Uderstanding Wimax Model With OPNET

Session 1579
Understanding WiMAX Model

Internals and Interfaces
Network R&D
CONFIDENTIAL ─ RESTRICTED ACCESS: This information may not be disclosed, copied, or transmitted in any
format without the prior written consent of OPNET Technologies, Inc.
© 2008 OPNET Technologies, Inc.
1579 Understanding WiMAX Model Internals and Interfaces
Session Abstract
CONFIDENTIAL ─ RESTRICTED ACCESS: This information may not be disclosed, copied, or transmitted in any format without the prior written consent of OPNET Technologies, Inc. © 2008 OPNET Technologies, Inc.
2
Agenda
Introduction
WiMAX Model Overview
Lab 1: Adaptive Subframe Allocation
Data Plane Design
• Data Packet Processing
• Bandwidth Request System
• Interface with Control Plane
Control Plane Design
• Admission Control
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Measurement Module
• Mobility
Lab 1: Forced Handover Initiated by the Network
• ARQ
• HARQ
• Adaptive Modulation and Coding
• MIMO
Conclusion
3
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
4
WiMAX Specifications
IEEE 802.16-2004
• Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems
IEEE 802.16e-2005
• Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems
WiMAX Forum
• WiMAX System Evaluation Methodology (AATG/AWG)
• Network architecture and reference points (WiMAX Forum NWG)
WiMAX End-to-End Network Systems Architecture
Flexibility
• Multiple alternatives
• Many optional features
5
OPNET's Model Development Consortia
WiMAX Model Development Consortium

• Prominent network equipment manufacturers, service providers, defense
organizations
• Benefits to consortium members
Early access to WiMAX model
Opportunity to influence design requirements
• Phased release schedule
• Current members: 53
• Founding member: Motorola
• Successful past consortia
MPLS, UMTS, DOCSIS, MANET
• Guidelines from WiMAX Forum AATG/AWG
Upcoming model development consortium: 3GPP LTE
6
WiMAX Model Features
MAC
• Bandwidth allocation and request mechanisms
BS scheduler for uplink and downlink
Scheduling service for UGS, ertPS, rtPS, nrtPS, BE
• Multi-level ertPS allocations (15.0)
MSDU packing and fragmentation
CDMA based bandwidth requests (aggregated)
Piggyback bandwidth requests (incremental)
• Framing
Grant consolidation per Basic CID
Burst rectangulation
MAP generation
IP convergence sub-layer
Service flow configuration and mapping of traffic to service flows
Frame reservation – implicitly modeled frame usage
Frame overloading factor (15.0)
7
MAC
• Initial and periodic ranging
• ARQ
In-order SDU delivery
Cumulative and selective (bitmap and block sequence) ACKs
Fragmentation and Packing
• Hybrid ARQ (chase combining)
• Mobility
Scanning-based BS selection
Handover
Access service network (ASN) Assisted Handover (L3)
Multi-target BS
• Uplink open-loop power control (15.0)
• Power saving (15.0)
8
PHY
• TDD
• OFDMA, SOFDMA
Preset values for SOFDMA (FFT 128, 512, 1024, 2048)
• Co-channel Interference
Subcarrier to subchannel mapping
Pre-computed tables for subcarrier overlap
Permbase
• Multi-path fading
ITU models (Pedestrian A, Pedestrian B, Vehicular A, Vehicular B)
Finite State Markov Channel models
• Pathloss modeling
ITU (Pedestrian, Vehicular)
Erceg (terrains A, B, C)
• MIMO STC 2x1 (downlink only)
Network features
• Multi-cell
• Multi-sector (3-sector BS available)
• IP Connectivity
9
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
10
WiMAX Model Entities
Nodes
• WiMAX Configuration Utility
• Subscriber Station Node

Fixed or mobile (MS)
Full stack
• Base Station Node

Fixed (BS)
IP-stack (router)
11
WiMAX Model Statistics
MS-node only
• Per service flow statistics
• Ranging and mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
12
WiMAX Model Statistics
BS-node only
Frame occupancy
Neighbor advertisements
Both MS and BS
• Per node traffic statistics
• PHY statistics
Load (no MAC overhead) Throughput (no MAC overhead)
MAC drops WiMAX MAC WiMAX MAC

(overflow)
Traffic Sent (MAC overhead) Traffic Received (MAC overhead)
13
WiMAX Reports
Admission control reports

