Baron Münchhausen 1

Baron Münchhausen
Karl Friedrich Hieronymus, Freiherr von Münchhausen (German
pronunciation: [ˈmʏnçhaʊzən]; 11 May 1720 – 22 February 1797),
usually known as Baron Münchausen in English, was a German
nobleman born in Bodenwerder (Electorate Brunswick-Lüneburg) and
a famous recounter of tall tales.
In his youth, the Baron was sent to serve as page to Anthony Ulrich II
of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and later joined the Russian military. He
served until 1750, in particular taking part in two campaigns against
the Ottoman Turks. Returning home, Münchhausen supposedly told a
number of outrageously farfetched stories about his adventures. He
died in his birthplace of Bodenwerder.

According to the stories, as retold by others, the Baron's astounding

feats included riding cannonballs, travelling to the Moon, and escaping
from a swamp by pulling himself up by his own hair (or bootstraps,
depending on who tells the story).
A portrait of Baron Karl Münchhausen ca. 1740
as a Cuirassier in Riga.

Adaptations
The stories about Münchhausen were first collected and published by
an anonymous author in 1781. An English version was published in
London in 1785, by Rudolf Erich Raspe, as Baron Munchhausen's
Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia, also
called The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen. However,
much of the humorous material in them is borrowed from other
sources. Indeed, the Baron himself was not notable for immodesty
within his profession and relative to his accomplishments, and Raspe's
publication rather damaged his reputation. Most historians agree that
Munchhausen disapproved of some of the more outrageous of the tall
tales that Raspe's book attributed to him.

In 1786, Gottfried August Bürger translated Raspe's stories back into

German, and extended them. He published them under the title of
Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande: Feldzüge und lustige
Abenteuer des Freiherrn von Münchhausen ("Marvellous Travels on
Doré's caricature of Münchhausen
Water and Land: Campaigns and Comical Adventures of the Baron of
Münchhausen"). Bürger's version is the one best known to German
readers today.

In the 19th century, the story had undergone expansions and transformations by many notable authors and had been
translated into numerous languages, totaling over 100 various editions. Baron Munchhausen's adventures have also
been published in Russia, where they are quite commonly known, especially the versions adapted for children. In
2005 a statue of Munchhausen was erected in the city of Kaliningrad (Königsberg).
Baron Münchhausen 2

It is not clear how much of the story material derives from the Baron himself; however, it is known that the majority
of the stories are based on folktales that have been in circulation for many centuries before Münchhausen's birth.

Art
Münchhausen was an object of numerous works of art, but the final say
to his visual image belongs to an edition of the book produced in 1862
and illustrated by the artist Gustave Doré.

The 1895 edition

Table of contents of the 1895 edition

Title: The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen by Rudolph

Erich Raspe
Chapters 1-20: Volume 1, Chapters 21-34: Volume 2.
• Chapter 1: The Baron relates an account of his first travels — The
astonishing effects of a storm — Arrives at Ceylon; combats and
conquers two extraordinary opponents — Returns to Holland.
• Chapter 2: In which the Baron proves himself a good shot — He
Illustration 9 by Doré
loses his horse, and finds a wolf — Makes him draw his sledge —
Promises to entertain his company with a relation of such facts as
are well deserving their notice
• Chapter 3: An encounter between the Baron's nose and a door-post, with its wonderful effects — Fifty brace of
ducks and other fowl destroyed by one shot — Flogs a fox out of his skin — Leads an old sow home in a new
way, and vanquishes a wild boar
• Chapter 4: Reflections on Saint Hubert's stag — Shoots a stag with cherry-stones; the wonderful effects of it —
Kills a bear by extraordinary dexterity; his danger pathetically described — Attacked by a wolf, which he turns
inside out — Is assailed by a mad dog, from which he escapes — The Baron's cloak seized with madness, by
which his whole wardrobe is thrown into confusion
• Chapter 5: The effects of great activity and presence of mind — A favourite hound described, which pups while
pursuing a hare; the hare also litters while pursued by the hound — Presented with a famous horse by Count
Przobossky, with which he performs many extraordinary feats
• Chapter 6: The Baron is made a prisoner of war, and sold for a slave — Keeps the Sultan's bees, which are
attacked by two bears — Loses one of his bees; a silver hatchet, which he throws at the bears, rebounds and flies
up to the moon; brings it back by an ingenious invention; falls to the earth on his return, and helps himself out of a
pit — Extricates himself from a carriage which meets his in a narrow road, in a manner never before attempted
nor practised since — The wonderful effects of the frost upon his servant's French horn
• Chapter 7: The Baron relates his adventures on a voyage to North America, which are well worth the reader's
attention — Pranks of a whale — A sea-gull saves a sailor's life — The Baron's head forced into his stomach —
A dangerous leak stopped а posteriori
• Chapter 8: Bathes in the Mediterranean — Meets an unexpected companion — Arrives unintentionally in the
regions of heat and darkness, from which he is extricated by dancing a hornpipe — Frightens his deliverers, and
returns on shore
• Chapter 9: Adventures in Turkey, and upon the river Nile — Sees a balloon over Constantinople; shoots at, and
brings it down; finds a French experimental philosopher suspended from it — Goes on an embassy to Grand
Cairo, and returns upon the Nile, where he is thrown into an unexpected situation, and detained six weeks
Baron Münchhausen 3

