Elegance in Structures 1

$QDO\VLV'HVLJQDQG'RFXPHQWDWLRQRID)RUP)RXQG&LYLF6FXOSWXUHIRU
/RZHU0DQKDWWDQ

 =DFKDU\.26785$ =DNLVD6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQWKH 
$VVRFLDWH_6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHU 1HZ<RUNRIILFHZLWKSDUWLFXODU
H[SHUWLVHLQKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH
$UXS VWUXFWXUHV+HSURYLGHVVHQLRU
1HZ<RUN1<86$ VWUXFWXUDOGHVLJQVHUYLFHVRQ
=DN.RVWXUD#DUXSFRP LQWHUQDWLRQDOWDOOEXLOGLQJSURMHFWV
 =DNLVDOVRDQDGMXQFWSURIHVVRURI
 DUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKH*UDGXDWH6FKRRORI
  $UFKLWHFWXUH3ODQQLQJDQG
 3UHVHUYDWLRQDW&ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\
 ZKHUHKHSURYLGHVDIRFXVRQ
VWUXFWXUDOO\H[SUHVVLYHDUFKLWHFWXUH

6XPPDU\
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHDUWLVWLFDQGIXQFWLRQDOREMHFWLYHVRIDQVWRUH\FDEOHQHW
VFXOSWXUHIRUDQHZWUDQVLWFHQWHULQ/RZHU0DQKDWWDQDQGGHVFULEHVLQGHWDLOWKHGHVLJQDSSURDFK
RIWKHSURMHFWWHDPLQFOXGLQJVRIWZDUHLQWHJUDWLRQQRQOLQHDUDQDO\VLVJHRPHWULFPRGHOLQJ
GRFXPHQWDWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ,WRXWOLQHVDK\EULGGRFXPHQWDWLRQDSSURDFK
LQYROYLQJHOHPHQWVRIERWKSUHVFULSWLYHDQGSHUIRUPDQFHEDVHGGHVLJQIRUDV\VWHPZLWKVWURQJ
DHVWKHWLFREMHFWLYHVDQGDFROODERUDWLYHDSSURDFKWRFRQVWUXFWLRQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQWRPDQDJHULVN
DPRQJVWWKHYDULRXVVWDNHKROGHUV
.H\ZRUGV&DEOH1HW1RQOLQHDU$QDO\VLV3HUIRUPDQFH%DVHG'HVLJQ3XEOLF6FXOSWXUH7HQVLRQ
)RUP)LQGLQJ(OHJDQW6WUXFWXUHV$HVWKHWLF'HVLJQ1HZ$SSOLFDWLRQRI0DWHULDOVWR6WUXFWXUH
,QQRYDWLRQVRI$QDO\VLV'HVLJQDQG&RQVWUXFWLRQ

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ
(OHYHQOLQHVRIWKH1HZ<RUN&LW\VXEZD\V\VWHPFRQYHUJHDWRUQHDUWKHFRUQHURI)XOWRQ6WUHHW
DQG%URDGZD\RQHEORFNHDVWRIWKH:RUOG7UDGH&HQWHUVLWHDQGWZREORFNVVRXWKRI&LW\+DOO
3DUN'HVSLWHWKHLUGHQVHWDQJOHWKHVHOLQHVKDYHHYDGHGHIILFLHQWFRQQHFWLRQIRUQHDUO\DFHQWXU\D
OHJDF\RIGLVSDUDWHSODQQLQJDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQSUDFWLFHVFRPPRQWRWKHHUDRIFRPSHWLWLYH
SULYDWL]HGWUDQVLWRSHUDWLRQ7KHHOHYHQOLQHVDURXQG)XOWRQ6WUHHWZKLFKZHUHXQLILHGXQGHUDVWDWH
DJHQF\LQVHUYHDVDKXEIRUPRUHWKDQWUDQVLWULGHUVHDFKGD\

,QWKHDIWHUPDWKRI6HSWHPEHUWKH
0HWURSROLWDQ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ$XWKRULW\HQDFWHG
SODQVWRUHGHYHORSWKLVKXELQWRDQHIILFLHQW
WUDQVIHUSRLQWEHWZHHQQHDUE\VXEZD\OLQHV
7KH\EHJDQDSURMHFWWRUHSODFHWKHODE\ULQWKLDQ
FRUULGRUVUHWURDFWLYHO\FRQVWUXFWHGWROLQN
H[LVWLQJOLQHVZLWKDQHIILFLHQWV\VWHPRI
SHGHVWULDQPH]]DQLQHVFRQFRXUVHVDQG
XQGHUSDVVHVWROLQNSODWIRUPVRIWKHHOHYHQWUDQVLW
OLQHV$WWKHFRUQHURI%URDGZD\DQG)XOWRQ
6WUHHWWKH07$SODQQHGDVSDFLRXVPXOWLVWRU\
SDYLOLRQVWUXFWXUHWRFURZQWKHQHZXQGHUJURXQG
SHGHVWULDQQHWZRUNDQGVHUYHDVDQLFRQLF
JDWHZD\WR/RZHU0DQKDWWDQ
)LJ6N\5HIOHFWRU1HW
$UXSKDVVHUYHGDVWKHSULPHFRQVXOWDQWIRUWKHSURMHFWFDOOHG)XOWRQ&HQWHUDQGKDVRIIHUHGDZLGH
UDQJHRIPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\GHVLJQVHUYLFHVDVZHOODVRYHUDOOSODQQLQJDQGSURMHFWPDQDJHPHQW
$UFKLWHFWXUDOGHVLJQVHUYLFHVIRUWKHWUDQVLWFHQWHUVXSHUVWUXFWXUHKDYHEHHQSURYLGHGE\*ULPVKDZ
ZKRVHEXLOGLQJFRQFHSWLQFOXGHGDWKUHHVWRUH\JOD]HGSDYLOLRQVHWDURXQGDFHQWUDOO\ORFDWHG
VWRUH\GRPHVWUXFWXUH7RSSHGZLWKDQLQFOLQHGFLUFXODUVN\OLJKWPHDVXULQJIHHWLQGLDPHWHU
2 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