• Collected on each BS (without explicit user intervention)
14
WiMAX Topologies
One WiMAX cell

WiMAX
WiMAX
Multiple WiMAX cells/sectors
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WLAN
WLAN
WLAN Hotspot
WiMAX
WiMAX WLAN
Hotspot
Hotspot
Hotspot
15
WiMAX Topologies (cont.)
Mobile subscriber nodes

• Layer 2 Handover: WiMAX
• Layer 3 Handover: Mobile IP or Access Service Network
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
WiMAX
16
WiMAX Model Abstractions

Four abstraction levels
• Incremental accuracy, backward compatibility
• Set via “Efficiency Mode” attribute of WiMAX Config node
Efficiency Enabled: Abstracted MAC without physical

layer
• Most common use case: capacity planning
Framing Module Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) +

abstracted PHY
• Most common use case: QoS and application deployment
planning
• Delays more accurate than in “Efficiency Enabled”
Physical Layer Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) + PHY

• Most common use case: PHY transmission and channel effects
• Co-channel interference, multipath fading and pathloss effects
• Broadcast connections
Mobility and Ranging Enabled: Previous + mobility and

ranging capabilities
• Most common use case: Mobility modeling
• Scanning and handover delays
• Initial and periodic ranging (delays, MS power levels)
17
Model Architecture – Node Level
MAC and physical layer

Full stack (support for TCP, UDP, IP, routing, application, etc)
wimax_ss_wkstn wimax_bs_router
WiMAX MAC
module
WiMAX PHY
support
18
Model Architecture – Node Level (cont.)

wimax_3sector_bs_atm2_ethernet2_slip4_wlan_router_adv
3 sector base stations
• ASN support: IP interface with 3
WiMAX ports
All WiMAX MACs connect to the
same IP subnet
• Mobile IP support: 3 IP/WiMAX
interfaces
Each WiMAX MAC connects to a
different IP subnet
mac_interface module
• oms_mux_demux_user_position_update()
• oms_mux_demux_user_position_remove()
wimax3_bs_atm2_ethernet2_slip4_wlan_router_adv
19
Model Architecture – Process Level

wimax_mac_module
• Root process: wimax_mac.pr.m
Main data plane functions
• Child processes:
wimax_bs_control.pr.m
wimax_mac
• Control plane operation for BS
wimax_ss_control.pr.m
• Control plane operation for SS
wimax_ss_control
wimax_bs_control
20
MS Control Characteristics
MS control contains mobility-related transient states

Scanning &
Handover
Entry & Initial Operational

Ranging Steady State
When mobility mode is not used the
“idle_alt” is the operational state
21
Antenna Modeling Enhancements in 15.0
Enhancements for defining antenna

patterns
• A second axis and target point, namely
rotation handle, to prevent ambiguity
with asymmetrical patterns
• Improved antenna pattern editor GUI
• Formula based gain computation:
external libraries
22

(cont.)
Multiple antennas can have separate locations on the node
• Specify the position of the antenna with respect to the center of the node
Support for “bolted” antennas
• Alternative to “targeted” antennas
• Coverage area turns with the node when the node changes direction while
moving
x-y plane view
primary and
secondary
targets – click
x-z plane view and drag to set
antenna location –
click and drag to set
23

(cont.)
For all details on antenna modeling and visualization, and these new
features: session 1577
24
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
25
Lab1: Implement a vendor-specific component

• Dynamically change the resource allocated to the uplink and downlink subframes
• Define an mechanism that evaluates utilization conditions and perform re-allocation of
resources
Initial partition DL Subframe UL Subframe
UL “grows” DL Subframe UL Subframe
Reset DL Subframe UL Subframe

Lab1: Summary
• Performing adaptive subframe allocation
Allow a more flexible balance of the system capacity between uplink and downlink
segments
Vendor specific algorithms requires simulation to characterize their behavior and
how they affect the system
• OPNET’s open source code facilitates vendor-specific customizations of WiMAX

models
26
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
27
MAC Data Plane: Higher Layer Packet

Data packet arrives from higher layer wimax_support.h (detail)
wimax_mac (detail)
WimaxT_Multiplexer
Per CID data connection:
WimaxT_Shaper_Queue_Elem
BW requirements
CID
SDU Classifier SDU Data Queue MPDU
1 2 Enqueue packet into connection