• Chapter 10: Pays a visit during the siege of Gibraltar to his old friend General Elliot — Sinks a Spanish
man-of-war — Wakes an old woman on the African coast — Destroys all the enemy's cannon; frightens the
Count d'Artois, and sends him to Paris — Saves the lives of two English spies with the identical sling that killed
Goliath; and raises the siege
• Chapter 11: An interesting account of the Baron's ancestors — A quarrel relative to the spot where Noah built his
ark — The history of the sling, and its properties — A favourite poet introduced upon no very reputable occasion
— Queen Elizabeth's abstinence — The Baron's father crosses from England to Holland upon a marine horse,
which he sells for seven hundred ducats
• Chapter 12: The frolic; its consequences — Windsor Castle — St. Paul's — College of Physicians —
Undertakers, sextons, &c., almost ruined — Industry of the apothecaries
• Chapter 13: The Baron sails with Captain Phipps, attacks two large bears, and has a very narrow escape — Gains
the confidence of these animals, and then destroys thousands of them; loads the ship with their hams and skins;
makes presents of the former, and obtains a general invitation to all city feasts — A dispute between the Captain
and the Baron, in which, from motives of politeness, the Captain is suffered to gain his point — The Baron
declines the offer of a throne, and an empress into the bargain
• Chapter 14: Our Baron excels Baron Tott beyond all comparison, yet fails in part of his attempt — Gets into
disgrace with the Grand Seignior, who orders his head to be cut off — Escapes, and gets on board a vessel, in
which he is carried to Venice — Baron Tott's origin, with some account of that great man's parents — Pope
Ganganelli's amour — His Holiness fond of shell-fish
• Chapter 15: A further account of the journey from Harwich to Helvoetsluys — Description of a number of marine
objects never mentioned by any traveller before — Rocks seen in this passage equal to the Alps in magnitude;
lobsters, crabs, &c., of an extraordinary magnitude — A woman's life saved — The cause of her falling into the
sea — Dr. Hawes' directions followed with success
• Chapter 16: This is a very short chapter, but contains a fact for which the Baron's memory ought to be dear to
every Englishman, especially those who may hereafter have the misfortune of being made prisoners of war
• Chapter 17: Voyage eastward — The Baron introduces a friend who never deceived him: wins a hundred guineas
by pinning his faith upon that friend's nose — Game started at sea — Some other circumstances which will, it is
hoped, afford the reader no small degree of amusement
• Chapter 18: A second visit (but an accidental one) to the moon — The ship driven by a whirlwind a thousand
leagues above the surface of the water, where a new atmosphere meets them and carries them into a capacious
harbour in the moon — A description of the inhabitants, and their manner of coming into the lunarian world —
Animals, customs, weapons of war, wine, vegetables, &c
• Chapter 19: The Baron crosses the Thames without the assistance of a bridge, ship, boat, balloon, or even his own
will: rouses himself after a long nap, and destroys a monster who lived upon the destruction of others
• Chapter 20: The Baron slips through the world: after paying a visit to Mount Etna he finds himself in the South
Sea; visits Vulcan in his passage; gets on board a Dutchman; arrives at an island of cheese, surrounded by a sea of
milk; describes some very extraordinary objects — Lose their compass; their ship slips between the teeth of a fish
unknown in this part of the world; their difficulty in escaping from thence; arrive in the Caspian Sea — Starves a
bear to death — A few waistcoat anecdotes — In this chapter, which is the longest, the Baron moralises upon the
virtue of veracity
• Chapter 21: The Baron insists on the veracity of his former Memoirs — Forms a design of making discoveries in
the interior parts of Africa — His discourse with Hilaro Frosticos about it — His conversation with Lady
Fragrantia — The Baron goes, with other persons of distinction, to Court; relates an anecdote of the Marquis de
Bellecourt
• Chapter 22: Preparations for the Baron's expedition into Africa — Description of his chariot; the beauties of its
interior decorations; the animals that drew it, and the mechanism of the wheels
Baron Münchhausen 4