UHIHUUHGWRDVWKHRFXOXVWKLVODUJHFHQWUDOVSDFH
PDUNVWKHIRFDOSRLQWRIWKHH[WHQVLYHSURMHFWDQG
VHUYHVWRFROOHFWDQGUHGLUHFWQDWXUDOVXQOLJKWWKURXJK
WKHEXLOGLQJWRWKHH[KXPHGVXEOHYHOVEHORZ
7KHFHQWUDOVSDFHEHQHDWKWKHGRPHDQGRFXOXVRIIHUD
XQLTXHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUDODUJHVFDOHDUWLVWLF
LQVWDOODWLRQWRIXUWKHUDGGFKDUDFWHUWRWKHVSDFHDQG
H[WHQGWKHDUFKLWHFWXUDOREMHFWLYHRIUHSXUSRVLQJ
LQFLGHQWVXQOLJKWWRLOOXPLQDWHVXEWHUUDQHDQVSDFHV
7KH07$KHOGDSXEOLFDUWFRPSHWLWLRQWRILQGD
FRQFHSWIRUDQLQVWDOODWLRQ
6XEPLWWHGE\DUWLVW-DPHV&DUSHQWHUWKHZLQQLQJ
HQWU\FDOOHGIRUDPHWDOOLQLQJRIIVHWIURPWKHLQWHULRU
RIWKHGRPHWKDWZRXOGSURYLGHGLIIXVHUHIOHFWLRQRI
LQFLGHQWVXQOLJKWLQWRWKHVSDFHVEHORZ7KURXJKD
FROODERUDWLYHSURFHVVZLWKWKHGHVLJQWHDPWKH
FRQFHSWZDVUHILQHGLQWRDVWHHOFDEOHQHWVWUXFWXUH
VXSSRUWLQJQHDUO\FRDWHGDOXPLQXPLQILOOSDQHOV
XVLQJIOH[LEOHXQLYHUVDOQRGHFRQQHFWLRQDVVHPEOLHV
)ROORZLQJFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHLQVWDOODWLRQLWZDVWLWOHG
6N\5HIOHFWRU1HWE\WKHRZQHUDQGGHVLJQWHDP

 'HVLJQ
)LJ&DEOHQHWFRPSRQHQWVDQG
7KHFDEOHQHWH[WHQGVWKHIXOOKHLJKWRIWKHFHQWUDO
ERXQGDU\VXSSRUW SXEOLFVSDFH,WLVVXVSHQGHGIURPFRQQHFWLRQ
SRLQWVDURXQGWKHFRPSUHVVLRQULQJRIWKHRFXOXVDQGDQFKRUHGWRDVPDQ\FDQWLOHYHUHGEHDPVDW
OHYHOVDQG7KHIRUPRIWKHFDEOHQHWLVWKDWRIDVNHZHGK\SDU8QOLNHDUHJXODUK\SDUWKLV
IRUPLVQRWDVLQJOHUXOHGVXUIDFH0RUHRYHUWKHVNHZHGIRUPKDVRQO\RQHD[LVRIV\PPHWU\$VD
FRQVHTXHQFHWKHVKDSHRIHDFKIRXUVLGHGLQILOOSDQHOLVXQLTXH,WVVKDSHLVVHWRXWE\WKHOHQJWKV
DQGLQWHUVHFWLQJDQJOHVRIFDEOHVHJPHQWVDGMDFHQWWRHDFKVLGH
7KHUHIOHFWLYHLQILOOSDQHOVDUHFRPSULVHGRI´DOXPLQXPVXEVWUDWHZLWKDKLJKSHUIRUPDQFH
FRDWLQJDSSOLHGWRWKHLQWHULRUIDFHV7KH\DUHSHUIRUDWHGZLWKDUHJXODUFLUFXODUSDWWHUQWRFRQWURO
WKHTXDQWLW\RIOLJKWUHIOHFWHGUHGXFHORDGLQJRQWKHFDEOHQHWDQGSHUPLWWKHSDVVDJHRILQWHULRUDLU
FXUUHQWV7KHSDQHOVDUHOLQNHGWRWKHFDEOHQHWDWHDFKFRUQHUE\FUXFLIRUPFRQQHFWRUVDIIL[HGWR
WKHQRGHVRIWKHQHW
7KHVWUDWHJ\IRUVHFXULQJHDFKSDQHOIROORZVZLWKFRQYHQWLRQDOFODGGLQJSUDFWLFH7KHSDQHOLV
VXVSHQGHGIURPLWVWRSFRUQHUE\DSLQIHGWKURXJKDVWDQGDUGKROHLQWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJFRQQHFWRU
7KHDQJOHDQGSRVLWLRQRIWKHSDQHOLQVSDFHLVHVWDEOLVKHGDWWKHERWWRPFRUQHUZKHUHDSLQLVIHG
WKURXJKDYHUWLFDOO\VORWWHGKROHWKDWDOORZV
IRUFRUUHFWSRVLWLRQLQJZLWKDPLQLPXP
DPRXQWRIUHVWUDLQW+ROHVLQFRQQHFWRUDUPV
DWWKHOHIWDQGULJKWFRUQHUVDUHRYHUVL]HGWR
DOORZIRULQGHSHQGHQWPRYHPHQWRIWKHQHW
GXHWRFKDQJHVLQWHPSHUDWXUHDFURVVWKH
VWRUH\QHWRUDLUSUHVVXUHFDXVHGE\ODUJHDLU
LQWDNHJULOOVORFDWHGDWLWVPLGSRLQW
7KHQHWLVFRPSULVHGRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHO
FDEOHSDLUV7KHFDEOHVZKLFKDUHó´LQ
GLDPHWHUDUHPHFKDQLFDOO\VZDJHGDWHDFK
QRGH6ZDJHVDUHWKURXJKEROWHGZLWK
FUXFLIRUPFRQQHFWRUVDUUDQJHGLQEHWZHHQWKH
RSSRVLQJFDEOHSDLUV6WDLQOHVVVWHHOURGVDUH
XVHGIRUWRSDQGERWWRPWLHVDVZHOODVULQJ
)LJ7\SLFDOQRGHDVVHPEO\ HOHPHQWV
 Elegance in Structures 3

