KMB 003

Microorganism, enzyme

Downstream
Raw materials Bioreactor processing
Product
(Separation
technology)

Date Topic Lecturer

29/3 Introduction to Biotechnology ROU
30/3 Microorganisms ROU
1/4 Biohydrometallurgy SAÅ
2/4 Microbal metabolism ROU
5/4 Microbal metabolism ROU
6/4 Microbal nutrition, cultivation and growth ROU
8/4 Control of microbial growth ROU
14/4 Bioprocessers ADC
15/4 Bioprocessers ADC
16/4 Bioprocessers ADC
23/4 Overview Downstream processing BKK
23/4 Separation – filtration, centrifugation BKK
27/4 Concentration – thermal processing, BKK
membrane filtration, extraction
30/4 Purification - crystallisation BKK
14/5 Purification – chromatography ROU

INTRODUCTION TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY

What is biotechnology?

How does it work?

How is it being used?

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 DEFENITION

Biotechnology

Using living organisms, or the products of

living organisms, for human benefit (or to
benefit human surrounding) to make
products or solve a problem

Biotechnology is part of our daily life

• Penicillin
• Insulin
• Vaccinations
• Cheese
• Wine
• Detergents

TRADITIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Bread
• Cheese
• Yogurts
• Wine
• Bear

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 STEPS ON THE ROAD TO
BIOTECHNOLOGY

THE CELL THEORY

• All life forms are made from one or more cells.

• Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.

• The cell is the smallest form of life

STEPS ON THE ROAD TO

BIOTECHNOLOGY

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GENES ARE LOCATED ON
CHROMOSOMES

STEPS ON THE ROAD TO

BIOTECHNOLOGY

4
The cabability of DNA to code for all the
processes of living organisms rests in the order
of the bases.

Genes differ in size (number of bases) and

sequence (order of bases).

How is the sequence of bases translated into

proteins and traits?

How can 4 bases code for 20 different aa that

constitute the thousands of proteins found in
living organsims?

STEPS ON THE ROAD TO

BIOTECHNOLOGY

THE GENETIC CODE

Genes are instructions for making various proteins

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PROTEINS – THE FINAL PRODUCTS OF GENES

Number of aminoacids
Type of aminoacids 100 000 different
Order of aminoacids human proteins

PROTEINS – THE VERY FOUNDATION

OF LIVING SYSTEMS

CENTRAL DOGMA
• Genes are made of DNA

• Genes carry information

about structures and
biological functions, coded
by the nucleotides A, C, G
and T

• The genetic information is

converted in an mRNA
molecule

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 CENTRAL DOGMA
• The mRNA defines the
number, the type and order
of amino acides in proteins

• The protein structure is

determined by the linear
order of amino acids

• The three dimensional

protein structure defines its
biological function

• The properties of living things come from the

properties of proteins they contain.

• The properties of proteins depend on the

arrangement of amino acids making them up.
.
• The arrangement of amino acids is determined by
the sequence of nucleotides on a section of DNA, or in
other words, a gene

MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Modern biotechnology is the techniques for taking

advantages of biological processes.

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 RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

• Techniques for;
– isolating genes
– gene amplification
– modifying genes, changing of proporties
– Putting the gene into another organism –
recombinant DNA

• Also known as gene cloning

• GMO – genetically modified organism

Escerichia coli (E. coli)

• The most common bacterial host

cell for recombinant DNA work plasmid

• Best known genetics of any

organism

• Easy to grow

• Easy to manipulate genetically

• GRAS (except a few strains)

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RESTRICTION ENZYMES

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 MEDICINE

9DNA fingerprinting – DNA profile

9Diagnostic testing

9Pharmaceutical products

9Gene therapy

PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

9 Penicillin

9 Insulin

9 Interferon

9 Growth hormones

9 Vaccines

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 GENE THERAPY

• Changing the genetic make-up of a human

• Correcting a genetic (enzyme deficiency)

or a non-genetic defect

• Germ-line gene therapy (transgenic) or

somatic cell gene therapy.

ARGICULTURE

GOALS:
• Increased yield
• Improved quality
• Reduced production cost

Transgenic animals

Transgenic plants – GM crops

TRANSGENIC ANIMALS

• Genetically engineered animals that

produce proteins (pharmaceutically) that
end up in the milk – PHARMING

• Genetically engineered hormones to

increase milk yield, meat production

• Improving quality; wool, milk etc

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 TRANSGENIC PLANTS

• Genetic engineering methods to improve

fruit and vegetable crop characteristics -
such as taste, texture, size, color, acidity
or sweetness, and ripening process

• Increasing nutritional value

• Improved disease resistance

• Herbicide resistance

• Pest resistance

ENVIRONMENT

Microbal clean up – Bioremediation

Transgenic plants and clean up

New fuels (methane,ethanol)

Microbal mining - Biohydrometallurgy

BIOREMEDIATION

• Clean up of oil or other pollutants by

microorganisms

• Septic field, where bacteria are

encouraged to decompose domestic
sewage so that only harmless breakdown
products are released into waterways.

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 THE PROMISE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Combating human diseases

• Promoting human health

• Combating animal diseases

• Fighting hunger by resisting plant diseases and

increasing crop yields

• Helping the environment by reducing pesticide

use

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