Classify the packet
(update BW requirements)
28
MAC Data Plane: Classifier
Packet is classified
• Into a service class (according to classifier attributes)
• (service class, destination MAC) => actual connection (CID)
Packets not matching
Assigned to “System Default” connection (Best Effort)
29
MAC Data Plane: Lower Layer Packet
Data packet arrives from lower layer

wimax_mac (detail)
WimaxT_Demultiplexer
Per CID Rx data connection:
WimaxT_Receiver Conn_Element
service flow
MPDU CID To higher

Reassembly SDUs SDU layer
1 Associate packet with connection
30
Bandwidth Request System
Interface with Data Plane
Aggregated request size =

total_bw_required_bytes
Incremental request size =

total_bw_required_bytes – last_bw_requsted_bytes
31
BW Request Type
wimax_support.h (detail)
Aggregated
• CDMA based BW request (BE)
• BW request for polling services
• Requested size = current BW requirements
• Overrides total BW requirements for the
connection at the BS wimax_support.ex.c (detail)
Query BW requirements (aggregated or incremental)
Incremental
As a BW request message
A
• Piggyback BW request
• Difference between the size As integer
B
of the last aggregated BW
request sent and the current
BW requirements
Examples
• Increases the BW Aggregated
requirements at the BS by A BE
the indicated amount
A nrtPS, rtPS
• Disable/enable via attribute Incremental
B BE, nrtPS,
rtPS
32
Grant Arrival
Grant for data packet transmission arrives from control plane

wimax_mac (detail) Use the grant to send a data packet
1
a Unframed MAC efficiency mode
b Framed MAC efficiency mode
2
Dequeue from SDU queue (create a MAC PDU)
Fragmentation and packing are performed
OR
Update BW requirements
3
Send the MPDU
4
33
MAC Data Exchange Chart (rtPS)
Example of uplink (SS » BS) transmission
34
MAC Data/Control Plane Interface
Shared memory
• Parent-to-child memory: WimaxT_Data_Plane_Config
wimax_support.h
Control plane modules
Data plane modules
35
MAC Data/Control Plane Interface
Immediate invocations
wimax_mac (detail)
• From data plane (root process) to control (child
process) on arrival of a control message
Scheduled interrupts
• From control (child process) after MAP-decoding
the list of grants is passed to the data plane (root
process) wimax_support.ex.c (details)
wimax_support_grant_to_data_plane_give( )
wimax_ss_control
wimax_mac
36
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
37
Base Station Admission Control
Admission control context wimax_bs_control_dsa_req_process()

• Triggered by the arrival of DSA-REQ at the BS
wimax_bs_control_dsa_req_process()
Extract the service flow from DSA
1 wimax_bs_control_is_svc_flow_admitted()
Estimate symbols per frame (x)
needed to satisfy service flow
If x < C (capacity available for

2 admission), admit the flow
wimax_bs_control_admission_rate_check()
yes Is flow DL ?
Set of admitted flows stored no
• List admission_control_flow_lptr Set up connection Send DSA-RSP
in data mux back to SS; set up
• Inside the WimaxT_Data_Plane_Config
• Used in admission control report state in demux
END
38
Base Station Admission Control (cont.)
Admission control state

• Structure WimaxT_Admission_State_Info
• Preserved as state variable in wimax_bs_control (one per BS)
• Contains:
Available UL, DL subframe space (in modulation symbols)
Admission control functions

• Defined in Function Block of wimax_bs_control
• wimax_bs_control_admission_rate_check()
UGS, ertPS: guaranteed Max Sustained Traffic Rate
rtPS: guaranteed Min Reserved Traffic Rate + polling for Max Sustained
nrtPS: guaranteed Min Reserved Traffic Rate + polling for Min Reserved
BE: no guarantee (admitted without checks!)
39
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
40
Base Station Scheduler
Determine the order of Scheduling for Best Effort and Polling Services
grants to rtPS, nrtPS, BW request queues for Best BW request queues for Polling
BE connections Effort Service Services
UGS grants bypass
the scheduler order
BE, CID8
rtPS, CID8
BE, CID6
BE, CID5
BE, CID1
rtPS, CID6
nrtPS, CID5
nrtPS, CID1
(most time sensitive)
Feed the MAP

generation module with
an ordered list of grants
Weighted Modified Deficit
Round WRR Round Robin MDRR
Robin
Priority Queuing
BE is serviced only if PQ
PS queues are empty
To MAP generation
41
BS Scheduler and MAP Generation
Two schedulers: one for UL-MAP, one for DL-MAP