 )RUPILQGLQJ
$QLQLWLDOYLVXDODVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVNHZHGK\SHUEROLFIRUPLQGLFDWHGWKDWDIRUPIRXQGWHQVLOH
V\VWHPFRXOGEHGHYHORSHGWRILWWKHGHVLUHGJHRPHWU\7KLVZDVHQDEOHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIVZDJHV
DWWKHFDEOHQHWQRGHVWKDWWLJKWO\JULSWKHFDEOHVDOORZLQJHDFKFDEOHVHJPHQWWRFDUU\DXQLTXH
WHQVLOHIRUFHDQGGUDPDWLFDOO\EURDGHQLQJWKHUDQJHRIJHRPHWULFIRUPVDFKLHYDEOHXVLQJDSXUHO\
WHQVLOHV\VWHP
$VWKHGHVLUHGILQDOIRUPZDVNQRZQWKH³IRUPILQGLQJ´SURFHVVHQWDLOHGDVFHUWDLQLQJWKHUHODWLYH
PDJQLWXGHRIWHQVLOHIRUFHUHTXLUHGLQHDFKFDEOHVHJPHQWWRDFKLHYHWKDWIRUP$FRPSXWDWLRQDO
PRGHORIWKHGHVLUHGFDEOHQHWJHRPHWU\LQFOXGLQJWKHSRVLWLRQRIDOOQRGHVZDVGHYHORSHGZLWK
VXSSRUWIURPWKHDUFKLWHFW,WZDVUHIHUUHGWRDVDVRIWPRGHOEHFDXVHWKHVWLIIQHVVSURSHUWLHVRIWKH
FDEOHHOHPHQWVZHUHUHGXFHGWRQHDUO\]HUR:KHQIRUPILQGLQJLVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHVRIWPRGHOWKH
HTXLOLEULXPSRVLWLRQRIWKHIRXQGIRUPLVLQIOXHQFHGRQO\E\WKHILQDOVWUDLQVLQHDFKFDEOHVHJPHQW
7KHVRIWPRGHOZDVILUVWUXQZLWKDXQLIRUPSRXQGWHQVLOHIRUFHLQHDFKFDEOHSDLU7KH
UHVXOWLQJIRXQGIRUPYDULHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPWKHLQLWLDOGHVLUHGJHRPHWU\GXHWRWKHJHQHUDOL]HG
WHQVLRQIRUFH:KHUHWKHIRUFHHQWHUHGZDVODUJHUWKDQWKHWUXHWHQVLRQIRUFHWKHFDEOHVHJPHQW
VKRUWHQHG:KHUHWKHIRUFHZDVVPDOOHUWKHFDEOHVHJPHQWOHQJWKHQHG
7KHVHJHRPHWULFVKLIWVIURPWKHLQLWLDOJHRPHWU\ZKLOHXQGHVLUDEOHLQSULQFLSOHUHVXOWLQD
UHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWKHJHQHUDOL]HGLQLWLDOWHQVLRQIRUFH7KHVKRUWHQLQJRIVHJPHQWVWKDWZHUH
RYHUVWUHVVHGIRUH[DPSOHOHDGVGLUHFWO\WRDUHGXFWLRQLQWKHIRUFHLQWKHHOHPHQWIROORZLQJIRUP
ILQGLQJDQGWHQVLRQIRUFHUHGLVWULEXWLRQ3XWVLPSO\WKHWHQVLRQIRUFHUHGLVWULEXWLRQLQKHUHQWLQWKH
IRUPILQGLQJSURFHVVLVVHOIFRUUHFWLQJ
7KHVHUHGLVWULEXWHGIRUFHVZHUHDJDLQDSSOLHGWRWKHGHVLUHGDUFKLWHFWXUDOJHRPHWU\7KHUHVXOWLQJ
QRGHGLVSODFHPHQWVZHUHVPDOOHUWKDQWKRVHREVHUYHGLQWKHILUVWLWHUDWLRQDQGWKHUHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
WHQVLRQIRUFHUHVXOWLQJIURPWKLVVHFRQGIRUPILQGLQJURXWLQHIXUWKHUDSSURDFKHGWKHFRUUHFWWHQVLRQ
IRUFHYDOXHVIRUHDFKFDEOHVHJPHQW
$FXVWRPVXEURXWLQHZDVZULWWHQDQGHPEHGGHGLQWR0LFURVRIW([FHOWRDXWRPDWLFDOO\UXQ
VXEVHTXHQWLWHUDWLRQVHDFKWLPHDSSO\LQJWKHUHGLVWULEXWHGORDGVWRWKHRULJLQDOJHRPHWU\DQG
SHUIRUPLQJDIRUPILQGLQJURXWLQH7KHURXWLQHWHUPLQDWHGRQFHFRQYHUJHQFHLQGLFDWRUVZHUHPHW
IROORZLQJWKHWKLWHUDWLRQ7KHUHVXOWLQJWHQVLRQIRUFHGLVWULEXWLRQSDWWHUQH[KLELWHGPD[LPXP
DYHUDJHYDOXHVRISRXQGVDWWKHWRSDQGERWWRPURZVDQGPLQLPXPDYHUDJHYDOXHVRI
SRXQGVDWPLGKHLJKW
7KHVHWHQVLRQIRUFHVZHUHFRQYHUWHGLQWRHOHPHQWVWUDLQVZKLFKZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\DSSOLHGWRDQHZ
DQDO\WLFDOPRGHOHPERG\LQJWKHGHVLUHGDUFKLWHFWXUDOJHRPHWU\DVZHOODVWKHDFWXDOVWLIIQHVV
SURSHUWLHVRIWKHFDEOHQHWHOHPHQWV$QRQOLQHDUVWDWLFDQDO\VLVRIWKLVPRGHOGHPRQVWUDWHG
QHJOLJLEOHPRYHPHQWVLQWKHQRGHVRIWKHQHWFRQILUPLQJWKHYDOLGLW\RIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIVWUDLQV
7KHVHVWUDLQVZHUHWKHQXVHGWRGHWHUPLQHWKHXQVWUHVVHGOHQJWKRIHDFKFDEOHVHJPHQW±GDWDODWHU
XVHGIRUWKHIDEULFDWLRQRIQHWFDEOHVDQGDVVHPEO\RIVZDJHVSULRUWRLQVWDOODWLRQ
7KHYDOLGDWHGDUFKLWHFWXUDOJHRPHWU\ZDVWDEXODWHGDQGSUHVHQWHGDVDVHWRI&DUWHVLDQQRGH
FRRUGLQDWHV,QWXUQWKHWDEXODWHGFRRUGLQDWHVRIWKHFDEOHQHWQRGHVEHFDPHWKHVHWRXWJHRPHWU\
IRUWKHLQILOOSDQHOV6XFFHVVIXOH[HFXWLRQRIWKHGHVLJQRIWKHLQVWDOODWLRQWKXVQHFHVVLWDWHG
FRUUHFWGLVWULEXWLRQRIWHQVLOHIRUFHWKURXJKRXWWKHQHWUHVXOWLQJLQWKHSRVLWLRQLQJRIHDFKQRGHLQ
VSDFHVRWKDWWKHVKDSHRIHDFKSUHIDEULFDWHGLQILOOSDQHOZRXOGPDWFKWKDWRIWKHVSDFHZLWKLQWKH
QHWLWZDVLQWHQGHGWRRFFXS\
 8QGHUVWDQGLQJPRYHPHQW
7KHVWRUH\VSDFHH[SHULHQFHVVLJQLILFDQWWKHUPDOJUDGLHQWVDVZDUPDLUFROOHFWVQHDUWKHRFXOXV
DQGFRROFRQGLWLRQHGDLULVGLIIXVHGZLWKLQWKHRFFXSLHGVSDFHEHORZ7KHYHQWLODWLRQVWUDWHJ\IRU
WKHEXLOGLQJUHOLHVRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDLUFXUUHQWVWKDWPXVWSDVVWKURXJKWKHSDQHOVRIWKHQHW
UHVXOWLQJLQSUHVVXUHGURSVDFURVVWKHSHUIRUDWHGVXUIDFHFUHDWHGE\LQILOOSDQHOVDQGJHQHUDWLQJ
ORDGVWKDWZLOOLQIOXHQFHWKHVKDSHRIWKHQHW
&ROODERUDWLRQZLWKWKHDUFKLWHFWDQGDUWLVWOHGWRWKHDGRSWLRQRIDWZRZD\FDEOHQHWV\VWHPDQG
FRUUHVSRQGLQJGLDPRQGVKDSHGSDQHOV,QFRQWUDVWWRDFRQYHQWLRQDOWKUHHZD\WULDQJXODWHGV\VWHP
WKHDGRSWHGFRQILJXUDWLRQLVVXEVWDQWLDOO\PRUHUHVSRQVLYHWRIOXFWXDWLRQVLQDSSOLHGORDGV7R
4 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

