimum
time, it can also be very costly in terms of manpower and equipment.
For airborne alert, tasking can be delegated to the AOCC of the
respective surface force commander. Airborne alert aircraft are
configured with appropriate ordnance for anticipated targets (e.g.
anti-armour) and maintain alert status for a designated period of time.
(2) Ground/Deck Alert Ground/Deck Alert is the status in which aircraft

on the ground/deck are fully serviced and armed, ready to take off
within a specified period of time after receiving a mission order. This
requires fewer resources than airborne alert. For ground/deck alert,
tasking can be delegated to an AOCC.
d. Retasking When appropriate, and when tasking authority has been

delegated, aircraft already airborne on a CAS mission could be diverted by
the AOCC co-located with the supported CC to higher priority targets
demanding immediate CAS. In some situations, airborne aircraft with
appropriate ordnance on another mission may also be diverted to CAS.
The decision rests with the ACC and is usually delegated to the AOC.
During the planning cycle lower prioritised sorties may be identified for
potential retasking to immediate CAS missions if required. These aircraft
can be on airborne or ground/deck CAS alert before executing their
primary mission. Planning to meet re-tasking requirements can be
included in the allocation plan. Warning of the possibility of re-tasking
should be included in the ATO.
0404. Control The supported CC determines the aircraft attack clearance

requirements for CAS missions. Unless exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise, CAS
missions are conducted under the control of a qualified FAC (ground or airborne). For
detailed procedures refer to ATP 63.
0405. Planning and Request Considerations. CCs will assess the capability and
availability of organic assets, including AH, and if necessary, request air support from the
ACC to augment their capabilities. The ACC will consider these requests in his
apportionment recommendation. Tasking aircraft for CAS in joint operations is
accomplished via the apportionment process and is scheduled through the ATO. AHs are
ORIGINAL
- 4-2 -
AJP-3.3.2
usually tasked and employed by surface force commanders as integral manoeuvre units in
the combined arms battle and are normally not part of the apportionment process.
a. Following allocation, a CAS mission begins with a request at any level of

command. As the requesting commander plans combat operations, he
identifies situations where CAS can be employed. He then submits a
request for either preplanned CAS or immediate CAS.
(1) Preplanned CAS requests will normally be processed via the Air
Liaison Officer (ALO) at each level of command. These requests are
evaluated at each level and, if approved, passed to the AOC through
the AOCC. The AOC fills those requests with sorties in the ATO.
The process is depicted in Figure 4-2.
(2) Immediate CAS requests arise from unforeseen situations that

develop outside the ATO planning cycle. The request is passed to
the ALO/AOCC of the highest echelon on a tactical air request net
where it will be actioned (accepted or refused). If accepted, the
ALO/AOCC at the highest land force echelon has two choices - divert
preplanned CAS missions (coordinating with the AOC) or forward the
request to the AOC. If required, the ACC may need to redirect other
air missions to cover the higher priority CAS needs. If the ACC and
other CCs are unable to retask or generate additional CAS sorties,
the requests will be refused. This process is depicted in Figure 4-2.
Due to the inherent characteristics of either preplanned or immediate CAS

numerous factors have to be considered for planning.
b. Tactics, techniques, procedures, weapon stand-off ranges and self-

defence equipment have direct impact on the aircraft capability to
commence CAS day or night, from high or low level, in most weather
conditions and reacting quickly to changing tasks.
c. Misidentification of targets, target location errors, target location incorrectly

transmitted or received, weapons technical failure and loss of situational
awareness by FAC, CAS aircrews and/or other elements of own forces
might contribute to fratricide and collateral damage.
d. CAS assets may be exposed to well coordinated, layered air defence

systems that are frequently deployed in the forward combat area.
It is critical that all CAS participants ensure friendly units, non-combatants,

targets and enemy forces are correctly identified prior to engagement. For
specific details on CAS tactics, techniques, and procedures refer to ATP 63.
ORIGINAL
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AJP-3.3.2
ORIGINAL
- 4-4 -
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
Preplanned CAS
Delegation of Tasking
Battalion Brigade Division Corps AOC Tasking Unit Tasking