As long as there is space in the frame
• Dequeue grants from the scheduler
• Place grants in the frame; make MAP IE accordingly
• UGS and polls are “injected” periodically, bypassing scheduler
42
BS Scheduler and MAP Generation
43
BS Scheduler Interfaces
When setting up state within the scheduler for a new flow

• wimax_bs_control_sched_new_flow_notify()
• Called from wimax_bs_control_dsa_req_process() if the flow is admitted
When feeding a bandwidth request in

• wimax_bs_control_sched_bw_req_notify()
Called for two types of bandwidth requests
• Local (from BS data plane), going into DL scheduler
• Remote (from SS data plane), going into UL scheduler
When drawing a grant out

• wimax_bs_control_sched_bw_req_dequeue()
Called from map generation functions (SC, OFDMA)
Called as many times as needed to fill the subframe
To replace scheduler functionality

• Polling services: wimax_bs_control_sched_mdrr_q_select()
• Best Effort: wimax_bs_control_sched_rr_q_select
44
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
45
Ranging Data Exchange Chart
46
Ranging Implementation
Transmission power control algorithm

• First Initial Ranging CDMA code → ½ Maximum Transmission Power
• BS issues per-subchannel power density correction in RNG-RSP

δ = (Minimum Power Density + Maximum Power Density)/2 – Rx Power
Minimum/Maximum Power Density are in dBm/subchannel
Code reference: wimax_bs_control_cdma_process()
• MS adjusts the transmitted power by δ dBm/subchannel

If the resulting total power is higher than Maximum Transmission Power, MS sets
total power to Maximum Transmission Power
• The MS sends new CDMA code with Maximum Transmission Power
• If RNG-RSP status is again Continue, the MS abandons ranging with the BS
Code reference: wimax_ss_control_rng_rsp_process()
47
Ranging Implementation
Enforcing a maximum number of MS per BS

• BS responds to any ranging CDMA code with RNG-RSP (Abort) if
The number of MS per BS equals “Maximum Number of SS Nodes”
The MS always sends CDMA codes for the purpose of ranging

• Except a one-time sending of RNG-REQ during Initial Ranging
The exception is required by the assignment of Basic CID
48
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
49
Measurements Module
Used for: UL/DL, RSSI and CINR Actual
measurements Moving average
One measurement module per receiver (of weight α)
Measurement Module
RSSI Measurement Entity E[X]
key Hash
Measurement Entity
time
CINR
E[X^2]
Measurement State
key Hash
Notification State time

α
wimax_support.h (detail) Var[X] = E[X]^2 – E[X^2]
- Threshold → notification trigger condition:

average < threshold
- Threshold evaluated after each measurement
- Client state (installed as interrupt state)
- Interrupt event handle
- Client module where remote interrupt is sent
50
Measurements Module
Measurement module APIs

• To register measurement by key: wimax_support_measurement_register()
Key in BS: ss_mac_objid
Key in SS: group_id (BS_ID of the serving BS)
• To set the trigger for notification when average falls below threshold:
wimax_support_measurement_by_type_notification_threshold_set()
• To retrieve current average: wimax_support_measurement_by_type_read()
• To collect a new measurement from packet:

wimax_phy_support_measurements_collect()
51
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
52
Scanning Data Exchange Chart
53
Scanning Implementation
Initiated by the MS or BS
MS scans only advertised BS neighbors (MOB_NBR-ADV)
Scanning mode – synchronized between MS and BS
• Scanning – tune to different target BS (in neighbor list) and measure
• Serving BS blocks all traffic to MS, as long as MS scans
• BS maintains scanning state for each attached MS
• Interleaving – tune back to
serving BS (normal operation)
54
BS Neighborhoods Formation
Based on attribute Neighborhood Membership

• List of Neighborhood IDs
• Each BS may belong to multiple
neighborhoods (multiple IDs)
Each BS advertises all BS
nodes included in the union
of all neighborhoods it
belongs to
MS can only perform
handover with BS nodes
within the advertised
list
55
Handover and ASN Anchor Mobility
56
Scanning Thresholds
Scanning trigger: Multiple scanning thresholds
57
Scanning/Handover Integration
Handover trigger: uses HO threshold hysteresis
Target list : uses HO multi-target hysteresis
58
Handover Implementation
MS-initiated
HO decision taken based on scanning of neighbor BS nodes
• Neighborhood of any BS is specified via attribute “Neighborhood
Membership” in lieu of backbone discovery of neighbors
Retain Timer
• MS can return to old BS
if network entry fails with
target
To Initial
Ranging
59
Scanning/Handover Integration (cont.)
Transitions across mobility procedures (wimax_ss_control)
60
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
61
Lab 2: Network Initiated Handover
Lab2: WiMAX Protocol R&D