UHDOL]HVXFKDV\VWHPWKHGHVLJQWHDPIRXQGLWQHFHVVDU\WRVWXG\DZLGHUDQJHRIFRQFHLYDEOH
DSSOLHGORDGLQJSDWWHUQVDQGDVVHVVFRUUHVSRQGLQJFKDQJHVLQWKHIRUPRIWKHQHWLQRUGHUWRHQVXUH
LWVUHVLOLHQF\:HUHDQ\RIWKHVHPRYHPHQWVWRUHVXOWLQWKHWUDQVIHURIWHQVLOHIRUFHVWRWKHLQILOO
SDQHOVVXFKIRUFHVFRXOGTXLFNO\RYHUZKHOPWKHGHOLFDWHDOXPLQXPHOHPHQWV7KHFUXFLIRUP
FRQQHFWRUDUPVWKXVKROGHDFKSDQHOLQSODFHZLWKPLQLPDOUHVWUDLQWLQRUGHUWRDOORZIRU
XQUHVWUDLQHGPRYHPHQWRIDGMDFHQWFDEOHQHWQRGHV
7KHVHGHJUHHVRIIUHHGRPDUHSURYLGHGE\WKHVORWWHGDQGRYHUVL]HGKROHVLQWKHFRQQHFWRUDUPVRQ
WKHOHIWULJKWDQGERWWRPFRUQHUVRIHDFKSDQHO7KHGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHVHQRQVWDQGDUGKROHVPXVW
EHFRRUGLQDWHGZLWKWKHPD[LPXPFRQFHLYDEOHPRYHPHQWVLQRUGHUWRSURYLGHVXIILFLHQWIUHHGRPRI
PRYHPHQWDQGDYRLGWKHWUDQVIHURIIRUFHLQWRWKHDOXPLQXPSDQHOV
(DFKHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFZDVVWXGLHGDQGYDULRXVUHDOLVWLFVFHQDULRVZHUHGHYHORSHGWR
FRYHUWKHUDQJHRIFRUUHVSRQGLQJORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQV7RGHWHUPLQHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIDLUSUHVVXUHV
JHQHUDWHGE\LQWHULRUDLUFXUUHQWVDFRPSXWDWLRQDOIOXLGG\QDPLF&)'PRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGLQ
$16<67KHSURJUDPLGHQWLILHGWKHSUHVVXUHGURSDFURVVSDQHOVJLYHQWKHNQRZQYROXPHWULFIORZ
RILQWDNHVDQGGLIIXVHUVWKURXJKRXWWKHEXLOGLQJDQGWKHGHJUHHRISHUPHDELOLW\LQHDFKDUHDRIWKH
FDEOHQHW

)LJ,QWDNHGXFWVEHKLQGWKHQHWDVVHHQGXULQJLQVWDOODWLRQOHIWDQGDFRPSXWDWLRQDOIOXLG

G\QDPLF&)'PRGHOWKDWZDVJHQHUDWHGWRGHWHUPLQHDLUSUHVVXUHLQFLGHQWRQPRGHOULJKW
7KHVFHQDULRVIRUHDFKHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFZHUHWKHQVXSHULPSRVHGWRJHQHUDWHXQLTXH
ORDGFRPELQDWLRQVHDFKZLWKDSUHVXPHGXQLTXHFDEOHQHWVKDSH$VWDWLFQRQOLQHDUDQDO\VLVZDV
FRQGXFWHGLQ2DV\V*6$IRUHDFKRIWKHORDGFRPELQDWLRQV$FXVWRPVXEURXWLQHZDVZULWWHQ
WRLQWHUURJDWHWKHSRVLWLRQRIHDFKQRGHXQGHUHDFKORDGFDVHDQGGHWHUPLQHWKHODUJHVWFKDQJHVWR
WKHVXSSRUWFRQGLWLRQVRIHDFKSDQHO$QLQFUHDVHLQWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQOHIWDQGULJKWFRUQHU
VXSSRUWVZDVUHIHUUHGWRDVD³SDQHOZLGWKFKDQJH´WKHSHDNYDOXHLPSOLHGWKHUHTXLUHGGLPHQVLRQV
RIWKHRYHUVL]HGKROHVDWWKHVHVXSSRUWSRLQWV&RUUHVSRQGLQJO\DQLQFUHDVHLQWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ
WRSDQGERWWRPFRUQHUVXSSRUWVZDVUHIHUUHGWRDVD³SDQHOKHLJKWFKDQJH´ZKLFKSURYLGHG
LQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHQHFHVVDU\GLPHQVLRQVRIWKHYHUWLFDOO\VORWWHGKROHDWWKHERWWRPFRQQHFWLRQ
SRLQW
$QDO\VLVUHYHDOHGWKDWWKHODUJHVWUHVROYHGPRYHPHQWRIDQ\QRGHXQGHUDQ\SHUFHLYDEOHORDG
FRPELQDWLRQLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\´%URNHQLQWRLWVFRPSRQHQWVKRZHYHUWKLVPD[LPXP
PRYHPHQWUHVXOWVLQDFKDQJHRIRQO\´LQSDQHOZLGWKDQG´LQSDQHOKHLJKW7KH
GLPHQVLRQVRIRYHUVL]HGDQGVORWWHGKROHVZHUHFRUUHVSRQGLQJO\VHWWRDFFRPPRGDWHWKHVH
PRYHPHQWVLQDGGLWLRQWRDFFHSWDEOHFRQVWUXFWLRQWROHUDQFHVRI´LQHLWKHUGLUHFWLRQ

 0RGHOLQJDXQLYHUVDOFRQQHFWRU
$XQLYHUVDOFUXFLIRUPFRQQHFWRUZDVGHYHORSHGWRSURYLGHDGHTXDWHSDQHOVXSSRUWLQWKHYDULHW\RI
FRQILJXUDWLRQVWKDWUHVXOWIURPWKHVNHZHGK\SDUVKDSH(DFKFRQQHFWRULVFRPSULVHGRID
KRUL]RQWDODQGYHUWLFDODUPDWXUHOLQNHGE\DEROWDWWKHLUPLGSRLQWVDQGVHWEHWZHHQVZDJHGFDEOH
SDLUV$OOHOHPHQWVDUHIUHHWRURWDWHDERXWWKHEROWD[LV
7KLVURWDWLRQDOIUHHGRPLVQHHGHGWRDOORZWKHFRQQHFWRUDUPDWXUHVWRFRQIRUPWRWKHYDULRXV
 Elegance in Structures 5