TACP/FAC TACP/ALO TACP/ALO AOCC
Tasking
Figure 4-1 - Process for requesting and tasking preplanned CAS
CAS Allocated Airborne or Airborne Alert Aircraft

RELAY
STATION
Battalion Brigade Division Corps Tasking

CAS Allocated Ground Alert Aircraft

Delegation of Tasking
Battalion Brigade Division Corps AOC Tasking Unit Scramble

1) Tasking
No CAS Allocated Aircraft available

Approval/Disapproval
If Approved
Battalion Brigade Division Corps AOC Tasking Unit

Figure 4-2 - Immediate CAS Request Channel

Request
Feedback
Intermediate Monitoring
(fill if able/silence is consent)
1) Tasking Authority may be
delegated to AOCC
ORIGINAL
- 4-5 -
NATO UNCLASSIFIED
ORIGINAL
- 4-6 -
AJP-3.3.2
Chapter 5
Mission Support Operations

0501. General
a. In many cases AI and CAS may be supported by other operations, such

as:
(1) Electronic Warfare (EW)
(2) Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR)
(3) Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD)
(4) Reconnaissance and Surveillance
(5) Special Operations
(6) Ground Manoeuvre
b. Mission support requirements must be identified early in the planning

process and requested in sufficient time to coordinate their roles in AI and
CAS.
c. Activities such as Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), Psychological

Operations (PSYOPS) and Deception are not directly related to AI and
CAS, but should be considered in the planning process. For further details
of CSAR refer to ATP 62, Combat Search and Rescue.
0502. Electronic Warfare
a. EW can play an essential part in any operation and must be considered

during planning. EW is not limited to self-protection for tactical aircraft, but
may also include the activities of specialised air, land and naval units. The
aim of EW is to enhance mission effectiveness while avoiding mutual
interference, especially in those areas where friendly ground forces are
employed.
b. For further details refer to AJP-3.6 “Allied Joint Electronic Warfare

Doctrine”.
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AJP-3.3.2
0503. Air-to-Air Refuelling
a. AAR should be considered for AI and CAS missions because it enables

assets to:
(1) Concentrate larger forces for an operation by extending the range

and/or endurance of aircraft.
(2) Transit greater distances at higher gross weights (increased

payload/ordnance).
(3) Increase loiter capability and endurance (maintaining airborne alert

for extended periods of time may be of special importance for
Immediate CAS).
b. For further details refer to ATP 56, Air-to-Air Refuelling.
0504. Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
a. SEAD is by definition a Counter Air activity. It does, however, have the

capability to support or enhance AI and CAS by creating favourable
conditions for all friendly operations. In order to improve friendly aircraft
survivability, SEAD- capable air and surface assets should be used when
the situation requires/permits and where additional benefits would result.
SEAD may be accomplished through destructive and disruptive means by
using ground attack or specialised aircraft, EW assets, or land- and sea-
based direct or indirect fire support.
b. SEAD operations may involve pre-planned and target of opportunity

activities. It may require coordinated air, land and maritime efforts to
locate and attack key enemy air defences, command and control centres
and communication facilities. SEAD operations may be conducted as
JOA-wide air defence system suppression to support the JFC campaign
plan, or as localised suppression within confined geographical areas to
protect specific operations or missions. Where combined and/or joint
SEAD is required, close coordination between the affected commanders is
essential.
c. Detailed SEAD allocation will take place at that command level where the
SEAD assets are available. For further details see ATP 44, Electronic
Warfare in Air Operations and ATP-42, Counter Air Operations.
ORIGINAL
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AJP-3.3.2
0505. Reconnaissance and Surveillance
a. Reconnaissance and surveillance operations involve the collection of

