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( UPSC Syllabus )

Part A - Preliminary Examination - Optional Subjects


Examination Syllabus - Subject : Mathematics

1. Algebra: Elements of Set Theory; Algebra of Real and Complex numbers including
Demovire's theorem; Polynomials and Polynomial equations, relation between
Coefficients and Roots, symmetric functions of roots; Elements of Group Theory; Sub-
Group, Cyclic groups, Permutation, Groups and their elementary properties. Rings,
Integral Domains and Fields and their elementary properties.
2. Vector Spaces and Matrices: Vector Space, Linear Dependence and Independence.
Sub-spaces. Basis and Dimensions, Finite Dimensional Vector Spaces. Linear
Transformation of a Finite Dimensional Vector Space, Matrix Representation. Singular
and Nonsingular Transformations. Rank and Nullity. Matrices : Addition, Multiplication,
Determinants of a Matrix, Properties of Determinants of order, Inverse of a Matrix,
Cramer's rule.
3. Geometry and Vectors: Analytic Geometry of straight lines and conics in Cartesian and
Polar coordinates; Three Dimensional geometry for planes, straight lines, sphere, cone
and cylinder. Addition, Subtraction and Products of Vectors and Simple applications to
Geometry.
4. Calculus: Functions, Sequences, Series, Limits, Continuity, Derivatives. Application of
Derivatives : Rates of change, Tangents, Normals, Maxima, Minima, Rolle's Theorem,
Mean Value Theorems of Lagrange and Cauchy, Asymptotes, Curvature. Methods of
finding indefinite integrals, Definite Integrals, Fundamental Theorem of integrals
Calculus. Application of definite integrals to area, Length of a plane curve, Volume and
Surfaces of revolution.
5. Ordinary Differential Equations: Order and Degree of a Differential Equation, First
order differential Equations, Singular solution, Geometrical interpretation, Second order
equations with constant coefficients.
6. Mechanics: Concepts of particles-Lamina; Rigid Body; Displacements; force; Mass;
weight; Motion; Velocity; Speed; Acceleration; Parallelogram of forces; Parallelogram of
velocity, acceleration; resultant; equilibrium of coplanar forces; Moments; Couples;
Friction; Centre of mass, Gravity; Laws of motion; Motion of a particle in a straight line;
simple Harmonic Motion; Motion under conservative forces; Motion under gravity;
Projectile; Escape velocity; Motion of artificial satellites.
7. Elements of Computer Programming: Binary system, Octal and Hexadecimal systems.
Conversion to and from Decimal systems. Codes, Bits, Bytes and Words. Memory of a
computer, Arithmetic and Logical operations on numbers. Precisions. AND, OR, XOR,
NOT and Shit/Rotate operators, Algorithms and Flow Charts.

( UPSC Syllabus )
Part B - Main Examination - Optional Subjects
Main Examination Syllabus - Subject : Mathematics
Paper-I

Section-A

• Linear Algebra

Vector, space, linear dependance and independance, subspaces, bases, dimensions. Finite
dimensional vector spaces.

Matrices, Cayley-Hamiliton theorem, eigenvalues and eigenvectors, matrix of linear


transformation, row and column reduction, Echelon form, eqivalence, congruences and
similarity, reduction to cannonical form, rank, orthogonal, symmetrical, skew
symmetrical, unitary, hermitian, skew-hermitian forms–their eigenvalues.
Orthogonal and unitary reduction of quadratic and hermitian forms, positive definite
quardratic forms.

• Calculus

Real numbers, limits, continuity, differerentiability, mean-value theorems, Taylor's


theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms, maximas and minima, asymptotes.
Functions of several variables: continuity, differentiability, partial derivatives, maxima
and minima, Lagrange's method of multipliers, Jacobian. Riemann's definition of definite
integrals, indefinite integrals, infinite and improper intergrals, beta and gamma functions.
Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques only). Areas, surface and volumes,
centre of gravity.

• Analytic Geometry

Cartesian and polar coordinates in two and three dimesnions, second degree equations in
two and three dimensions, reduction to cannonical forms, straight lines, shortest distance
between two skew lines, plane, sphere, cone, cylinder., paraboloid, ellipsoid, hyperboloid
of one and two sheets and their properties.

Section-B

• Ordinary Differential Equations

Formulation of differential equations, order and degree, equations of first order and first
degree, integrating factor, equations of first order but not of first degree, Clariaut's
equation, singular solution.
Higher order linear equations, with constant coefficients, complementary function and
particular integral, general solution, Euler-Cauchy equation.

Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, determination of complete


solution when one solution is known, method of variation of parameters.

• Dynamics, Statics and Hydrostatics

Degree of freedom and constraints, rectilinerar motion, simple harmonic motion, motion
in a plane, projectiles, constrained motion, work and energy, conservation of energy,
motion under impulsive forces, Kepler's laws, orbits under central forces, motion of
varying mass, motion under resistance.

Equilibrium of a system of particles, work and potential energy, friction, common


catenary, principle of virtual work, stability of equilibrium, equilibrium of forces in three
dimensions.

Pressure of heavy fluids, equilibrium of fluids under given system of forces Bernoulli's
equation, centre of pressure, thrust on curved surfaces, equilibrium of floating bodies,
stability of equilibrium, metacentre, pressure of gases.

• Vector Analysis

Scalar and vector fields, triple, products, differentiation of vector function of a scalar
variable, Gradient, divergence and curl in cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates
and their physical interpretations. Higher order derivatives, vector identities and vector
quations.

Application to Geometry: Curves in space, curvature and torision. Serret-Frenet's


formulae, Gauss and Stokes' theorems, Green's identities.

Paper-II

Section-A

• Algebra

Groups, subgroups, normal subgroups, homomorphism of groups quotient groups basic


isomorophism theorems, Sylow's group, permutation groups, Cayley theorem. Rings and
ideals, principal ideal domains, unique factorization domains and Euclidean domains.
Field extensions, finite fields.

• Real Analysis

Real number system, ordered sets, bounds, ordered field, real number system as an
ordered field with least upper bound property, cauchy sequence, completeness,
Continuity and uniform continuity of functions, properties of continuous functions on
compact sets. Riemann integral, improper integrals, absolute and conditional convergence
of series of real and complex terms, rearrangement of series. Uniform convergence,
continuity, differentiability and integrability for sequences and series of functions.
Differentiation of fuctions of several variables, change in the order of partial derivatives,
implict function theorem, maxima and minima. Multiple integrals.

• Complex Analysis

Analytic function, Cauchy-Riemann equations, Cauchy's theorem, Cauchy's integral


formula, power series, Taylor's series, Laurent's Series, Singularities, Cauchy's residue
theorem, contour integration. Conformal mapping, bilinear transformations.

• Linear Programming

Linear programming problems, basic solution, basic feasible solution and optimal
solution, graphical method and Simplex method of solutions. Duality.

Transportation and assignment problems. Travelling salesman problmes.

Section-B

• Partial differential equations

Curves and surfaces in three dimesnions, formulation of partial differential equations,


solutions of equations of type dx/p=dy/q=dz/r; orthogonal trajectories, pfaffian
differential equations; partial differential equations of the first order, solution by
Cauchy's method of characteristics; Charpit's method of solutions, linear partial
differential equations of the second order with constant coefficients, equations of
vibrating string, heat equation, laplace equation.
• Numerical Analysis and Computer programming

Numerical methods: Solution of algebraic and transcendental equations of one variable


by bisection, Regula-Falsi and Newton-Raphson methods, solution of system of linear
equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan (direct) methods, Gauss-
Seidel(iterative) method. Newton's (Forward and backward) and Lagrange's method of
interpolation.

• Numerical integration

Simpson's one-third rule, tranpezodial rule, Gaussian quardrature formula.

Numerical solution of ordinary differential equations: Euler and Runge Kutta-methods.

• Computer Programming

Storage of numbers in Computers, bits, bytes and words, binary system. arithmetic and
logical operations on numbers. Bitwise operations. AND, OR , XOR, NOT, and
shift/rotate operators. Octal and Hexadecimal Systems. Conversion to and form decimal
Systems.

Representation of unsigned integers, signed integers and reals, double precision reals and
long integrers.

Algorithms and flow charts for solving numerical analysis problems.

Developing simple programs in Basic for problems involving techniques covered in the
numerical analysis.

• Mechanics and Fluid Dynamics

Generalised coordinates, constraints, holonomic and non-holonomic , systems. D'


Alembert's principle and Lagrange' equations, Hamilton equations, moment of intertia,
motion of rigid bodies in two dimensions.

Equation of continuity, Euler's equation of motion for inviscid flow, stream-lines, path of
a particle, potential flow, two-dimensional and axisymetric motion, sources and sinks,
vortex motion, flow past a cylinder and a sphere, method of images. Navier-Stokes
equation for a viscous

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