MST

Manual Sampling Train

Andersen Instruments Inc.

500 Technology Court
Smyrna, GA 30082
800-241-6898
 Manual Sampling Train
Convenient · Reliable · Versatile

The Nutech MST Manual Stack Sampling System is designed to meet all EPA specifications as
outlined in the Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0576. Manufactured with the finest
components, the MST is designed to provide maximum performance under demanding field
conditions. The MST Control Console, and many of the individual components, is extremely
versatile. The MST Control Console is engineered to conduct a wide variety of sampling
applications. These applications include but are not limited to U.S. EPA Methods 4, 5, 8, 10, 13,
23, 26A, 29, 201A, and 301.
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 4 -Preparation for Sampling
1.1 Principal of Operation 4.0 Pre-Sampling Operations
4.1 Apparatus Check and
Chapter 2 - System Description Calibration
2.1 General Description 4.1.1 Probe Liner and Nozzle
2.2 Probe Assembly 4.1.2 Glassware Preparation
2.3 Filter Box 4.1.3 Dry Gas Meter
2.4 Impinger Box 4.1.4 Filter Preparation
2.5 Umbilical Cable
Chapter 5 - Sampling Operations
2.6 Pump Housing
5.0 On-Site Operations
2.7 Control Console
5.1 Handling of Equipment
Chapter 3 - Maintenance 5.2 Sampling
3.1 Control Console 5.2.1 Site Selection
3.1.1 Casing 5.2.2 Sample Point Location
3.1.2 Manometer 5.2.3 Traversing
3.1.2.1 Pitot Tube Lines 5.2.4 Sample Case Support
3.1.2.2 Orifice Meter Lines 5.2.4.1 Monorail
3.1.3 Timer 5.2.4.2 Slide Box
3.1.4 Temperature Controllers 5.2.5 Vertical Traversing
3.1.5 Temperature Display
3.1.6 Quick Connects 5.3 Pre-Test Calculations
3.1.7 Dry Gas Meter 5.3.1 Molecular Weight
3.1.8 Inlet Filter 5.3.2 Static Pressure
3.1.9 Control Box Leak Check 5.3.3 Absolute Stack Pressure
3.2 Pump Housing 5.3.4 Average Delta P
3.2.1 Muffler Jar 5.3.5 Average Gas Velocity
3.2.2 Oiler Jar 5.3.6 Absolute Meter Pressure
3.2.3 Pump Cleaning 5.3.7 Moisture Content
3.2.4 Fiber Vane Replacement 5.3.8 Stack Gas Molecular
3.2.5 Setting Rotor Tolerance Weight
3.2.6 Thermal Switch 5.3.9 Nozzle Size
3.3 Umbilical Cable 5.3.10 K-Factor
3.3.1 Amphenol Connectors 5.4 Sample Train Preparation
3.3.2 Quick Connects 5.5 Modular Sample Case
3.3.3 Thermocouple Plugs 5.6 Sample Probe Assembly
3.3.4 Sample Line Flushing 5.6.1 Nozzle Attachment
3.4 Sample Probes 5.6.2 Probe Mounting
3.4.1 Heating Mantle 5.6.3 Visual Inspection
3.4.2 Thermocouples 5.7 Sample Run Calculations
3.4.3 Pitot Tip
3.4.4 Nozzle Calibration 5.8 Post Test Calculations
5.8.1 Total volume of Dry Gas
5.8.2 Volume of Water Vapor at
Standard Conditions
Chapter 1

Introduction
1.1 Principal of Operation
The MST is designed to sample gas stream effluents isokinetically in
accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
standards as outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 60
(40CFR60), Appendix A. Stack gases typically are extracted through a
nozzle and heated probe, into a heated filter chamber where particulates are
removed. The hot gases are then passed through a series of cold impingers
where condensable are removed and the gasses are cooled before going to
the pump, dry gas meter and orifice.

The MST is manufactured with all the mechanical hardware specified in

40CFR60 for EPA Methods 1,2,3,4 and 5. The MST can be used with
Nutech hardware to sample additional EPA Methods. Consult the
Andersen Instruments Inc.Technical Sales Department or your local sales
representative for application notes.
Chapter 2
System Description
2.1 General Description
The MST is manufactured with the finest quality components available to
insure maximum performance. The housing is designed to provide adequate
protection under the severe conditions normally encountered during source
sampling operations. A very readable front panel and many other unique
features provide easy operation and enhance the performance,
maintenance and calibration procedures.
The complete sampling system contains six main components: probe, filter
box, impinger box, umbilical, pump housing and control box. The
schematic in Figure 2-1 shows how the major components are connected to
form a sampling system.