UHTXLUHGFRQILJXUDWLRQV7KHDUPDWXUHVZKLFKDUHQRPLQDOO\´LQWKLFNQHVVWDSHUWR´DWWKHLU
PLGSRLQWVWRPLQLPL]HWKHHIIHFWLYHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHDUPDWXUHDVVHPEO\DQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJ
HFFHQWULFLW\EHWZHHQRSSRVLQJFDEOHSDLUV
7KHSURFHVVRIGHVLJQLQJWKHXQLYHUVDOFRQQHFWRUDUPDWXUHUHTXLUHGWKHVHOHFWLRQRIJHRPHWU\WKDW
LQFRUSRUDWHGWKHVSDFHVDYLQJWDSHUZKLOHIDFLOLWDWLQJWKHIUHHURWDWLRQRIDUPDWXUHHOHPHQWVWR
DFFRPPRGDWHWKHYDULRXVSDQHOFRQILJXUDWLRQV
$SDUDPHWULFPRGHOZDVGHYHORSHGLQ'LJLWDO3URMHFWWRDVVHVVWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIYDULRXV
FRQQHFWRUDUPDWXUHGHVLJQV(DFKFRQQHFWRUFRPSRQHQWLQFOXGLQJWKHDUPDWXUHVEROWDQGVZDJHV
ZHUHLQGLYLGXDOO\PRGHOHGDVGLVFUHWHSDUWVDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\DVVHPEOHGLQWRDVLQJOHFRPSRQHQW
7KDWDVVHPEO\ZDVLQVWDQWLDWHGLQWRDJOREDOPRGHOFRQWDLQLQJWKHFUXFLIRUPFRQQHFWRUQRGHV

 
)LJ&DEOHQHWGHIRUPDWLRQVFDXVHGE\HQYLURQPHQWDOORDGLQJOHIWDQGSDUDPHWULFGHILQLWLRQRI
WKHKRUL]RQWDODUPDWXUHULJKW

6HWRXWLQVWUXFWLRQLQWULQVLFWRHDFKFRQQHFWRULQVWDQFHIDFLOLWDWHGUDSLGFRQILJXUDWLRQJLYHQWKH
SRVLWLRQRIDGMDFHQWQRGHVLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV$VHSDUDWHFODVKGHWHFWLRQSURJUDPZDVWKHQXVHGRQ
WKHVROLGVWRFRQILUPWKHURWDWLRQDODGHTXDF\RIWKHXQLYHUVDOSDUWGHVLJQ
/LPLWDWLRQVWRFRPSXWLQJSRZHUDYDLODEOHDWWKHWLPHOHGWRLQVWDQWLDWLRQURXWLQHVWKDWWRRNGD\VWR
FRPSOHWH7KHGHVLJQWHDPREVHUYHGWKDWWKHLQVWDQWLDWLRQRIVROLGFRPSRQHQWVWREHE\IDUWKH
PRVWWLPHFRQVXPLQJSRLQWVDQGOLQHVWKDWHVWDEOLVKHGWKHORFDWLRQDQGRULHQWDWLRQRIWKH
FRPSRQHQWVRQWKHRWKHUKDQGZHUHPXFKIDVWHUWRLQVWDQWLDWH

)LJ$VVHVVPHQWRIFKDQJHVWRSDQHOVKDSHGXHWRPRYHPHQWV2QHRIORDGFDVHVVKRZQ

6 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

,QRUGHUWRDFFHOHUDWHWKHSURFHVVRIVWXG\LQJHDFKDUPDWXUHGHVLJQVROLGFRPSRQHQWVZHUH
UHPRYHGDQGRQO\VHWRXWOLQHVZHUHLQVWDQWLDWHG$FXVWRPVFULSWZDVZULWWHQWRLQWHUURJDWHWKH
UHODWLYHDQJOHVEHWZHHQHDFKDUPDWXUHSDLUDQGWKHPRVWVHYHUHDQJOHVZHUHWKHQPRGHOHGXVLQJWKH
VROLGFRPSRQHQWVWRWHVWWKHLUVXLWDELOLW\7KLVPRGLILHGDSSURDFKWRSDUDPHWULFPRGHOLQJSURYHG
H[FHSWLRQDOO\IDVWDQGLQVWDQWLDWLRQRIDUPDWXUHVRQDOOSRLQWVZDVFRPSOHWHGLQDPDWWHURI
VHFRQGV

7KHJHRPHWU\RIWKHDUPDWXUHVIRUWKHXQLYHUVDOFRQQHFWRUZDVRSWLPL]HGIRUYLVXDODQG
SHUIRUPDQFHFULWHULDWKURXJKWKHSDUDPHWULFPRGHODQGWKHILQDOGHVLJQZDVH[WUDFWHGIURPWKH
LQGLYLGXDOSDUWPRGHOVDQGSUHVHQWHGDVVLPSOHGLPHQVLRQDOVHFWLRQVDQGHOHYDWLRQVLQFRQWUDFW
GUDZLQJV


