Petal

Stigma

n!I---Anther

~·~YP"----sta.rr.J.en. ~~;iiI ... '------Carpel

Rem.oval ofanth,ers (Emasculation)1

,C)
t

Pare

Transt~ofPollen (Pollination)

Figul.'Ie 5.:2 Steps in n-::l<iking a cros.s in pea

Parental

x
Tall
Dwarf

Fl'~.!l~ generation ~1!4"'"",~

x
Tall
SeJflng Tall

F2.generation

Tall FiBDn~ 5 .. 3 Diagrammatic of monohybrid

TaU
T epresentatlon

Dwarf

cross

. 1 •.,,,,,,, .. ,,,,,,.",,," .-

F, generancn

Ph.e.notyplcratlo

: taU: dwarf .3 1 Genotypic ratlo: 'IT : Tt: tt 1 :2 ~ 1

Filguf'le 5 .. 4

A Punnett square used to understand a typi.calmonohybrid cross conducted by Mendel between true- breeding tall plants and true-breeding dwarf plants

Phenotypic ratio : I"ed:piink 121

GeoOity:piCI"atio ~

: wliLilt.e
IT

Filguf'le 5.6

Results of monohybrid crossin the plant Snapdragon., where one allele is inc ompletely

dominant over the other allele

p
rn

Homozy?ous

recessrve

Homozy~ousrn

recessive

p
w

}ww_~ww{
Ww I Result I IInterpretation I Ww

.-r-.
ww

Dominant Phenotype (Genotype unknown)

w ww

All flowers are violet Unknown flower is homozyous dominant

Half of the flowers are violet and

half of the flowers are white. Unknown flower is heterozygous

Figure 5.5 Diagrammatic representation of a test cross

Table 5 .. : Table Showing the Genetic Basis of Blood Group's 2 in Human Popu~ation Allele from Parent. ]
[ JA [jA [jA [jB [jB

AlIlIe~,e from Parent 2

jA jB

Genotype offspring t-i= i-t»

jA'
)

of

IUood types of offspring

A AB A AB B B
0

]
]

i
jA jB

t-t» t» t»
jB i

[ s»

[i

..

ii

P generation

Q)
Round yellow

RR.IT

Wrinkled green
IT

Gametes

8
Round yellow

8
RrYy

YY

Selfing

~'

Oametes

Gametes

RrYY

rrIT
~ RrYy

RRYy

RrYy F~gencration rrYy

U
RrYy

Q)
rr¥y

Rryy

•
rryy

Rryy

Phenotypic ratio: round yellow: rOW1d green: wrinkled yellow : wrinkled green 9 3 3 1
Figure 5.7 Results of a dihybrid cross where the two parents differ ed in two pairs of contrasting traits: seed colour and seed shape

G,2

Meiosis I anaphase

Meiosis ]1 anaphase

Germ cells

~
~'

..]
•• J •• J

~'

•• J

Figure 5.. Meiosis and germ cell formation in a cell with four chromosomes .. 8 Can you see how chromosomes segregate when germ cells are formed?

PossirJoiiillty I

One long orange and short green chromosome and long yellow and
short Feo chromosome at the

Possibility n Bne long ocange and short red chromosome and long ye1l1low and
short green chromosome at the

same pole

same pole
Meiosis I ~anaphase

.Jl J~~. nh 'IV

'KIn, Meiosis n

I Meiofol. I - anaphase

- anaphase

MeiOSiS II - anaphase

GermceUs

Germ cells

•• ••

•• ••

•• ••

•• ••

Figure 5.9 Independent assortment of chromosomes