ALBERT-LUDWIGS-

UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG
Prof. Dr. Leonhard Reindl
Lehrstuhl El. Mess- und Prüfverfahren

Signal Processing
Solution Exercise Nr. 2 SS2011
Date of issue: 19.05.11

Given the following measurement data:

U[V] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

I[A] 0.3 0.43 0.61 0.65 0.75
U[V] 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
I[A] 0.9 0.85 1 1.2 1.25
U[V] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
I[A] 1.35 1.5 1.62 1.7 1.76
U[V] 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
I[A] 1.85 2 2.1 2.23 2.28

Input parameter: U
Measured parameter: I

Exercise:

Calculate the exercises by hand and using MATLAB®!

1) Calculate the coefficients for the straight line approximation of the measured data, and draw
the calculated line in a diagram, as well as the measured data.

I [ A] = a + b ⋅ U [V ]

N
1 N N

1 N N

∑x yn n
−  ∑ xn ⋅ ∑ yn 
N  n =1 
a=  ∑ yn − ∑ xn b  b = n =1N n =1
(page 2.59)
N  n =1  1 N N

n =1
∑n =1
xn2 −  ∑ xn ⋅ ∑ xn 
N  n =1 n =1 

a = 0, 2269 und b = 1, 0377

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 1/6

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2) Smooth the series of the measurement using linear fitting with 3 points.

yn +1 + yn + yn −1
yn = (page 2.70)
3

U[V] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

I_av[A] 0.4467 0.5633 0.67 0.7667
U[V] 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
I_av[A] 0.833 0.9167 1.0167 1.15 1.2667
U[V] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
I_av[A] 1.3667 1.49 1.6067 1.6933 1.77
U[V] 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
I_av[A] 1.87 1.9833 2.11 2.2033

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 2/6

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UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG

3) Calculate the gradient of the smoothed data.

yn +1 − yn −1
yn′ = (page 2.75)
2h

U[V] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

I_steig[A] 1.1167 1.0167 0.8167
U[V] 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
I_steig[A] 0.75 0.9167 1.1667 1.25 1.0833
U[V] 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
I_steig[A] 1.1667 1.2 1.167 0.8167 0.8833
U[V] 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
I_steig[A] 1.0667 1.2 1.1

average: I_steig_av = 1.0342

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 3/6

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4) Calculate the area under the original series of the measurement

using Kepler’s barrel rule.

Kepler’s barrel rule (page 2.81) is applicable only for an odd number of measuring points!

yn + 4 yn +1 + yn + 2
Kn = 2 ⋅ h ⋅ with n=1,3,5,…,17
6

n 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17

Kn 0,0877 0,132 0,1733 0,2017 0,2517 0,299 0,3393 0,372 0,421

Trapezium rule (page 2.79) for the rest points (measuring point 19 – 20):

y19 + y20
A=h = 0, 2255
2

Total area:

Atotal = ∑ K n + A = 2,5032

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 4/6

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MATLAB/Scilab solution: UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG

u=(0.1:0.1:2);
i=[0.3 0.43 0.61 0.65 0.75 0.9 0.85 1 1.2 1.25 1.35 1.5 1.62 1.7 1.76 1.85 2
2.1 2.23 2.28];
n=length(u);
plot(u,i,'*');
hold on; % scilab: set(gca(),"auto_clear","off");
grid on; % scilab: set(gca(),"grid",[1 1]);

% ex 1:
XY=u*i';
X_Y=1/length(u)*sum(u)*sum(i);
X2=sum(u.^2); % oder X2=u*u'
X_2=1/length(u)*sum(u)*sum(u);
b=(XY-X_Y)/(X2-X_2);
a=1/n*(sum(i)-b*sum(u));

p=polyfit(u,i,1);
i_fit=p(1).*u+p(2);
plot(u,i_fit,'r');

% scilab solution:
% function y=FF(x,p),y=p(1)*x+p(2),endfunction
% function e=G(p,z),
% y=z(1),x=z(2);
% e=y-FF(x,p),
% endfunction
% [p,err]=datafit(G,[i;u],[1;0])

% ex 2:
i_a = zeros(1,n);
for k = 2:(n-1)
i_a(k)=(i(k-1)+i(k)+i(k+1))/3;
end
u_av=u(2:19);
i_av=i_a(2:19);
plot(u_av,i_av,'m'); % with magenta color

% ex 3:
n_iav=length(i_av);
i_grad = zeros(1,n_iav);
for k = 2:(n_iav-1)
i_grad(k)=(i_av(k+1)-i_av(k-1))/0.2;
end
i_grad_average=1/16*sum(i_grad(2:17));

% alternative solution with polyfit

p_av=polyfit(u_av,i_av,1);
i_grad_av=p_av(1);

% ex 4
K2=zeros(1,(n-2));

for k=1:2:(n-2)
%Kepler's barrel rule for measuring points 1- 19
K2(k)=(0.1/3)*(i(k)+4*i(k+1)+i(k+2));
%Trapezium rule for last two measuring points (19-20)

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 5/6

K2(19)=0.1*(i(19)/2+i(20)/2); ALBERT-LUDWIGS-
UNIVERSITÄT FREIBURG
end

% sum all of separate bars

K2_total=sum(K2);

Matlab to Scilab convert:

http://www.scilab.org/product/dic-mat-sci/M2SCI_doc.htm

Signal Processing, Solution Exercise Nr. 2 6/6