 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ
'RFXPHQWDWLRQRIFRPSOH[V\VWHPVVXFKDVFDEOHQHWVRIWHQFRQIRUPWRWKHWHQHWVRISHUIRUPDQFH
EDVHGGHVLJQZKHUHLQWKHGHVLJQRIDV\VWHPLVGRFXPHQWHGLQWKHIRUPRISHUIRUPDQFHREMHFWLYHV
WKDWWKHFRQWUDFWRULVUHTXLUHGWRPHHW7KHGLVWULEXWLRQRIULVNDFURVVWKHSURMHFWWHDPLQVXFKD
FLUFXPVWDQFHIDYRUVWKHGHVLJQHUDVWKHFRQWUDFWRULVEXUGHQHGZLWKWKHQHHGWRSHUIRUPH[WHQVLYH
DQDO\VLVWRGHWHUPLQHGLPHQVLRQDODQGFKDUDFWHULVWLFYDOXHVQRWH[SOLFLWO\FDOOHGRXWLQWKHFRQWUDFW
GRFXPHQWV+RZHYHUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHEDVHGDSSURDFKKDVLWVGRZQVLGHVDVZHOO
,QSHUIRUPDQFHEDVHGGHVLJQWKHGHVLJQHURIWHQREVHUYHVDORVVRIFRQWURORYHUWKHILQLVKHGSURGXFW
DVWKHFRQWUDFWRUJDLQVODWLWXGHWRFUHDWLYHO\LQWHUSUHWGRFXPHQWHGREMHFWLYHVDVZHOODVWKHPHDQVRI
DFKLHYLQJWKRVHREMHFWLYHV$GGLWLRQDOO\DVDVXEVWDQWLDODPRXQWRIDQDO\VLVLVRIWHQUHTXLUHGRIWKH
GHVLJQHULQRUGHUWRYHULI\WKDWWKHGRFXPHQWHGREMHFWLYHVFDQLQIDFWEHPHWWKLVDSSURDFKOHDGVWR
DGGHGGXSOLFDWLRQLQDQDO\VLVDQGGHVLJQWDVNV$QGH[SOLFLWGHVLJQRIWKHV\VWHPZKLFKLV
SHUIRUPHGE\WKHFRQWUDFWRULQVXFKFLUFXPVWDQFHVLVSXWRQWKHFULWLFDOSDWKRIFRQVWUXFWLRQDGGLQJ
WRRYHUDOOSURMHFWULVN
,QGRFXPHQWDWLRQRI6N\5HIOHFWRU1HWWKHGHVLJQWHDPHPSOR\HGDK\EULGDSSURDFKODUJHO\
HPEUDFLQJSUHVFULSWLYHGHVLJQZKLOHVSDULQJO\LQWHJUDWLQJSHUIRUPDQFHFULWHULDWRHQVXUHWKH
VHOHFWLRQRIDVSHFLDOW\VXEFRQWUDFWRUNQRZOHGJHDEOHDQGH[SHULHQFHGLQWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIVXFKD
V\VWHP,QDGGLWLRQWKHGHVLJQHUZDVPRWLYDWHGWREULQJLQSHUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVLQRUGHUWR
IDFLOLWDWHDSURGXFWLYHGLDORJZLWKWKHFRQWUDFWRUWKDWZRXOGDOORZWKHGHVLJQHUWRPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\
PRQLWRUDQGREVHUYHWKHFRQWUDFWRU¶VFRRUGLQDWLRQVKRSGUDZLQJSUHSDUDWLRQIDEULFDWLRQDQG
DVVHPEO\RIWKHFDEOHQHW
7KHH[WHQVLYHIRUPILQGLQJDQDO\VLVFRQGXFWHGE\WKHGHVLJQWHDP\LHOGHGFRPSUHKHQVLYHGDWDRQ
WKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFQRGHFRRUGLQDWHVDQGHOHPHQWVWUDLQVLQWKHFDEOHQHWV\VWHP%HFDXVHWKLVGDWD
ZDVVXEVHTXHQWO\DYDLODEOHWRWKHGHVLJQWHDPZKRPDLQWDLQHGDKLJKOHYHORIFRQILGHQFHLQWKH
YDOLGLW\RIWKDWGDWDDSUHVFULSWLYHDSSURDFKWRGRFXPHQWDWLRQEHFDPHWKHWHDP¶VEDVHOLQH1RGHV
ZHUHJLYHQXQLTXHLGHQWLILHUVWDEXODWHGDQGSUHVHQWHGLQWKHFRQWUDFWGUDZLQJVZLWKH[SOLFLWWKUHH
GLPHQVLRQDOFRRUGLQDWHV
)RUWHQVLRQLQJWKHGUDZLQJVFRQYH\HGWRWKHFRQWUDFWRUWKHSUHFLVHWHQVLRQIRUFHWREHDSSOLHGWR
HDFKERXQGDU\HOHPHQW$YHUDJHWHQVLRQIRUFHVZHUHSURYLGHGIRUHDFKURZRIFDEOHSDLUVHJPHQWV
DVWKHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQLQWHQVLRQIRUFHVLQDQ\JLYHQURZRIWKHQHWZDVFRQVLGHUHGORZUHODWLYH
WRWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWHQVLRQIRUFHVDQGWKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPDUJLQRIHUURULQWULQVLFWRWKHWHQVLRQLQJ
SURFHVV
7KHSURYLVLRQRIWKLVSUHVFULEHGVHWRIWHQVLRQLQJGDWDKHOSHGHQVXUHWKDWWKHV\VWHPSURYLGHGE\WKH
FRQWUDFWRUHPERGLHVQRWRQO\DQDFFHSWDEOHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWHQVLOHIRUFHVWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGIRUP
EXWDOVRDQDYHUDJHOHYHORIWHQVLOHIRUFHQHFHVVDU\WRHQVXUHWKDWPRYHPHQWVXQGHUHQYLURQPHQWDO
ORDGVDUHNHSWZLWKLQDFFHSWDEOHOLPLWV
:HUHWKHGHVLJQWHDPWRSURGXFHDSHUIRUPDQFHEDVHGGHVLJQWKHFRQWUDFWRUZRXOGUHTXLUHGHWDLOHG
LQIRUPDWLRQRQORDGLQJDVVXPSWLRQVLQOLHXRISUHVFULEHGWHQVLRQIRUFHV7KHFRQWUDFWRUZRXOGEH
FRPSHOOHGWRSHUIRUPDIDUPRUHVRSKLVWLFDWHGDQDO\VLVRIWKHFDEOHQHWV\VWHPWRLGHQWLI\WHQVLRQ
IRUFHVFRPPHQVXUDWHZLWKSHUPLVVLEOHQRGHPRYHPHQWV±DQDO\VLVWKDWKDGDOUHDG\EHHQFRQGXFWHG
 Elegance in Structures 7

