Chapter 1

Introduction to Database Management

Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Initial Definitions

• Database: a collection of persistent and interrelated data that are shared

by many users and applications

• Data: symbolically represented raw facts (i.e., numeric, textual,

graphical, and often pictorial encoding) about things, people, and events
observed in the real world

• Information: data transformed (e.g., aggregated, sorted, clustered,

sampled, and depicted) for a specific purpose

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Database Characteristics

• Persistent
– data residing on stable storage, not a temporary storage such as computer memory (Textbook’s
definition) ← relevance of intended usage
– Stored data can subsequently be removed from the database only by some explicit request to the
database management system, not as a side effect of a program execution. (C.J. Date’s definition)
– Lasts a long time (not transient). (e.x., birth date vs. age)

• Interrelated
– separate data units connected to provide a broader view
– entity: cluster of data about a topic (customer, student, loan)
– relationship: connection among entities

• Shared
– by multiple applications and users (maybe at the same time)
– a database as a common information repository and information exchange platform (file processing
vs. database approaches)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

An Example: University Database

Faculty
Registration
Entities: Assignment
students, faculty, courses,
offerings, enrollments
Relationships:
faculty teach offerings,
Grade students enroll in Course
Recording offerings, offerings made Scheduling
of courses, ...

University Database

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Database Management System (DBMS)

• Collection of components that support data acquisition,

dissemination, storage, maintenance, retrieval, and
formatting (Database Software)
• Major part of information technology infrastructure
– Enterprise DBMS: supporting mission critical information systems
– Desktop DBMS: for small and end-user databases
– Embedded DBMS: resides in a separate system or device such as
PDA

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Features of DBMS

• Data Definition: Database Creation

• Nonprocedural Access: Data Retrieval
• Application Development: Data Input Screens, Reports,
User-Friendly Environments
• Procedural Language Interface: Serious IS Development
• Transaction Processing: Database Administration
• Database Tuning: Database Administration

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Data Definition

• Define structures of data in a database: Tables and references

• SQL CREATE TABLE statement
create table Offering ( Table: a two-dimensional
OfferNo integer not null, arrangement of data
CourseNo char(6) not null, SQL: an industry standard
OffTerm char(6) not null, database language
OffYear integer not null, for data definition,
OffLocation varchar(30) null, data manipulation, and
OffTime varchar(10) null, database control.
FacSSN char(11) null,
OffDays char(4) null,
constraint OfferingPK primary key (OfferNo),
constraint CourseFK foreign key (CourseNo) references Course,
constraint FacultyFK foreign key (FacSSN) references Faculty )

• Graphical tools

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Data Definition: A Graphical Tool (MS Access)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

A Modeling Language (i.e., Tool) for Data Definition

Student Offering Supervises

PK StdNo PK OfferNo
Faculty
StdFirstName FK2 CourseNo
StdLastName FK1 FacNo PK FacNo
StdCity OffLocation
Teaches FacFirstName
StdState OffYear
StdZip OffTerm FacLastName
StdMajor OffDay FacCity
StdClass OffTime FacState
StdGPA FacZip
FacDept
Accepts FacRank
has FacSalary
Registers FK1 FacSupervisor
FacHireDate

Enrollment Course

PK,FK1 StdNo PK CourseNo

PK,FK2 OfferNo
CrsDesc
EnrGrade CrsUnits

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Nonprocedural Access: Query

• Query: Request for data to answer a question

• Indicate what parts of database to retrieve, not how to retrieve
them (not the procedural details)
• Improve productivity and improve accessibility
• SQL SELECT statement
select StdFirstName, StdLastName, StdCity, OfferNo, EnrGrade
from enrollment, student
where enrollment.StdSSN = student.StdSSN
and EnrGrade > 3.5

• Graphical tools

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Nonprocedural Access: A Graphical Tool (MS Access)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Application Development

• Form: formatted document for data entry and display

• Report: formatted document for display

• Use of nonprocedural access to specify data

requirements of forms and reports
– “View”: Standard SQL
– Stored “Query”: Access

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

A Sample Data Entry Form (MS Access)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

A Sample Report Form (MS Access)

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Procedural Language Interface

• Combine procedural language with nonprocedural access

• Why
– Batch processing
– Customization and automation
– Performance improvement

• Modes of Connection between a Language and a Database Software

– Direct API calls
– Middleware: ODBC, JDBC

• Examples
– Java or Visual Basic programming over a database
– Web database publishing

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Transaction Processing

• Transaction: a unit of data modification work that

should be reliably processed
• Control simultaneous users
• Recover from failures

Database Tuning

• Analyze and improve database system performance

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Database Technology Evolution

Era Generation Orientation Major Features

1960s 1st File File structures and proprietary
program interfaces
1970s 2nd Network Networks and hierarchies
Navigation of related records, standard
program interfaces
1980s 3rd Relational Non-procedural languages,
optimization, transaction
processing
1990s to 2000s 4th Object Multi-media, active,
distributed processing, XML
enabled, data warehouse
processing, cloud computing