Figure 2-1 System Schematic

2.2 Probe Assembly

The complete probe assembly consists of a probe nozzle, probe sheath,
heated probe liner, probe liner thermocouple, pitot tube and stack
temperature thermocouple. The probe nozzle draws in a sample from the
source effluent. The probe sheath protects the heated probe liner. Beneath
the sheath, the probe liner is wrapped with heating wire that heats the
probe. The liner can be maintained at a temperature of 248 ±25°F (120
±14°C) to prevent condensation of the gas sample. The probe liner and
stack temperature thermocouples sense the liner and stack temperatures.
An S-Type pitot tube measures stack gas velocity by detecting a pressure
difference that is proportional to stack gas velocity.
2.3 Filter Box
The insulated, heated filter box contains the filter assembly to collect
particulate from the gas sample while preventing condensation of moisture
within the sample. It is also possible to put a cyclone separator before the
filter holder to remove large particulate. This is often desirable at locations
with high grain loading. The thermocouple in the filter box should be
placed as close as possible to the filter holder to maintain accurate sample
gas temperature.
2.4 Impinger Box
The impinger box typically contains three modified Greenburg-Smith
bubblers and one standard Greenburg-Smith impinger connected in series
and surrounded by crushed ice. The ice lowers the sample gas temperature
which causes condensation inside the impinger. Moisture and other
condensables are trapped for gravimetric or chemical analysis. The sample
gas exits the last impinger and passes through a check valve designed to
eliminate back pressure. The sample gas temperature is measured upon
exit and should be kept below 68°F (20°C) for complete moisture
condensation.
2.5 Umbilical Cable
The umbilical cable contains the sample line, two pitot lines, five type K
thermocouples, five power lines and a spare pitot/gas line. Standard
lengths are 25, 50 and 100 feet (7.62, 15.24 and 30.48 meters). Other
lengths up to 300 feet (91.44 meters) are available. The quick connects are
available in stainless steel or brass.
2.6 Pump Housing
The pump housing contains the pump which creates flow throughout the
sampling system. The quick connects which connect the pump to the
control console are constructed of stainless steel for maximum life. The
standard pump has a free flow of approximately four cubic feet per minute.
Other pump configurations are available.
2.7 Control Console
The control box houses the dry gas meter, temperature controllers,
temperature display, manometer, flow adjustment valves and timer.
Isokinetic sampling is maintained by comparing the dry gas meter orifice
pressure reading (∆H) and the Pitot pressure reading (∆P) and then adjust
the ∆H accordingly.
Sample gas enters the controller through the umbilical, passes through a
filter to remove any foreign matter, through the pump and dry gas meter
and exits the system through a calibrated orifice. The calibrated orifice is
connected to the manometer to allow the user a reference to the sample gas
flow. The ∆P reading is then compared to the ∆H and flow is adjusted to
maintain an isokinetic sampling rate.
The Orsat sample is collected near the exit of the orifice tube. A maximum
of 4 lpm should be collected to avoid interference with the ∆H reading.
Chapter 3