• Chapter 23: The Baron proceeds on his voyage — Convoys a squadron to Gibraltar — Declines the acceptance of
the island of Candia — His chariot damaged by Pompey's Pillar and Cleopatra's Needle — The Baron out-does
Alexander — Breaks his chariot, and splits a great rock at the Cape of Good Hope
• Chapter 24: The Baron secures his chariot, &c., at the Cape and takes his passage for England in a
homeward-bound Indiaman — Wrecked upon an island of ice, near the coast of Guinea — Escapes from the
wreck, and rears a variety of vegetables upon the island — Meets some vessels belonging to the negroes bringing
white slaves from Europe, in retaliation, to work upon their plantations in a cold climate near the South Pole —
Arrives in England, and lays an account of his expedition before the Privy Council — Great preparations for a
new expedition — The Sphinx, Gog and Magog, and a great company attend him — The ideas of Hilaro
Frosticos respecting the interior parts of Africa
• Chapter 25: Count Gosamer thrown by Sphinx into the snow on the top of Teneriffe — Gog and Magog conduct
Sphinx for the rest of the voyage — The Baron arrives at the Cape, and unites his former chariot, &c., to his new
retinue — Passes into Africa, proceeding from the Cape northwards — Defeats a host of lions by a curious
stratagem — Travels through an immense desert — His whole company, chariot, &c., overwhelmed by a
whirlwind of sand — Extricates them, and arrives in a fertile country
• Chapter 26: A feast on live bulls and kava — The inhabitants admire the European adventurers — The Emperor
comes to meet the Baron, and pays him great compliments — The inhabitants of the centre of Africa descended
from the people of the moon proved by an inscription in Africa, and by the analogy of their language, which is
also the same with that of the ancient Scythians — The Baron is declared sovereign of the interior of Africa on
the decease of the Emperor — He endeavours to abolish the custom of eating live bulls, which excites much
discontent — The advice of Hilaro Frosticos upon the occasion — The Baron makes a speech to an Assembly of
the states, which only excites greater murmurs — He consults with Hilaro Frosticos
• Chapter 27: A proclamation by the Baron — Excessive curiosity of the people to know what fudge was — The
people in a general ferment about it — They break open all the granaries in the empire — The affections of the
people conciliated — An ode performed in honour of the Baron — His discourse with Fragrantia on the
excellence of the music
• Chapter 28: The Baron sets all the people of the empire to work to build a bridge from their country to Great
Britain — His contrivance to render the arch secure — Orders an inscription to be engraved on the bridge —
Returns with all his company, chariot, etc., to England — Surveys the kingdoms and nations under him from the
middle of the bridge
• Chapter 29: The Baron's retinue is opposed in a heroic style by Don Quixote, who in his turn is attacked by Gog
and Magog — Lord Whittington, with the Lord Mayor's Show, comes to the assistance of Don Quixote — Gog
and Magog assail his Lordship — Lord Whittington makes a speech, and deludes Gog and Magog to his party —
A general scene of uproar and battle among the company, until the Baron, with great presence of mind, appeases
the tumult
• Chapter 30: The Baron arrives in England — the Colossus of Rhodes comes to congratulate him — Great
rejoicings on the Baron's return, and a tremendous concert — The Baron's discourse with Fragrantia, and her
opinion of the Tour to the Hebrides
• Chapter 31: A litigated contention between Don Quixote, Gog, Magog, &c. — A grand court assembled upon it
— The appearance of the company — The matrons, judges, &c. — The method of writing, and the use of the
fashionable amusement quizzes — Wauwau arrives from the country of Prester John, and leads the whole
Assembly a wild-goose chase to the top of Plinlimmon, and thence to Virginia — The Baron meets a floating
island in his voyage to America — Pursues Wauwau with his whole company through the deserts of North
America — His curious contrivance to seize Wauwau in a morass
• Chapter 32: The Baron harangues the company, and they continue the pursuit — The Baron, wandering from his
retinue, is taken by the savages, scalped, and tied to a stake to be roasted; but he contrives to extricate himself,
and kills the savages — The Baron travels overland through the forests of North America, to the confines of
Baron Münchhausen 5