information from airborne, ground, maritime or space sensors and other
sources on the activities, forces and resources of the enemy.
b. Information derived from reconnaissance and surveillance is intended to

satisfy the requirements of commanders engaged in a variety of
operations, thus contributing to the planning, decision making and
execution process. For AI and CAS, detailed information for immediate
operational and tactical purposes, such as orders of battle, enemy
disposition, target location or damage assessment, is more important than
longer term surveillance. The JFC, however, will also need strategic and
operational level information to set the overall campaign objectives and aid
in decision-making.
c. The he battlefield may change rapidly. Therefore, all information gathered

should be interpreted, evaluated and disseminated as quickly as possible
to all commanders who may benefit from it.
d. Each CC will seek to satisfy his requirements by using organic assets. If

this is not possible, the need for additional information will be identified to
the JFC, who will prioritise the requirements among the other requests for
information.
e. For further details refer to ATP-61, Reconnaissance and Surveillance

Support to Allied Joint Operations, and ATP 47, Air Reconnaissance
Tasking and Reporting.
0506. Special Operations Special operations may be conducted in direct support of

any AI and CAS mission, such as locating, identifying and designating targets for tactical
aircraft. These operations must be integrated into, and closely coordinated with other air
activities on the battlefield or deep in enemy territory. In order to prevent fratricide or
duplication of effort it may be necessary to establish FSCMs to support special operations.
0507. Ground Manoeuvre Ground manoeuvre can play a major role in enabling the
effective employment of AI. Manoeuvre can place sustained pressure on the enemy,
enabling interdiction to effectively prevent the replacement of his losses. It can force the
enemy into the open, concentrating his forces along channelled routes generating more
identifiable and lucrative targets.
ORIGINAL
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AJP-3.3.2
ORIGINAL
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AJP-3.3.2
Annex A
Glossary of Terms and Definitions

Air Interdiction - Air operations conducted to destroy, neutralise, or delay the enemy’s
military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against friendly forces at such
distance from friendly forces that detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of friendly forces is not required (AAP-6).
Air Liaison Officer - A tactical air force or naval aviation officer attached to a ground or
naval unit or formation as the advisor on tactical air operation matters (AAP-6).
Air Reconnaissance - The collection of information of intelligence interest either by visual

observation from the air or through the use of airborne sensors (AAP-6).
Air Support - All forms of support given by air forces on land or sea (AAP-6).
Airspace Control - A combination of airspace organisation planning procedures, the

resulting control structure and coordinating functions to minimise risks and allow for
efficient and flexible use of airspace by all elements involved in air, land and sea
operations (AAP-6).
Airspace Control Means - Operational means that when established, segregate control,
and/or reserve airspace for Allied operations (ATP-40).
Allocation
1. In nuclear warfare planning, the specific numbers and types of nuclear weapons
allocated to a commander for a stated time period as a planning factor only.
2. The translation of the apportionment into total numbers of sorties by aircraft type
available for each operation or mission (AAP-6).
Allotment - The temporary change of assignment of tactical air forces between

subordinate commands. The authority to allot is vested in the commander having
operational command
(AAP-6).
Apportionment - The quantification and distribution by percentage of the total expected

effort, in relation to the priorities which are to be given to the various air operations in
geographic areas for a given period of time (AAP-6).
Area of Operations - That portion of an area of war necessary for military operations and
for the administration of such operations (AAP-6).
ORIGINAL
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AJP-3.3.2
Close Air Support - Air action against hostile targets which are in close proximity to
friendly forces and which require detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of those forces (AAP-6).
Control - That authority exercised by a commander over part of the activities of

subordinate organizations, or other organizations not normally under his command, which
encompasses the responsibility for implementing orders or directives. All or part of this
authority may be transferred or delegated (AAP-6).
Direct Support
1. The support provided by a unit not attached to or under the command of the
supported unit or formation, but required to give priority to the support required by
that unit or formation.
2. In maritime usage, operations related to the protection of a specific force by other