• Implement a non-standard component
Network-initiated handover based on sector capacity
MS load is balanced among capacity-constrained set of BSs
Lab2: Summary
• The non-standard network-initiated handover
Improves overall throughput over the WiMAX network
Can be fine-tuned for performance under a large variety of scenarios
• OPNET’s open source code facilitates vendor-specific customizations of

WiMAX models
62
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
63
ARQ
ARQ is enabled optionally on a per service flow basis

Cumulative, Selective Bitmap and Selective Block Sequence ACKs are supported
APIs in wimax_arq_support.ex.c
64
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
65
HARQ Support and Model Entities
The HARQ support package defines physical-layer functionality for HARQ operation
OPNET Models support Chase Combining variant of HARQ
The following are the HARQ entities explained in brief
• HARQ handler
Abstraction of a “data flow pipe” between a wireless Tx-Rx pair
• HARQ channel
Logical entity that lets you transfer packets over an HARQ handler
Each channel has a buffer with limited configurable size associated
BS DL HARQ DL HARQ
handler channels
SS
UL HARQ UL HARQ
channels handler
66
Basic HARQ Operations
Transmissions
• Occur on “Open HARQ channels”
• Multiple channels in a handler allow parallel transmissions
• An HARQ packet can hold a MAC PDU from only one connection (CID).
Acknowledgements (ACKs)
• Support for implicit (UL) and explicit ACK (DL)
• Absence of ACK represents a NACK
Retransmissions
• The allocation requests for HARQ retransmissions are serviced with highest priority
compared to other allocation requests in a given scheduling class
Chase combining
• Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the retransmitted packets is added to the SNR of the original
transmitted packet
SINR k = ∑ SINR(i )
i
67
HARQ Functions
HARQ support code : harq_support.ex.c

Location: <rel_dir>/models/std/wireless
Function definitions : harq_support.h
Location: <rel_dir>/models/std/include
Important data type
• HarqT_Handle
• HarqT_Transmission_State
• HarqT_Receiver_State
Important functions
• harq_support_transmission_channel_find()
Finds an “open HARQ channel” in the given HARQ handler for a new HARQ
transmission
• harq_support_packet_transmission_prepare
Prepare a MAC PDU for new HARQ transmission
Prepare a MAC PDU for a retransmission
• harq_support_packet_coding_gain_calculate
Computes the coding gain achieved from Chase combining
68
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
69
AMC Implementation
CINR measurements are used to determine MCS changes
• For DL, measurements are collected from MAP (collected at SS)
• For UL, measurements are collected from data bursts (collected at BS)
CQICH period is provided to the SS during the network entry procedure.
All the service flows with adaptive modulation use the same MCS for a given direction (UL or
DL) in a SS.
MCS change happens as per the AMC table.
• UL and DL have a separate AMC table for each other
70
AMC Implementation
71
AMC Functions and Files
All the functions related to AMC are available in the external file
wimax_amc_support.ex.c
The MCS change algorithm is given in the function

wimax_amc_modulation_coding_adapt() which is available in the file
wimax_amc_support.ex.c
72
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
73
STC 2x1 MIMO Implementation

STC 2x1 MIMO is only available in DL and with multipath enabled
The STC 2x1 MIMO implementation is a part of the multipath framework of OPNET’s WiMAX
models
There is an FSMC associated for every channel model and a system configuration pair
wimax_phy_mpath_support.ex.c
Decides the
The system configurations are Insert new system
initialization of the
channel models
internally handled in a data configurations
structure given on the left
wimax_phy_mpath_support.h
The DL system configuration is

decided by this attribute in the base
station:
74
STC 2x1 MIMO Implementation (cont.)