Russia — Arrives at the castle of the Nareskin Rowskimowmowsky, and gallops into the kingdom of
Loggerheads — A battle, in which the Baron fights the Nareskin in single combat, and generously gives him his
life — Arrives at the Friendly Islands, and discourses with Omai — The Baron, with all his attendants, goes from
Otaheite to the isthmus of Darien, and having cut a canal across the isthmus, returns to England
• Chapter 33: On his way to Petersburgh a snow storm arrives and covers the entire landscape, the Baron succeeds
to tie his horse to the single post outstanding in the landscape. On the next morning the snow has melted and he
realizes that his horse is tied to a steepletop high above in the air. Arriving in Russia the Baron converses with the
Empress — Persuades the Russians and Turks to cease cutting one another's throats, and in concert cut a canal
across the Isthmus of Suez — The Baron discovers the Alexandrine Library, and meets with Hermes Trismegistus
— Besieges Seringapatam, and challenges Tippoo Sahib to single combat — They fight — The Baron receives
some wounds to his face, but at last vanquishes the tyrant — The Baron returns to Europe, and raises the hull of
the "Royal George"
• Chapter 34: The Baron makes a speech to the National Assembly, and drives out all the members — Routs the
fishwomen and the National Guards — Pursues the whole rout into a Church, where he defeats the National
Assembly, &c., with Rousseau, Voltaire, and Beelzebub at their head, and liberates Marie Antoinette and the
Royal Family

Films
In 1943 Raspe's book was adapted into a German language film Münchhausen directed by Josef von Báky, with
Hans Albers in the title role and Brigitte Horney as the empress Katherine the Great, written by Erich Kästner. This
was Germany's fourth full-color motion picture, lushly filmed with amazing effects for the time, and produced at
UFA studios.
The 1958 German film Münchhausen in Afrika directed by Werner Jacobs.
In 1961, the Czech director Karel Zeman made an 83 minute film "Baron Prášil" (Baron Munchhausen), using his
unique combination of animation and live actors, starring Miloš Kopecký as the Baron. (There had been an earlier
Baron Prášil film in 1940 too.)
In 1974-5, four short cartoons were made in the Soviet Union (a fifth was made in 1995), called "Münchhausen's
Adventures" The cartoons are mostly original content, the use of Raspe's book being limited.
In 1979 Mark Zakharov shot the Russian film, based on the play written by Grigori Gorin, The Very Same
Munchhausen, relaying the story of the baron's life after the adventures portrayed in the book, particularly his
struggle to prove himself sane. In the movie, baron Munchausen is portrayed as multi-dimensional, colorful,
non-conformist man living in a gray, plain, dull and conformist society that ultimately tries to destroy him.
In 1983 a French cartoon version was made, called Le Secret des sélénites. It subsequently became available in
English under the title Moon Madness.
Terry Gilliam adapted the stories into the 1988 film The Adventures of Baron Munchausen [sic], shot in Belchite,
Spain, and at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film starred John Neville as the Baron and nine-year-old Sarah
Polley as Sally Salt. Supporting the Baron as his faithful crew were Eric Idle, Charles McKeown, Winston Dennis
and Jack Purvis. The film also featured Uma Thurman, Oliver Reed, Jonathan Pryce, Sting and Robin Williams
(credited as Ray D. Tutto).
Various shorts are also known to have been made about the baron's life, including Les Hallucinations de baron de
Munchhausen and Les Aventures de baron de Munchhausen by George Méliès.
Additionally, the Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics episode "The Six Who Went Far" is clearly Munchausen's troupe, but
the baron himself is omitted for obvious legal reasons .
Baron Münchhausen 6