units, normally under the tactical control of that force (AAP-6).
Electronic Warfare - Military action to exploit the electromagnetic spectrum

encompassing: the search for, interception and identification of electromagnetic
emissions, the employment of electromagnetic energy, including directed energy, to
reduce or prevent hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and actions to ensure its
effective use by friendly forces (AAP-6).
Fire Support Coordination Line - Within an assigned area of operations, a line established
by a land or amphibious force commander to denote coordination requirements for fires by
other force elements which may affect the commander’s current and planned operations.
The fire support coordination line applies to fires of air, ground or sea weapons using any
type of ammunition against surface or ground targets. The establishment of the fire
support coordination line must be coordinated with the appropriate commanders and
supporting elements. Attacks against surface or ground targets short of the fire support
coordination line must be conducted under the positive control or procedural clearance of
the associated land or amphibious force commander. Unless in exceptional
circumstances, commanders of forces attacking targets beyond the fire support
coordination line must coordinate with all affected commanders in order to avoid fratricide
and to harmonise joint objectives. Note: in the context of this definition the term "surface
targets" applies to those in littoral or inland waters within the designated area of
operations. (AAP-6).
Fire Support Coordination Measure - A FSCM is a measure employed by land or

amphibious commanders to facilitate the rapid engagement of targets and simultaneously
provide safeguards for friendly forces. Commanders position FSCMs consistent with the
operational situation and in coordination with superior, subordinate, supporting, and
affected commanders.
Forward Air Controller - A qualified individual who, from a forward position on the ground
or in the air, directs the action of combat aircraft engaged in close air support of land
forces (AAP-6).
ORIGINAL
- A-2 -
AJP-3.3.2
Forward Observer - An observer with forward troops trained to call for and adjust
supporting fire and pass battlefield information (AAP-6).
Ground Liaison Officer - An officer especially trained in air reconnaissance and/or

offensive air support activities. These officers are normally organised into teams under the
control of the appropriate ground force commander to provide liaison to air force and navy
units engaged in training and combat operations (AAP-6).
Interdiction - An action to divert, disrupt, delay or destroy the enemy’s military potential
before it can be used effectively against friendly forces (AJP-01).
Joint - Adjective used to describe activities, operations, organisations in which elements

of at least two services participate (AAP-6).
Joint Air Attack Team - A Joint Air Attack Team (JAAT) operation is a coordinated attack
involving a number of weapons and support systems, primarily armed helicopters, Close
Air Support aircraft, and artillery. Whenever and wherever possible, these are to be
supported by Electronic Warfare, Air Defence, and Suppression of Enemy Air Defences.
The purpose of a JAAT is to create a combined arms team that can provide a commander
with a lethal combination of firepower that can move quickly across the battlefield (ATP-
49).
Joint Force Commander - A general term applied to a commander authorised to exercise

command authority or operational control over a joint force (AJP-01).
Joint Force Air Component Commander - A commander, designated by the Joint Force
Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making recommendations
to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of air forces and assets, planning and
coordinating air operations and accomplishing such operational missions as may be
assigned to him. The joint force air component commander is given the authority
necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the designating commander
(AJP-01).
Joint Force Land Component Commander - A commander, designated by the Joint Force
Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making recommendations
to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of land forces and assets, planning and
coordinating land operations and accomplishing such operational missions as may be
assigned to him. The joint force land component commander is given the authority
necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned by the designating commander
(AJP-01).
Joint Force Maritime Component Commander - A commander, designated by the Joint

