Quadratic Equations, Quadratic Functions and Absolute Values

 b  b 2  4ac
Quadratic formula: x 
2a
Discriminant:   b  4ac
2

b c
Sum of roots (S): x  Product of roots (P): x 
a a
Forming equation: x  Sx  P  0
2

b 
Coordinates of vertex of graph:  , 
 2a 4a 

Inequalities
In a quadratic inequality, suppose    ,
If x   x     0 , then x   or x   .
If x   x     0 , then   x   .

Binomial Theorem
Factorial notation: n! n  n  1  n  2   1
n!
Binomial coefficient: C rn 
r!n  r !

Properties: C rn  C nnr Crn  Crn1  Crn1 C0n  Cnn  1

r  1th term of a  bn : Crn a n  r b r

Trigonometric Functions of General Angles

Length of arc: s  r
1 1
Area of sector: A  rs  r 2
2 2

Solution of Triangles
1
Area of triangle: A  ab sin C
2
a b c
Sine law:    2R
sin A sin B sin C
b2  c2  a2
Cosine law: a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A　or　　
cos A 
2bc

Compound Angles
A. Compound angle formulae
B. Double angle formulae

C. Product-to-sum formulae

D. Sum-to-product formulae

E. General solution formulae

If , then .
If , then .
If , then .

Straight Lines
Distance between two points: x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2
 kx1  hx 2 ky1  hy 2 
Point of division:  , 
 hk hk 
x1 y1
x2 y 2
1
Area of polygon (in anticlockwise order):  　　
2
xn y n
x1 y1

m1  m2
Acute angle between line: tan  
1  m1 m2

Normal form: x cos   y sin   p  0

Ax  By  C
General form to normal form: 0
 A2  B 2

C 2  C1
Distance between parallel lines:
A2  B 2

Families of straight lines

Same slope: y  mx  k　　or　　Ax  By  k  0

Passing through a fixed point a, b  : y  k x  a   b

Passing through intersection of two st. lines: Line 1  k Line 2  0

Circles

Standard form: x  h2   y  k 2  r 2

Centre: h, k  Radius: r

Length of tangent from x1 , y1  : x  h2   y  k 2  r 2

General form: x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F  0

 D E
2 2
 D  E
Centre:   ,  Radius:       F
 2 2  2  2

Length of tangent from x1 , y1  : x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F

Families of circles
Concentric circles: x  a    y  b  k　　or　　x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  k  0
2 2

Passing through intersection of a line and a circle: Circle   k Line  0

Passing through intersection of two circles: Circle 1  k Circle 2  0

Limits and Derivatives

1 1
Limit at Infinity: lim 0 lim  0 , where r > 0
x   x x  x r

f x 
Quicker way for evaluation of lim :
x   g  x 

Coefficien t of highest power of f ( x)

If power of f(x) = power of g(x), limit =
Coefficien t of highest power of g ( x)
If power of f(x) < power of g(x), limit = 0
If power of f(x) > power of g(x), no limit exists.
sin  
Limit of Trigonometric Functions: lim  1　 lim  1　
x 0 x 0 sin 
f x  x   f x 
Derivative of f(x) w.r.t. x: lim 　
x 0 x

Differentiation
sin x  cos x cos x   sin x tan x  sec 2 x
csc x   csc x cot x sec x  sec x tan x cot x   csc 2 x

Integration
cos x  sin x sin x   cos x sec 2 x  tan x
csc x cot x   csc x sec x tan x  sec x csc 2 x   cot x