The FSMC data structure consists of 3 parts
• Transition Probability Matrix
• A rule to convert average SNR to effective SNR based on the current channel state
Coefficients of a polynomial
• Antenna power normalization factor
0 dB for single transmitter and 3 dB for 2 transmitters
wimax_phy_mpath_support.h
75
STC 2x1 MIMO Implementation (cont.)
The tpm and eesm_poly_coeff in an FSMC are initialized with the values obtained
from offline simulations.
Initializations
76
Agenda
Introduction
Data Plane Design
• Scheduler
• Ranging
• Mobility
• ARQ
• HARQ
• MIMO
Conclusion
77
References
IEEE Standards
• IEEE 802.16-2004
• IEEE 802.16e-2005
WiMAX Forum (www.wimaxforum.org/technology/documents)

• “WiMAX Forum Mobile System Profile, Version 1.0”
• “WiMAX Forum Network Architecture, Version 1.2”
• WiMAX Forum whitepapers (may require membership to access)
“WiMAX System Evaluation Methodology Version 2.01”
“Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance
Evaluation”, 2006
“Mobile WiMAX – Part II: A Comparative Analysis”, 2006
78
Related Sessions
WiMAX-specific:
• 1571 “Introduction to WiMAX Modeling for Network R&D and Planning”
• 1827 “Introduction to WiMAX”
• 1566 “Case Studies: WiMAX Networks”
Other related sessions:
• 1577 “Modeling and Visualizing Antennas”
• 1502 “Debugging Simulation Models - Introduction”
• 1503 “Debugging Simulation Models - Advanced”
• 1530 “Modeling Custom Wireless Effects”
• 1538 “Case Studies: Specialized Wireless Network Modeling”
• 1540 “Case Studies: Wireless Protocol Modeling”
• 1550 “Accelerating Simulations Using Efficient Modeling Techniques”
79
Take-Away Points
OPNET’s WiMAX model suite supports a rich set of features of

802.16e standard, also following WiMAX forum recommendations
Various modeling techniques and optional abstraction approaches are

implemented to significantly improve the simulation execution
performance of the models
Subframe partition size is a critical system parameter that should be

carefully estimated according to the application traffic expected in the
WiMAX network
Implementation of 802.16e protocol requires many vendor specific

algorithms and procedures
• Open source code of OPNET’s WiMAX models can be customized to help you
design and analyze any vendor specific feature implementation
80
Appendix
WiMAX OFDMA PHY Design

MAP Generation
Acronyms
81
WiMAX-Specific Modeling
Pipeline stages modified for WiMAX A transmitter communicates

with receivers that share same
PHY profile, communication
direction (UL/DL)
Propagation delay = 0
within same sector (to If packet originates in the same
model sync to BS clock) sector as the receiver, it is valid;
otherwise, it is interference
Pathloss models
(ITU and IEEE); Multipath-fading
log-normal shadow correction, based on
fading Raleigh-varying
channel model
Co-channel
interference model
used to compute
per-subcarrier
interference noise
AWGN-based BLER curves
82
Co-channel Interference Assumptions
Assumptions about the two interfering sectors

• Interference only between same PHY profiles
• Permutation zones boundaries overlap perfectly
One zone per UL, one zone per DL (current limitation)
• Subframe boundaries overlap perfectly
Frames synchronized in time
UL-DL boundaries fixed in same location (within frames)
Frequency Same permutation

zone (e.g. UL
PUSC), but possibly
DL Zone1 UL Zone1 WiMAX Sector 1
different PermBases
Freq.
width
WiMAX Sector 2
DL Zone2
UL Zone2 (co-channel interferer of 1)
Time
DL subframe UL subframe
83
Co-channel Interference Model
CoCh interference computed at the receiver, given two packets

• Valid packet (signal locked to receiver)
• Interference packet
Each packet carries

• Subchannel range
Count overlapping subcarriers

• For every pair of subchannels
• Given subcarrier-to-subchannel maps
Permutation, PermBase
#overlapping subcarriers
I= #subcarriers in interfering pk.
* Pinterfering pk.
84
Co-channel Interference Implementation
Inoise pipeline stage

• Receiver pipeline stage
• Invoked once for every packet
Whose reception overlaps in time with the current packet
Current packet is the packet to which receiver is signal-locked
May be called
several times for a
given time interval.
Interference
cumulates with
every call.
85
Multipath Fading
Applicable to OFDMA (SC assumed equalization in receiver)
Multiplicative correction to per-tone SNR

• The multiplicative correction factor h[i] for a given tone i evolves in time
• The evolution of h[i] is time correlated
EESM (per-tone SNR for all tones in subchannel) = effective SNR