Role-playing game
In 1998 a multi-player storytelling/role-playing game entitled The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen
was produced by James Wallis of Hogshead Publishing.[1] Players of the role-playing game assume the role of a
noble person and challenge one another to relate an improvised tale based on an opening line given by another player
(for example: "Grand Poobah, please tell our assemblage about the time you singlehandedly defeated the entire
Turkish army using only a plate of cheese and a corkscrew!"). Players are able to interject and introduce a limited
number of complications to the tall tale at any time ("But, my dear Grand Poobah, is it not true that you have a
horrible allergy to cork?"), and eventually all vote for the best storyteller.[1] The game has several adaptations into
drinking games.
In 1999 Pyramid magazine named The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen as one of the Millennium's
Best Games. Editor Scott Haring said it "is the roleplaying game that comes closest of them all to pure storytelling.
In fact, it disregards so many conventions of 'traditional' RPGs ... that many folks argue it's not a roleplaying game at
all. ... But who cares? It's huge fun."[2]
In his 2007 essay, game designer and writer Allen Varney said that the game "can be beastly in play" since it
"requires improvisation worthy of its namesake, and thus you need a particular kind of player and a particular mood
for a session to proceed smoothly." However, he also described it as a "strikingly original exercise in competitive
storytelling".[1]
The game has been republished in an augmented version by Mongoose Publishing in 2008 as part of its Flaming
Cobra line. Two versions were published, hardcover and softcover. The new version adds simplified rules for kids
and a 1001 nights addition.

Fandom
There is a club "Munchhausen's Grandchildren" (Внучата Мюнхаузена) in Kaliningrad, Russia. With the help of its
sister city Bodenwerder, the birthplace of the Baron, the club amassed a number of "historical proofs" of presence of
the Baron in Königsberg: an ancient silver thaler "returned" to Kaliningrad by Bodenwerder's mayor as a debt for a
mug of beer drunk by Munchhausen, Order of Saint Anna issued to the Baron by Paul I of Russia for his "faultless
service", and the skeleton of the whale in whose belly the Baron was entrapped for a while. On 18 June 2005 there
was the grand opening of a monument of the Baron, which was presented to Kaliningrad by Bodenwerder. The
monument portrays the Baron's cannonball ride.
A similar monument of the Baron is also installed in his city of birth, as well as a fountain of Munchhausen sitting on
the front half of his horse, who is drinking from a trough - with the water falling to the ground behind.
An international tour over the places visited by Baron Munchhausen is established as a joint venture of Germany,
Lithuania, Latvia, and Kaliningrad.

Münchausen Syndrome
In 1951 Richard Asher first described the factitious disorder in which a patient will feign or simulate illness in
themselves to gain attention and sympathy, a syndrome Asher "respectfully dedicated to the Baron, and named after
him."[3] Munchausen syndrome by proxy is an extension of this condition in which the sufferer, acting with similar
motives to a Munchausen syndrome sufferer, will intentionally inflict or prolong the symptoms of an illness upon an
individual under their care (most often a mother upon her child).
Baron Münchhausen 7