E\WKHGHVLJQWHDPWRDUULYHDWDFRPSRQHQWGHVLJQWKDWEDODQFHGDHVWKHWLFDQGSHUIRUPDQFH
UHTXLUHPHQWV6XFKGXSOLFDWLRQRIDQDO\VLVZRXOGEHFRVWO\DQGDGGDGGLWLRQDOWDVNVWRDQDOUHDG\
FRPSOH[FRQVWUXFWLRQVFKHGXOH
3URYLVLRQVRQGUDZLQJVFRQWDLQLQJWKHWDEXODWHGQRGHFRRUGLQDWHVSXWWKHRQXVRQWKHFRQWUDFWRUWR
HQVXUHWKDWWKHFRRUGLQDWHVRIHDFKQRGHLQWKHLQVWDOOHGFDEOHQHWPDWFKHGWKHWDEXODWHGFRRUGLQDWHV
LQWKHGHVLJQGUDZLQJVZLWKLQVSHFLILHGFRQVWUXFWLRQWROHUDQFHV7KHGHVLJQWHDPFRQFOXGHGWKDW
WKLVUHTXLUHPHQWZRXOGLQFHQWLYL]HWKHFRQWUDFWRUWRSHUIRUPDFRQWUROOHGDPRXQWRIDQDO\VLVWR
HQVXUHWKDWDOOFDEOHDQGURGVHJPHQWVZHUHIDEULFDWHGWROHQJWKVDSSURSULDWHIRUWKHVSHFLILHG
ERXQGDU\WHQVLRQIRUFHVRXWOLQHGLQWKHGUDZLQJV7KLVDQDO\VLVZDVFDUULHGRXWE\WKHFRQWUDFWRU
\LHOGLQJVSHFLILFWHQVLRQIRUFHVLQHDFKHOHPHQWWKDWZHUHXVHGE\IDEULFDWRUVWRSUHSDUHVKRS
GUDZLQJVLOOXVWUDWLQJFDEOHPDUNLQJOHQJWKV7KHVHZHUHUHFHLYHGE\WKHGHVLJQWHDPDVVXEPLWWDOV
DOORZLQJWKHGHVLJQHQJLQHHUVWRFKHFNWKHUHVXOWDQWVKDSHXVLQJQRQOLQHDUVWDWLFDQDO\VLV
7KLVDQDO\VLVVHUYHGWRUHDVVXUHWKHGHVLJQWHDPWKDWIDEULFDWLRQGUDZLQJVKDGEHHQGHYHORSHGIURP
DVXLWDEOHDQDO\WLFDOPRGHORZQHGE\WKHFRQWUDFWRUZKLFKKDGSURGXFHGUHVXOWVPDWFKLQJWKRVH
SURGXFHGE\WKHGHVLJQHU¶VPRGHO+RZHYHUWKHSUHVFULSWLYHGLPHQVLRQDODQGIRUFHGDWDSURGXFHG
E\WKHGHVLJQWHDPHOLPLQDWHGWKHQHHGIRUWKHFRQWUDFWRUWRXQGHUWDNHFRPSOH[IRUPILQGLQJ
5DWKHUWKHWDEXODWHGQRGHFRRUGLQDWHVZHUHXVHGWRJHQHUDWHDQRQOLQHDUVWDWLFDQDO\VLVPRGHOWKDW
FRXOGEHDQDO\]HGZLWKWKHGRFXPHQWHGWHQVLRQIRUFHVWRFRQILUPWKDWDQ\QRGHGLVSODFHPHQWV
ZRXOGUHPDLQZLWKLQWKHJRYHUQLQJSHUIRUPDQFHEDVHGUHTXLUHPHQWV

 &RQVWUXFWLRQ
&RQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHWUDQVLWFHQWHUVXSHUVWUXFWXUHDQGILWRXWRIWKHDUHDERXQGHGE\LWVHQFORVXUHDQG
IRXQGDWLRQEHQHDWKZHUHSDFNDJHGLQWRDVLQJOHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRQWUDFWWKDWZDVDZDUGHGWRDMRLQW
YHQWXUHFRPSULVHGRI3OD]D&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG6FKLDYRQH&RQVWUXFWLRQ&R36-9LQ$XJXVWRI
7KHFRPSOH[DQGXQFRQYHQWLRQDOQDWXUHRIWKHFDEOHQHWFRPSHOOHGWKHJHQHUDOFRQWUDFWRUWREULQJ
RQVHYHUDOVSHFLDOLVWVXEFRQWUDFWRUVWRIDEULFDWHDQGLQVWDOOWKHWHQVLOHVWUXFWXUH&RRUGLQDWLRQRIWKH
FDEOHQHWZDVPDQDJHGE\(QFORVWKHVXEFRQWUDFWRUDOVRVHOHFWHGWRSURYLGHIDoDGHFRPSRQHQWVIRU
WKHSDYLOLRQHQFORVXUHDQGWKHRFXOXV&DEOHVDQGFXVWRPFRQQHFWLRQHOHPHQWVVXFKDVWKH
FUXFLIRUPDUPDWXUHVZHUHSURYLGHGE\7UL3\UDPLG6WUXFWXUHV,QF7KHDQRGL]HGDOXPLQXPLQILOO
SDQHOVZHUHSURYLGHGE\'XUOXPRXWRI6FKRSIKHLP*HUPDQ\$ORQJZLWKWKHVWHHOIDEULFDWLRQDQG
HUHFWLRQVXEFRQWUDFWRU6766WHHOWKHVHPHPEHUVRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQWHDPH[KLELWHGVNLOODQG
H[SHUWLVHWKDWDGGHGWRWKHYDOXHRIWKHGHVLJQWKURXJKRSHQFROODERUDWLRQ3HUIRUPDQFHEDVHG
SURYLVLRQVLQWKHFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWVZKLFKZHUHLQWHQGHGWRLQFLWHGLVFRXUVHDPRQJPHPEHUVRI
WKHGHVLJQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQWHDPVEURXJKWDERXWIUXLWIXOLIRFFDVLRQDOO\LQWHQVHGLVFXVVLRQRYHU
HOHPHQWVRIWKHGHVLJQDQGVWUDWHJLHVIRULWVH[HFXWLRQ

 )DEULFDWLRQDVVHPEO\DQGLQVWDOODWLRQ
7KHQHWZDVIDEULFDWHGDQGDVVHPEOHGE\7UL3\UDPLGLQDVPDOOUXUDOWRZQLQQRUWKHUQ
0DVVDFKXVHWWV(DFKFRQQHFWRUDVVHPEO\ZDVSLHFHGWRJHWKHUDQGZUDSSHGIRUSURWHFWLRQGXULQJ
WUDQVSRUW2QFHDVVHPEOHGWKHQHWZDVOLIWHGE\FUDQHLQDILHOGRXWVLGHWKHDVVHPEO\IDFLOLW\LQ
RUGHUWRVLPXODWHLWVDFWXDOLQVWDOODWLRQRQVLWH7KHQHWZDVWKHQORZHUHGDQGUROOHGLPPHGLDWHO\
IRUWUDQVSRUWWRVLWHE\WUXFN
2QFHRQVLWHWKHQHWZDVOLIWHGLQWRSODFHZLWKWKHXVHRIDWHPSRUDU\DOXPLQXPOLIWLQJULQJUDLVHG
E\DVHWRIK\GUDXOLFMDFNVPRXQWHGDURXQGWKHSHULPHWHURIWKHDWULXPDWWKHXSSHUOHYHOVRIWKH
WUDQVLWFHQWHUDQGOLIWLQJFDEOHVWKDWGRXEOHGEDFNRYHUWKHRFXOXVDERYH2QFHDOOERXQGDU\
FRQQHFWLRQVZHUHPDGHWKHLQVWDOOHU(QFORVWHQVLRQHGWKHQHWWKURXJKDSURFHGXUHWKDWLQYROYHG
WKHLPSRVLWLRQRINQRZQDQGXQLTXHGLVSODFHPHQWVRQWKHORZHUWHQVLRQURGVLQGXFLQJWDUJHW
ERXQGDU\IRUFHVREWDLQHGWKURXJKGHVLJQWHDPDQDO\VLVDQGSURYLGHGRQFRQWUDFWGUDZLQJV
3DQHOVZHUHWKHQLQVWDOOHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRIWZRPDQOLIWVDQGDVZLQJVWDJHSODWIRUPVXVSHQGHG
IURPWKHRFXOXV3DQHOLQVWDOODWLRQZDVFRPSOHWHGLQDSSUR[LPDWHO\WKUHHZHHNV
 6XUYH\
7KH$UXS'HVLJQ7HDPFRQWUDFWHG1DLN&RQVXOWLQJ*URXS3&WRFDUU\RXWDWKUHHGLPHQVLRQDO
/,'$5VXUYH\RIWKHFDEOHQHWDWFULWLFDOLQVWDOODWLRQPLOHVWRQHV7KHVXUYH\ZKLFKXVHVUHPRWH
8 IABSE Conference Nara 2015