• EESM yields the effective SNR “equivalent” to the set of per-tone SNRs
• “Equivalent” SNR = SNR for AWGN channel that produces same error rates
Feed effective SNR into BLER vs. SNR curve for AWGN channel
Retrieve BLER
86
Multipath Fading Implementation
Conceptual schematic
Interference
Avg Effective BLER BLER

Noise
SNR SNR
SNR BLER of the packet
Rx Power (accounting for all
channel impairments,
(0-average
and all the coding +
multipath
fading) modulation at the
tx/rx)
FSMC
Instantaneous
fading state
σ2
σ1
τ1 τ2 FSMC is
selected based Modulation Coding
Delay portfolio on the multipath
(multipath
channel model)
channel model
87
Multipath Fading Implementation
Signal to Noise Ratio pipeline

Form the average SNR first (multipath fading is a zero-mean process)
Add the current correction for multipath fading
• The correction factor changes over time (as given by FSMC)
Called once for

every interval of
constant average
SNR during the
packet reception
88
Appendix

MAP Generation
Acronyms
89
MAP Generation Interfaces
One function call per sub-frame: UL, DL

• wimax_bs_control_map_generate()
• First call for UL, second call for DL
Order is imposed by need to know UL-MAP overhead on DL
Two stages
• Choose a set of grants to cover the current sub-frame
• Generates bursts containing the grants
Amalgamate the grants into bursts: by CID, by MS (Basic CID)
Map the coordinates of each burst in the frame
The two stages (choose grants, generate bursts) differ for UL, DL
• UL: overhead is independent of burst order
Amalgamation can be done after mapping, by permuting bursts
• DL: overhead is dependent on burst order
Amalgamation must happen in tandem with mapping
90
MAP Generation
Four IE Dimension Types start symbol duration symbols
Burst Type1 (SC)
start symbol duration symbols

start
subchannel Burst Type2
(OFDMA)
duration subchannels
start symbol
start
subchannel
duration symbols
Burst Type3
(OFDMA)
OPNET
interference
modeled on
rectangular
bursts
91
MAP Generation Flowchart
UL-MAP generation
92
MAP Generation
MAP overhead minimization strategy

• Amalgamate all bursts dedicated to same CID in one burst
Many IEs → one IE
MAC PDU overhead saving via fragmentation and packing
Burst amalgamation differs between UL and DL

• UL
Step1: decide the duration of each dim type3 UL burst
Step2: permute the bursts so that same CID bursts are adjacent
Step2 is done after Step1 is repeated once for each burst
• wimax_bs_control_ul_ofdma_map_shuffle()
• DL
Step1: amalgamate same-CID grants into one burst
Step2: decide the dim type 2 coordinates of each burst
• Both steps taken in wimax_bs_control_one_ofdma_map_generate()
93
MAP Generation
UL burst amalgamation
DL burst amalgamation
94
Appendix

MAP Generation
Acronyms
95
Acronyms
AMC Adaptive Modulation And Coding
ARQ Automatic Repeat-Request
ASN Access Service Network
BE Best Effort
BER Bit Error Rate
BLER Block Error Rate
BS Base Station
BW Bandwidth
CDMA Code division multiple access
DL Downlink
DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
EESM Exponential Effective SINR Mapping
ertPS Extended Real Time Polling Service
FSMC Finite State Markov Chain
GPC Grant Per Connection
GPSS Grant Per Subscriber Station
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat-Request
HO Handover
IE Information Element (in the MAP)
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ITU International Telecommunication Union
MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Networks
96
Acronyms (cont.)
MDRR Modified Deficit Round Robin
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching
MS Mobile Station
NWG Network Working Group
nrtPS Non-Real Time Polling Service
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PQ Priority Queuing
PS Polling Service
QoS Quality Of Service
rtPS Real Time Polling Service
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication
SOFDMA Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
SINR Signal To Interference And Noise Ratio (referred to as SNR in some slides)
SNR Signal To Noise Ratio
SS Subscriber Station
STC Space Time Coding
UGS Unsolicited Grant Service
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WRR Weighted Round Robin
97

Uderstanding Wimax Model With OPNET

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Uderstanding Wimax Model With OPNET

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Session 1579

Understanding WiMAX Model

OPNET's Model Development Consortia

 WiMAX Model Development Consortium

WiMAX Model Features

WiMAX Model Features

WiMAX Model Features

WiMAX Model Entities

• Subscriber Station Node

• Base Station Node

WiMAX Model Statistics

WiMAX Model Statistics

Load (no MAC overhead) Throughput (no MAC overhead)

MAC drops WiMAX MAC WiMAX MAC

Traffic Sent (MAC overhead) Traffic Received (MAC overhead)

 Admission control reports

 One WiMAX cell

 Multiple WiMAX cells/sectors

WiMAX Topologies (cont.)

