1)WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GATEWAY AND FIREWALL?

A network gateway joins two networks together through a combination of hardware and software.A network
firewall guards a computer network against unauthorized incoming or outgoing access. Network firewalls
may be hardware devices or software programs. ...

2)WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTER ACLS AND FIREWALL ACLS?

Fundamental purpose: 1) Routers are designed to route traffic, not stop it.2)Firewalls are designed to
examine and accept/reject traffic. But the both ACL are do the same job. Depending upon our requirements
we do our ACL configuration on it.

3)What is HSRP?
A)Short for Hot Standby Routing Protocol, a proprietary protocol from Cisco. HSRP is a routing protocol that
provides backup to a router in the event of failure. Using HSRP, several routers are connected to the same
segment of an Ethernet, FDDI or token-ring network and work together to present the appearance of a
single virtual router on the LAN. The routers share the sameIP and MAC addresses, therefore in the event of
failure of one router, the hosts on the LAN are able to continue forwarding packets to a consistent IP and
MAC address. The process of transferring the routing responsibilities from one device to another
is transparent to the user.

4) What is the difference between TCP and UDP?

Answer: The primary difference between TCP and UDP is that TCP is a connection oriented
protocol and UDP is a connectionless protocol.

5)What is HSRP?
Answer: HSRP, or the Hot Standby Routing Protocol, is a Cisco proprietary protocol
that brings routing functionality to end devices that would otherwise not be
capable of taking advantage of redundant network connections. HSRP enables
a pair of Cisco routers to work together to present the appearance of a single
virtual default-gateway to end devices on a LAN segment.

6)DEFINE SPANNING-TREE PROTOCOL (STP)

A)Spanning-Tree Protocol (STP) as defined in the IEEE 802.1D is a link management protocol that provides
path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops in the network. For an Ethernet network to function
properly, only one active path can exist between two stations. Loops occur in networks for a variety of
reasons. The most common reason you find loops in networks is the result of a deliberate attempt to provide
redundancy - in case one link or switch fails, another link or switch can take over.

7)WHAT IS VPN?
A VPN is a service that offers secure, reliable connectivity over a shared public network infrastructure such
as the Internet. VPNs maintain the same security and management policies as a private network. They are
the most cost effective method of establishing a virtual point-to-point connection between remote users and
an enterprise customer's network.

8)EXPLAIN HOW NAT WORKS.

A: Network Address Translation translates and IP address used in a network to another IP
address known within another network. A NAT table is maintained for global to local and
local to mapping of IP’s.

9)What is IP Spoofing and how can it be prevented?

A)IP spoofing is a mechanism used by attackers to gain unauthorized access to a system. Here,
the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is
coming from a trusted host. This is done by forging the header so it contains a different address
and make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine. Prevention:- Packet filtering:
- to allow packets with recognized formats to enter the network Using special routers and
firewalls. Encrypting the session
10)What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
A)The differences between FTP and TFTP: FTP is connection oriented, where as TFTP is not.
TFTP uses error checking and flow control, where as TFTP does not cause error checking. FTP
uses TCP as transport protocol, where as TFTP uses UDP as transport protocol. Authentication
is mandatory in FTP, where as authentication is not needed in TFTP. Just getting and putting
application effectively is the design concern of TFTP, where as FTP provides more control and
data connection aspects.

11) What is the difference between L3 Switch and Router, If they Perform the samefunction why
we need both of them?
A) Layer 3 switches do routing with ASIC chips. Routers do it with a microprocesor and its
associated software. Therefore the Layer 3 switches are much faster than traditional routers, but
cost more. We need them both because in many situations a slow router is sufficient and cheaper
than a gigabit layer 3 switch router.

12)what is difference between ospf & eigrp

There are many differences between these two routing protocols.

1)Ospf is open standard and EIGRP is cisco propreitary.

2)Administrative distance for OSPF is 110 and for EIGRP AD is 90.
3)Ospf uses Cost as the metric values to calculate the shortest path where as EIGRP used 5
metric values
(Bandwidth,Delay,Load,MTU & Reliablity) to calculate the shortest path.
4)There is no hop count limitations in the OSPF, there is hop count limitations in EIGRP. I think it
supports
maximum of 255 hopcounts in EIGRP.
5)In OSPF, there is no Backup route options, wheres as in EIGRP it will maintain Backup route.
So if main link goes down, it will directly take the backup route and starts working, where as in
OSPF, if main route fails
it has to recalculate the shortest path.

12) What is difference between layer 2 Switch and Layer 3 Switch ?

There is only one big diffrence between layer 2 and layer 3 swithces is that we are able to do
routing in interanetwork with Layer 3 swithces which is not possible to do with layer 2. Cisco
2950 catalyst swithe is the example of that.

13). Explain frame relay, in which layer it comes

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

14). How Gateway is different from Routers

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two
completely different network architectures or data formats

15) When do you use BGP, IGRP, OSPF, Static Routes

BGP - When u have multiple ISP connection on same router it

will perform as loadbalancing and its coonect different

AS ,its slow convergence compare to OSPF and IGRP . it
using the TCP port-179 to exchange packets with neighbor.
Medium to Big Organisation
OSPF - OSPF is fast convergence link state routing
protocol, whcih connect different area with area0, where
area0 is core router. ABR and ASBR are connected to
Area0.its uses own L4 protocol to send hello packet. small
to meduim organisation

IGRP - Its a link-state cisco proprietry routing protocol.

where multi vendor product is not supported. its useful for
small to medum organisation.

Static route - Its best route path defined by network admin

for very small organisation , where n/w traffic will send
to remote n/w faster.

16) What is the difference between bridges and switches?

Bridges and switches function the same way; the only difference is in how they are
implemented. Bridges are implemented by software and usually have a couple of
network ports. Switches are implemented in hardware by ASIC chips and have many
ports

17) What is the difference between multimode and single mode fiber?
Multimode fiber has a relatively large light carrying core, usually 62.5 microns or larger in
diameter. It is usually used for short distance transmissions with LED based fiber optic
equipment. Single-mode fiber has a small light carrying core of 8 to 10 microns in diameter. It is
normally used for long distance transmissions with laser diode based fiber optic transmission
equipment.

18)Should I install single-mode or multimode fiber?

This depends on the application. Multimode fiber will allow transmission distances of up to about
10 miles and will allow the use of relatively inexpensive fiber optic transmitters and receivers.
There will be bandwidth limitations of a few hundred MHz per Km of length. Consequently, a 10
mile link will be limited to about 10 to 30 MHz. For CCTV this will be fine but for high speed data
transmission it may not be.

19) Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) Operations

The Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is responsible for identifying links in the network and shutting
down the redundant ones, preventing possible network loops. In order to do so, all switches in the
network exchange BPDU messages between them to agree upon the root bridge. Once they
elect the root bridge, every switch has to determine which of its ports will communicate with the
root port.
If more than one link connects to the root bridge, then one is elected as the forwarding port
(Designated Port) and the others are blocked.

20)what is classless and class full routing protocol?

A) Classless routing protocols advertise subnet mask information along with the network prefixes.
Classful routing protocols do not. Therefore, for a classful protocol, all subnets for the major
network number being used must be the same length. Also, classful protocol cannot support
discontiguous networks prefixes.