Force Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making
recommendations to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of maritime forces
and assets, planning and coordinating maritime operations and accomplishing such
operational missions as may be assigned to him. The joint force maritime component
commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks assigned
by the designating commander (AJP-01).
ORIGINAL
- A-3 -
AJP-3.3.2
Joint Force Special Operations Component Commander - A commander, designated by

the Joint Force Commander or higher authority, who would be responsible for making
recommendations to the Joint Force Commander on the employment of special operations
forces and assets, planning and coordinating special operations and accomplishing such
operational missions as may be assigned to him. The joint force special operations
component commander is given the authority necessary to accomplish missions and tasks
assigned by the designating commander (AJP-01).
Joint Operations Area - A temporary area defined by a NATO strategic or regional

commander, in which a designated joint commander plans and executes a specific mission
at the operational level of war (AAP-6).
Liaison - That contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of military

forces to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and action (AAP-6).
Manoeuvre
1. A movement to place ships or aircraft in a position of advantage over the enemy.
2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in
imitation of war.
3. The operation of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle, to cause it to perform desired

movements.
4. Employment of forces on the battlefield through movement in combination with fire,

or fire potential, to achieve a position of advantage in respect to the enemy in order
to accomplish the mission (AAP-6).
Mission
1. A clear, concise statement of the task of the command and its purpose.
2. One or more aircraft ordered to accomplish one particular task (AAP-6).
Objective - The physical object of the action taken, e.g., a definite tactical feature, the
seizure and/or holding of which is essential to the commander’s plan (AAP-6)
Operation - A military action or the carrying out of a strategic, tactical, service, training, or
administrative military mission; the process of carrying on combat, including movement,
supply, attack, defence and manoeuvres needed to gain the objectives of any battle or
campaign (AAP-6).
Operational Command - The authority granted to a commander to assign missions or

tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain or
delegate operational and/or tactical control as the commander deems necessary. Note: it
does not include responsibility for administration (AAP-6).
ORIGINAL
- A-4 -
AJP-3.3.2
Operational Control - The authority delegated to a commander to direct forces assigned

so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are usually
limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign
tactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment
of components of the units concerned. Neither does it, of itself, include administrative or
logistic control (AAP-6).
Positive Control - In air traffic control within NATO, a method of regulation of all identified
air traffic within a designated airspace, conducted with electronic means by an air traffic
control agency having the authority and responsibility therein (AAP-6).
Rules of Engagement - Directives issued by competent military authority which specify

the circumstances and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue combat
engagement with other forces encountered (AAP-6).
Sortie - In air operations, an operational flight by one aircraft (AAP-6).
Special Operations - Military activities conducted by specially designated, organized,

trained and equipped forces using operational techniques and modes of employment not
standard to conventional forces. These activities are conducted across the full range of
military operations independently or in coordination with operations of conventional forces to
achieve political, military, psychological and economic objectives. Politico-military
considerations may require clandestine, covert or discreet techniques and the acceptance of
a degree of physical and political risk not associated with conventional operations (AAP-6).
Support - Support is the action of a force, or portions thereof, which aids, protects,
complements or sustains any other force.
Supported Commander - A commander having primary responsibility for all aspects of a

task assigned by a higher NATO military authority and who receives forces or other
support from one or more supporting commanders (AAP-6).
Supporting Commander - A commander who provides a supported commander with

forces or other support and/or who develops a supporting plan (AAP-6).
Suppression of Enemy Air Defences - That activity which neutralizes, temporarily

degrades or destroys enemy air defences by a destructive and/or disruptive means (AAP-
6).
Tactical Air Control Party - A subordinate operational component of a tactical air control
system designed to provide air liaison to land forces and for the control of aircraft (AAP-6).
Tactical Air Operation - The employment of air power in coordination with ground or naval
forces to:
1. attain and maintain air superiority;
ORIGINAL
- A-5 -
AJP-3.3.2
2. prevent movement of enemy forces into and within the combat zone and to seek out
and destroy these forces and their supporting installations; and
3. assist ground or naval forces in achieving their objectives by combined and/or joint
operations (AAP-6).
Tactical Control - The detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or
manoeuvres necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned (AAP-6).
Targeting - The process of selecting targets and matching the appropriate response to
them taking account of operational requirements and capabilities (AAP-6).
Target List - A tabulation of confirmed or suspected targets maintained by any echelon