 Mobile subscriber nodes

WiMAX Model Abstractions

 Efficiency Enabled: Abstracted MAC without physical

 Framing Module Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) +

 Physical Layer Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) + PHY

 Mobility and Ranging Enabled: Previous + mobility and

Model Architecture – Node Level

 MAC and physical layer

Model Architecture – Node Level (cont.)

Model Architecture – Process Level

 MS control contains mobility-related transient states

Entry & Initial Operational

Antenna Modeling Enhancements in 15.0

 Enhancements for defining antenna

Antenna Modeling Enhancements in 15.0

x-y plane view

Antenna Modeling Enhancements in 15.0

Lab 1: Adaptive Subframe Allocation

 Lab1: Implement a vendor-specific component

UL “grows” DL Subframe UL Subframe

Reset DL Subframe UL Subframe

• OPNET’s open source code facilitates vendor-specific customizations of WiMAX

MAC Data Plane: Higher Layer Packet

1 2 Enqueue packet into connection

MAC Data Plane: Classifier

MAC Data Plane: Lower Layer Packet

 Data packet arrives from lower layer

MPDU CID To higher

1 Associate packet with connection

Bandwidth Request System

 Interface with Data Plane

Aggregated request size =

Incremental request size =

 Grant for data packet transmission arrives from control plane

b Framed MAC efficiency mode

MAC Data Exchange Chart (rtPS)

 Example of uplink (SS » BS) transmission

MAC Data/Control Plane Interface

Control plane modules

Data plane modules

MAC Data/Control Plane Interface

Base Station Admission Control

 Admission control context wimax_bs_control_dsa_req_process()

If x < C (capacity available for

WiMAX Model Development Consortium

Admission control reports

One WiMAX cell

Multiple WiMAX cells/sectors

Mobile subscriber nodes

Efficiency Enabled: Abstracted MAC without physical

Framing Module Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) +

Physical Layer Enabled: MAC (frame-by-frame) + PHY

Mobility and Ranging Enabled: Previous + mobility and

MAC and physical layer

MS control contains mobility-related transient states

Enhancements for defining antenna

Lab1: Implement a vendor-specific component

Data packet arrives from lower layer

Interface with Data Plane

Grant for data packet transmission arrives from control plane

Example of uplink (SS » BS) transmission

Admission control context wimax_bs_control_dsa_req_process()

Admission control state

Admission control functions

Feed the MAP

Two schedulers: one for UL-MAP, one for DL-MAP

When setting up state within the scheduler for a new flow

When feeding a bandwidth request in

When drawing a grant out

To replace scheduler functionality

Transmission power control algorithm

Enforcing a maximum number of MS per BS

The MS always sends CDMA codes for the purpose of ranging

Measurement module APIs

Based on attribute Neighborhood Membership

Scanning trigger: Multiple scanning thresholds

Transitions across mobility procedures (wimax_ss_control)

Lab2: WiMAX Protocol R&D

ARQ is enabled optionally on a per service flow basis

HARQ support code : harq_support.ex.c

The MCS change algorithm is given in the function

The DL system configuration is

WiMAX Forum (www.wimaxforum.org/technology/documents)

OPNET’s WiMAX model suite supports a rich set of features of

Various modeling techniques and optional abstraction approaches are

Subframe partition size is a critical system parameter that should be

Implementation of 802.16e protocol requires many vendor specific

WiMAX OFDMA PHY Design

Pipeline stages modified for WiMAX A transmitter communicates

Assumptions about the two interfering sectors

CoCh interference computed at the receiver, given two packets

Each packet carries

Count overlapping subcarriers

Inoise pipeline stage

Applicable to OFDMA (SC assumed equalization in receiver)

Multiplicative correction to per-tone SNR

EESM (per-tone SNR for all tones in subchannel) = effective SNR

Signal to Noise Ratio pipeline

WiMAX OFDMA PHY Design

One function call per sub-frame: UL, DL