VHQVLQJWHFKQRORJ\WRPHDVXUHGLVWDQFHVJHQHUDWHGDFORXGRIVHYHUDOKXQGUHGPLOOLRQSRLQWV
UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHDVEXLOWVXUIDFHJHRPHWU\RIWKHLQWHULRUDWULXPVSDFH7KHSRLQWFORXGZDVXVHGWR
LGHQWLI\WKHSRVLWLRQRIFDEOHQHWQRGHVIROORZLQJLQVWDOODWLRQDQGWHQVLRQLQJERWKEHIRUHDQGDIWHU
SDQHOVZHUHLQVWDOOHG7KHUHVXOWLQJLQIRUPDWLRQZDVXVHGE\WKHGHVLJQWHDPWRDVVHVVWKH
FRQIRUPDQFHRIWKHFRQVWUXFWHGV\VWHPWRFRQWUDFWSHUIRUPDQFHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGLGHQWLI\UHJLRQV
RIWKHFRPSOHWHGQHWIRULQGHSWKXSFORVHUHYLHZ
7KHVXUYH\ZDVFRPPLVVLRQHGE\WKHFOLHQWGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQDVDQHIIHFWLYHULVN
PDQDJHPHQWWRRO$OWKRXJKQRLVVXHVSURPSWHGH[WHQVLYHXVHRIWKH/,'$5VXUYH\GDWDIRU
FRUUHFWLYHDFWLRQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQFRXOGEHXVHGWRFRPSDUHWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
WHQVLRQIRUFHVWKURXJKRXWWKHDVEXLOWVWUXFWXUHWRWKRVHHVWDEOLVKHGWKURXJKGHVLJQVWDJHDQDO\VLV
WKHUHE\SURYLGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQRQV\VWHPHOHPHQWVUHTXLULQJDGMXVWPHQWVWRWKHLUWHQVLRQHGOHQJWK

 
)LJ5HYLHZRIWKHQHWVWUXFWXUHVKRUWO\DIWHUFRPSOHWLRQOHIWDQG/,'$5VXUYH\GDWDVKRZQLQ
JUH\RYHUODLGRQWKHSURMHFW%,0PRGHO

 &RQFOXVLRQ
7KHFDEOHQHWLQVWDOODWLRQDWWKHQHZ)XOWRQ&HQWHUFRPELQHVWZRJHQHUDOO\GLVSDUDWHVWUXFWXUDO
V\VWHPVDIRUPIRXQGFDEOHV\VWHPSURQHWRPRYHPHQWXQGHUYDU\LQJORDGVDQGDV\VWHPRIULJLG
GHOLFDWHDOXPLQXPSDQHOVVHQVLWLYHWRVWUDLQVFDXVHGE\PRYHPHQWDWWKHLUVXSSRUWSRLQWV,QRUGHU
WRDFKLHYHDKDUPRQ\EHWZHHQWKHVHV\VWHPVGHWDLOHGQRQOLQHDUDQDO\VLVZDVSHUIRUPHGWRIXOO\
XQGHUVWDQGWKHPDJQLWXGHRIGHIOHFWLRQVXQGHUDOOFRQFHLYDEOHORDGFDVHV$OLQHDUDOJHEUDLFPRGHO
RIWKHQHWIDFLOLWDWHGUDSLGLQWHUURJDWLRQRIFRUUHVSRQGLQJGHIOHFWLRQFRPSRQHQWVZLWKLQWKHSODQHRI
WKHSDQHOVXUIDFH
7KHVHPRYHPHQWVZHUHVXEVHTXHQWO\DGGUHVVHGWKURXJKWKHGHVLJQRIDXQLYHUVDOIOH[LEOH
FRQQHFWLRQDVVHPEO\WKDWLVRODWHVWKHSDQHOVIURPWKHHIIHFWVRIWKHQHW¶VG\QDPLFEHKDYLRUWKURXJK
VWUDWHJLFDOO\SODFHGVORWWHGDQGRYHUVL]HGKROHV7KHIOH[LELOLW\RIWKHXQLYHUVDODVVHPEO\ZDV
WHVWHGWKURXJKWKHXVHRISDUDPHWULFPRGHOLQJZKLFKVLPXODWHGWKHJHRPHWULFFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKH
DVVHPEO\LQHDFKRIWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHQRGHSRVLWLRQV
7KHGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVSURYLGHGIRUWKHXVHRISUHVFULSWLYHGHVLJQGRFXPHQWDWLRQZKLFKSURYLGHGWKH
FRQWUDFWRUZLWKFOHDUJHRPHWULFDQGIRUFHGDWD7KHUHVXOWLQJIDEULFDWLRQDVVHPEO\DQGLQVWDOODWLRQ
RFFXUUHGZLWKRXWPDMRULQFLGHQW6XEVWDQWLDOFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHFDEOHQHWZDVDFKLHYHGLQ-XQH
DWDQHVWLPDWHGFRVWRI07KH)XOWRQ&HQWHUFRPSOH[LVVFKHGXOHGWRRSHQWRWKHSXEOLF
LQ)HEUXDU\

 $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQN5LFDUGR3LWWHOOD3($VVRFLDWH3ULQFLSDO-RKQ%DWFKHORU
'LUHFWRUDQG&UDLJ&RYLODQG0DUNXV6FKXOWH3ULQFLSDOVDW$UXSIRUWKHLUVXSHUYLVLRQDQG
JXLGDQFHGXULQJWKHHQWLUHSURMHFW:HZRXOGDOVROLNHWRWKDQN-DPHV&DUSHQWHU5LFKDUG.UHVV
&DPHURQ:XDQG7RUVWHQ6FKODXHUVEDFKDW-&'$DQG*ULPVKDZ$UFKLWHFWV3&1HZ<RUNIRU
WKHLUFROODERUDWLRQRQWKHSURMHFW6SHFLDOWKDQNVDUHH[WHQGHGWRWKH07$LQSDUWLFXODU8GD\'XUJ
5DM'HVDLDQG9LUJLQLD%RUNRVNL$OOLPDJHVFRXUWHV\RI07$&&1<&7DQG$UXS$OOLPDJHV‹
07$&&1<&7$OOSKRWRJUDSKV‹$UXS=DN.RVWXUD