for information and fire support planning purposes (AAP-6).
Tasking - The process of translating the allocation into orders, and passing these orders
to the units involved. Each order normally contains sufficient detailed instructions to
enable the executing agency to accomplish the mission successfully (AAP-6).
ORIGINAL
- A-6 -
AJP-3.3.2
Annex B
Abbreviations
AAP Allied Administrative Publication
AAR Air-to-Air-Refuelling
ACA Airspace Control Authority
ACC Air Component Command(er)
ACM Airspace Control Means
ACP Airspace Control Plan
AD Air Defence
AH Attack Helicopter
AI Air Interdiction
AJP Allied Joint Publication
ALO Air Liaison Officer
AOC Air Operations Centre
AOCC Air Operations Coordination Centre
AOD Air Operations Directive
AOO Area of Operations
APP Allied Procedural Publication
ASC Airspace Control
ASFAO Anti Surface Force Air Operations
ATO Air Tasking Order
ATP Allied Tactical Publication
CAS Close Air Support

CC Component Command(er)
CSAR Combat Search and Rescue
C2 Command and Control
D&G Direction and Guidance
EW Electronic Warfare
FAC Forward Air Controller

FRAGO Fragmentation Order
FSCM Fire Support Coordination Measure
FSCL Fire Support Coordination Line
FSO Fire Support Officer
HQ Headquarters
JAAT Joint Air Attack Team

JCO Joint Coordination Order
JFC Joint Force Command(er)
JIPTL Joint Integrated Prioritised Target List
JOA Joint Operations Area
ORIGINAL
- B-1 -
AJP-3.3.2
JTCB Joint Targeting Coordination Board
OPCON Operational Control
PTL Prioritised Target List
LCC Land Component Command(er)
MCC Maritime Component Command(er)

MFC Manoeuvre Force Command(er)
PSYOP(s) Psychological Operation(s)

PTL Prioritised Target List
ROE Rules of Engagement
SEAD Suppression of Enemy Air Defences

SOF Special Operations Forces
SOP Standard Operating Procedures
TACON Tactical Control

TACP Tactical Air Control Party
TOT Time on Target
ORIGINAL
- B-2 -
AJP-3.3.2
Annex C
REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS
The following bibliography lists the Allied Publications (APs) and other documents related
to this document, and is provided to guide the reader to a source of detail concerning it’s
contents. In general, the list includes only ratified and promulgated publications. It
should be noted that APs are identified by the number in the short title of the original
edition (e.g. ATP-56); editions which have suffix letter (e.g. ATP-56(C)) are not identified
as such except where the publication's title has been changed.
Publication Title
AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and
French)
AJP-01 Allied Joint Doctrine
AJP-3 Allied Joint Operations
ATP-3.2 Land Operations
AJP-3.3 Joint Air and Space Operations Doctrine
AJP-3.3.7 Combined Joint Force Air Component Command Doctrine
AJP-3.6 Allied Joint Electronic Warfare Doctrine
APP-7 Joint Brevity Words Publication
APP-11 NATO Message Catalogue
ATP-34 Tactical Air Support for Maritime Operations (TASMO)
ATP-40 Doctrine for Airspace Control in Times of Crisis and War
ATP-42 Counter Air Operations
ATP-47 Handbook for Air Reconnaissance Tasking and Reporting
ATP-49 Use of Helicopters in Land Operations
ATP-56 Air-to-Air Refuelling
ATP-61 Reconnaissance and Surveillance Support to Allied Joint
Operations
ATP-62 Combat Search and Rescue
ATP-63 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Close Air Support
Operations
MC-362 NATO Rules of Engagement
STANAG 3275 Method of Warning Own Aircraft of (Suspected) Enemy
Fighter Attacks
STANAG 3797 Minimum Qualifications for Forward Air Controllers
ORIGINAL
- C-1 -
AJP-3.3.2
ORIGINAL
- C-2 -
AJP-3.3.2
LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES (LEP)
Effective Pages Page numbers