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

DBMS Marketplace

• Enterprise DBMS
– Oracle: dominates in Unix; strong in Windows
– SQL Server: strong in Windows
– DB2: dominates in mainframe
– Teradata: as a data warehouse platform
– Significant open source systems: MySQL, Firebird, PostgreSQL

• Desktop DBMS
– Access: dominates

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Worldwide Market Share in 2004 & 2005

Source: IDC, May 2006
DB SW Rev. ($M) Share (%) Growth (%)
Vendor 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004–2005
Oracle 5,982.4 6,494.7 45.0 44.6 8.6
IBM 2,923.0 3,113.0 22.0 21.4 6.5
Microsoft 2,013.0 2,441.5 15.1 16.8 21.3 Open Source Database
Sybase 470.9 502.6 3.5 3.5 6.7 Development Survey (Source:
NCR/Teradata 390.0 423.0 2.9 2.9 8.5 Evans Data, January 2005)
Others 1,528.9 1,590.8 11.5 10.9 4.1
Total 13,308.1 14,464.6 9.4 DB Software Responses
MySQL 53%
Firebird 52%
Source: Gartner Dataquest, May 2006 PostgreSQL 15%
DB SW Rev. ($M) Share (%) Growth (%) Berkeley DB 4%
Vendor 2004 2005 2004 2005 2004–2005 GNU SQL 3%
Oracle 6,234.1 6,721.1 48.9 48.6 7.8 SAP DB 1%
IBM 2,860.4 3,040.7 22.4 22.0 6.3 Others 6%
Microsoft 1,777.9 2,073.2 13.9 15.0 16.6
NCR/Teradata 412.1 440.7 3.2 3.2 6.9
Sybase 382.8 407.0 3.0 2.9 6.3
Others 1,090.4 1,134.7 8.5 8.2 4.1
Total 12,757.8 13,817.4 8.3

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Worldwide Market Share in 2006

Source: Gartner, June 2007

• Yearly Growth: 14% ($15.2 billion in sales)
• Oracle: 47.1% market share ($7.2 billion in sales), 14.9% revenue growth
• IBM: 21.1% market share ($3.2 billion in sales), 8.8% revenue growth
• Microsoft: 17.4% market share ($2.65 billion in sales), 28% revenue growth
• Teradata: approx. 4% market share ($494 million in sales), 5.7% revenue growth
• Sybase: less than 4% market share ($488 million in sales), less than 5% revenue growth

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Worldwide Market Share in 2007

Source: IDC, June 2008

• Yearly Growth: 12.6% ($18.8 billion in sales in 2007 up from $16.7 billion in 2006)
• Oracle: 44.3% market share ($8.3 billion in sales), 13.3% revenue growth
• IBM: 21.0% market share ($4 billion in sales), 13.3% revenue growth
• Microsoft: 18.5% market share ($3.5 billion in sales), 14% revenue growth
• Sybase: 3.5% market share
• Teradata: 3.3% market share
• Others: 9.4%

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Data Independence

• Definition: A database should have an identity separate from

the applications that use it.
• To alleviate problems with software maintenance
– Software maintenance is a part (50%) of information system budgets.
– To reduce impact of changes by separating database description from
applications
– To change database definition with minimal effect on applications that
use the database

• Three Schema Architecture

– for compartmentalizing database descriptions in order to achieve data
independence.

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Three Schema Architecture

External
View 1 View 2 View n Level

External to
Conceptual
Conceptual Conceptual
Mappings
Schema Level
Conceptual
to Internal
Mappings Internal
Internal Level
Schema

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Differences among Levels

• External
– Faculty Assignment Form View: data required for the form in Slide 12
– Faculty Work Load Report View: data required for the report in Slide 13

• Conceptual: the whole database from users’ and DB

developers’ point of view (e.g., Slide 8)

• Internal
– Files needed to store the tables
– Extra files to improve performance
– The whole database from the point of view of hardware and physical
processing

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Client-Server Architecture

a) Client-server processing with database server b) Client-server processing with middleware and database servers

Database Database
Database Middleware Database
server server server

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Parallel Database Architecture

(a) SD (b) SN
N N

P P ... P P P ... P

M M M M M M

... ...

Legend
P: processor
M: memory
N: high-speed network
SD: shared disk
SN: shared nothing

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Distributed Database Architecture

Tokyo
Client Server

Client Database

Denver London
Client Server Server Client

Client Client

Database Database

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Cloud Computing

Server

Database

Server Server

Database Database

• no initial product licensing costs and no hosting requirements

• web-based interfaces
• dynamic resource allocation

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management

Database Specialists

• Database administrator (DBA)

– More technical
– DBMS specific skills

• Data administrator
– Less technical
– Planning role
– Information resource management

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Chapter 1. Introduction to Database Management
DBA Responsibilities
Technical
Designing conceptual schemas
Designing internal schemas
Monitoring database performance
Selecting and evaluating database
software
Managing security for database usage
Troubleshooting database problems
MIS 6326: Database Management
Non-technical
Setting database standards
Devising training materials
Promoting benefits of
databases
Consulting with users
Planning new databases
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