References
[1] Varney, Allen (2007). "The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen". In Lowder, James. Hobby Games: The Best 100. Green Ronin
Publishing. pp. 107–109. ISBN 978-1-932442-96-0.
[2] Haring, Scott D. (1999-12-24). "Second Sight: The Millennium's Best "Other" Game and The Millennium's Most Influential Person" (http:/ /
www. sjgames. com/ pyramid/ login/ article. html?id=1306). Pyramid (online) (Steve Jackson Games). . Retrieved 2008-02-16.
[3] "R. A. J. Asher (Obituary notice)" (http:/ / www. pubmedcentral. nih. gov/ pagerender. fcgi?artid=1983233& pageindex=2#page). British
Medical Journal 2 (5653): 388. 1969-05-10. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.665.388. . Retrieved 2008-03-20

• Karl Ernst Hermann Krause: Münchhausen, Hieronimus Karl Friedrich Freiherr von. In: Allgemeine Deutsche
Biographie (ADB). volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1886, p. 1–5. (German)

External links
• Baron Munchausen - A Surprise Symphony - Online Graphic Novel (http://www.baronmunchausen.net)
• The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen. Online and fully illustrated (http://bulfinch.englishatheist.
org/baron/Baron.html)
• The Children's Munchausen - illustrations with captions from the book (http://www.artprintsforkidz.com/
the-childrens-munchausen/#000278)
• Baron Munchhausen – Bronze miniature (http://www.zeinalov.com/htm/e/people/baron01.htm)
• Project Gutenberg e-text of The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen (http://www.ibiblio.org/
gutenberg/etext02/baron10.txt)
• Bürger's Adventures of Münchhausen at Project Gutenberg (in German) (http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buerger/
muenchhs/muenchhs.htm)
• Munchausen-Library (http://www.munchausen.org/en/index_en.htm)
• The Adventures of Baron Munchausen (1988) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096764/) at the Internet Movie
Database
• Tot samyy Mungauzen (1979) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080037/) at the Internet Movie Database
• Münchhausen (1943) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0036191/) at the Internet Movie Database
• Aventures de baron de Munchhausen, Les (1911) (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0001488/) at the Internet
Movie Database
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Munchausen, Baron". Encyclopædia Britannica (Eleventh ed.). Cambridge
University Press.
• The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen (http://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/2470) on
Board Game Geek (http://www.boardgamegeek.com/)
Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and Contributors

Baron Münchhausen  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=417983333  Contributors: Aa42john, Adam Bishop, Alex.rosenheim, Aloysius, Altenmann, Amikake3, Ampersand777,
Antaeus Feldspar, Aratuk, BD2412, Baligant, Beardo, Bees151, Blue Slime, Bob Burkhardt, Bobet, Borkabrak, Bryan Derksen, CBR1kboy, Calieber, Ccacsmss, Chl, Christopher Mahan,
Craw-daddy, Cyberevil, D-Looth, D6, Dabomb87, DanielCD, Deb, Decumanus, Dfgarcia, Djordjes, Dmitry Rozhkov, Doniago, Dudeman5685, Edgar181, El C, Erendwyn, Factitious,
Faigl.ladislav, Fnorp, Foofbun, Fregyui, Fru1tbat, Futurebird, Gaius Cornelius, Gordenie, Goustien, Guroadrunner, HarvardOxon, Hede2000, Helon, Hephaestos, Jack1956, Jahsonic,
Jamesjamerson, JanRu, Janke, Jaraalbe, Jason.e.stewart, Jerry, John, John K, Johnuniq, Jok2000, Jorunn, Josh Martin, Karenjc, Kbdank71, Kintaro, Kirk Hilliard, Kironoryx, Kitch, Komischn,
Ksnow, Kummi, Leandros, Lord Cornwallis, Marcika, Marcok, MarkGallagher, MarnetteD, Menelaos, Mike Searson, Mikecap, Mintguy, Mintrick, MisfitToys, Mistico, Moisesencyclopedia,
Monegasque, Muenchhausen, Nbarth, Newone, Nick Number, Noclevername, Oleg Alexandrov, Olessi, Omeganian, Paterm, Patrick, Paul A, Philaweb, Phiwum, Pirags, Pixel ;-), Pjedicke,
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

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