Original i, (Reverse Blank)
Original iii (Reverse Blank)
Original v, vi
Original vii (Reverse Blank)
Original ix, x
Original 1-1 (Reverse Blank)
Original 2-1 to 2-6
Original 3-1 to 3-3 (Reverse Blank)
Original A-1 to A-6
Original B-1, B-2
Original C-1, (Reverse Blank)
Original LEP-1, (Reverse Blank)
ORIGINAL
- LEP-1 -
AJP-3.3.2
ORIGINAL
- LEP-2 -

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NATO/PFP UNCLASSIFIED

(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

CHAPTER RECORD OF RESERVATION BY NATIONS

b. The chapter on interdiction, specifically paragraph 0206, does not

RECORD OF CHANGES AND AMENDMENTS

Change Date Effective By whom Entered

(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

0101 Origin 1-1

Chapter 2 Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support

0201 Introduction 2-1

Chapter 3 Air Interdiction

0301 Interdiction 3–1

Chapter 4 Close Air Support

0401 Close Air Support 4–1

Figure 4 - 1 Management of Preplanned Close Air Support 4–5

Figure 4 - 2 Immediate Close Air Support Request Channels 4–5

Chapter 5 Mission Support Operations

0501 General 5–1

Annex A Glossary of Terms and Definitions A-1 – A-6

Annex B Abbreviations B-1 – B-2

Annex C Reference Publications C–1

List of effective Pages LEP – 1

0105. Terms, Definitions, Abbreviations and Reference Publications A list of

(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

Concept of Air Interdiction and Close Air Support

a. Air Interdiction is an operation that destroys, disrupts, diverts, or delays an

b. Close Air Support is an operation flown in direct support of own ground

0202. Joint Campaign/Operations Structure

a. The Joint Force Commander (JFC) sets overall campaign/operation priorities,

0203. Apportionment Apportionment is the determination and assignment of the total

0205. Authority and Responsibility of Supported and Supporting Commanders In

a. Supported Commander A commander having primary responsibility for all

b. Supporting Commander A commander who provides a supported

0206. Air Command and Control Structure

a. In order to synchronise operations effectively, the JFC will establish

accomplish the JFC-assigned objectives. The ACC exercises the command

d. An Airspace Control Plan (ACP) provides specific planning guidance and

b. The end product of the target development and apportionment phase is a

0210. Rules of Engagement

a. MC 362 defines NATO Rules of Engagement (ROE) as "Directives to military

peacetime and operations prior to the commencement of hostilities, ROE

AI + CAS Requirements AI + CAS Requirements

LCC ACC other CC

Figure 2-1 - AI and CAS Planning Process

b. AI missions can have an effect on operations at strategic, operational and

0303. Employment methods A number of factors influence the planning and

a. AI is normally preplanned to hit specific fixed or mobile targets not

b. AI can be planned against a specific area rather than a specific target,

b. Beyond the FSCL Commanders of forces attacking surface targets beyond

associated surface force commander’s plan of operations or scheme of

c. The location of the FSCL should be readily apparent to forces engaged in

0305. Planning and Request Considerations

b. Targets of opportunity may be attacked by interdiction-capable forces. A

c. Collateral damage and fratricide are undesirable aspects of warfare. Causes

(INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK)

Close Air Support

0403. Employment Methods

a. Preplanned CAS Pre-planned CAS is conducted in 2 categories,

(2) On Call CAS. On call CAS involves putting aircraft on ground/deck

b. Immediate CAS Immediate CAS usually results from unanticipated needs

c. Readiness States To ensure a prompt response, the available assets for

(1) Airborne Alert Airborne alert is the highest level of operational