Maintenance
3.1 Control Console
Periodic inspection of the control console components is a must to insure
accurate sampling. This is especially true after the control console has
undergone rough treatment during field use or shipment. Although seldom
necessary, the casing can be removed by unscrewing the base securing
screws and the eight front panel securing screws on the sides and top. The
bottom screws on the front panels should remain in place.
3.1.1 Casing
Inspect all screws and rivets used in the assembly of the control console.
Any loose rivets should be replaced and loose screws tightened.
Replacement screws are available from Graseby. The thread size for the
screws attaching the latches is 6-32. All other screws are in the outer case
are 8-32.
3.1.2 Manometer
Visually inspect the orifice and pitot lines.
They should be free of fluid. Any fluid found
should be drained. The manometer should be
cleaned with soap and water or kerosene
Filler
only. Check for leaks around the oil level Screw
adjust knobs and filler screws. Any leaks
around the oil level adjust knobs can be fixed
by replacing the entire adjust assembly. Oil Level
Adjust Knobs
Replacement filler screws are also available.
Replacement manometer oil must have a Drain
Screw
specific gravity of 0.826. Adding additional
oil to the manometer is accomplished by Figure 3-1 Manometer
removing the oil filler screw at the left end
of the horizontal scale. A long blade type screwdriver inserted through the
hole in the casing eliminates the need to remove the manometer from the
front panel for this operation.
• Note: During shipment the manometer lines should be
disconnected. If for any reason the control unit has been inverted, be sure
the floating check valves of the manometer have returned to their normal
position. These valves are located under the manometer ports and must be
in the normal position to facilitate the use of the manometer.
• Note: The null switch on the electrical panel allows the user to
check the zero of the orifice lines during testing.
3.1.2.1 Pitot Tube Lines
To be certain the pitot lines are free of obstructions, gently blow through
the pitot tube quick connects. The pitot tube gauge should respond. Be
careful not to put more than ten inches (254mm) of water pressure on the
system.
3.1.2.2 Orifice Meter Lines
The following procedure should be used to check that the orifice lines are
clean of obstructions. Turn off all switches except the POWER and PUMP
switches. Carefully open the coarse and fine valves. The manometer
should respond with movement. If no movement is observed check to be
sure that all lines are connected and valves open. Also, move the Null
switch to check to see that the solenoid valves are operating properly. You
should hear a click when the Null switch is energized and the manometer
will move to zero.
3.1.3 Timer
The digital timer on the MST control
displays elapsed time in minutes and
seconds. The red button on the timer is
the reset button. There are no user
serviceable parts in this temperature Figure 3-2 Digital
controller. If power is lost during a Timer
sample run, the internal battery will
display the time at which power was
disconnected.
3.1.4 Temperature Controller
The dial type temperature controllers are °F
ON
300
set by turning the dial to the desired 150 450
temperature setting. When the unit is
functioning properly, the light in the upper 0 600
left corner will remain on only while
TOS Autonics
power is being output to the attached
heater. There are no user serviceable parts
in this temperature controller . Figure 3-3 Temperature
Controller
3.1.5 Temperature Display
The digital temperature display should Always on Top 2 pins = °F
two left pins Bottom 2 pins = °C
be periodically calibrated as described
in the steps below. To change the
digital temperature display from °F to
°C remove the red plastic cover.
Switching the two lower and the far
right jumpers will convert the unit to
display Celsius. Two left pins =°F High Low
Two right pins =°C Calibration Calibration
NOTE: Figure 3-4 illustrates the unit
in its configuration for °F. Figure 3-4 Temperature
Display
The following steps should be followed
to calibrate your digital temperature display:
1. Warm up the display for a period of 1 hour
2. Remove the plastic red cover from the display
3. Attach a Standard Thermocouple Calibrator to any of the input jacks
on the front panel of the MST control console and adjust the selector
switch to that channel
4. Set the calibrator to each temperature setting as requested on data
sheet DS-1 and record the set point and display temperatures.
5. Complete the calibration before any adjustments to the display are
made
6. Using the calibration screws as shown in Figure 3-4, adjust the hi and
low settings as needed
7. Repeat steps three and four until the display and calibrator agree within
± 5.4°F (3°C)
3.1.6 Quick Connects
A drop of penetrating oil helps keep the quick connects in good working
order.
3.1.7 Dry Gas Meter
The meter and orfice are calibrated before leaving the factory. A record of
the initial calibration is kept at Andersen Instruments Inc.for a period of 1
year. When required recalibrate the dry gas meter and orifice according to
the procedure on the following page.
 1. Connect the control unit to a
calibration device (Standard dry
gas meter, wet test meter,
calibrated orifice, etc.)
2. Run the control unit for a period
of 15 minutes to allow all
components to warm up. If using
a wet test meter, it is very
important that the water be at
Figure 3-5 Calibration Setup
room temperature to avoid
errors. It is also necessary that
room temperature not fluctuate.
3. Adjust the flow rate to the desired flow. Before leaving the factory,
Andersen Instruments Inc.calibrates each control unit at the following
manometer settings: 0.75, 2.0 and 6.0 at a vacuum of approximately 5”
Hg. For a post test calibration, the flow rate should be set to the
average ∆H achieved during the sample runs. If using calibrated
orifices, open the main and coarse valves completely to maximum
vaccum
4. Do not adjust the flow rate, turn the pump power off and record the
dry gas meter volume and calibration device volume.
5. Reset the timer.
6. Turn the pump and timer switches on simultaneously.
7. Record all data as requested on Data Sheet DS-2
8. A minimum of 5 cubic feet (0.15 m3) are required at each flow rate.
9. Calculate the γ and ∆H@ for each flow setting.
10. A calibration is acceptable if all of the individual values are ± 2% of the
average. Contact the Andersen Instruments Inc.Customer Service
department if the meter is not functioning properly. If the dry gas
meter coefficient values obtained before and after a test series differ by
more than 5%, recalibrate the meter over the full range of settings.
• NOTE: Any tests performed using a meter failing the 5% criteria
should be voided or calculations performed using the γ (before or after)
that gives the lower value of total sample volume.
3.1.8 Control Console Inlet Filter
Located just behind the sample line quick connect, sample gas passes
through the filter jar immediately as it enters the Control Console to
remove any foreign matter before it enters the pump housing. The felts in
this jar should be replaced regularly. To replace these felts, remove the
glass catch jar and remove the plastic retaining washer from below the
 bottom felt. Remove and replace all three felts. Before reassembling the jar
inspect the gasket located inside the metal cap for and drying or cracks.
Replace if necessary. A few wraps of Teflon tape around the glass threads
will help protect against leaks.
3.1.9 Control Console Leak Check
Before any calibration or sampling procedure, a leak check should be
conducted. The meter system should be leak free. Both positive
(pressure) and negative (vacuum) leak checks should be performed. The
following is a pressure leak check procedure that will check the metering
system from the sample inlet quick connect to the orifice outlet including
the inclined manometer.
1) Disconnect the orifice meter
line from the downstream
orifice pressure tap (the one Vacuum Gauge

closest to the orifice exhaust), Orifice Tube Fine Control Coarse Control
and plug this tap . Valve Valve

2) Vent the negative side of the

inclined manometer.
3) Place a one-hole rubber Gas Meter

stopper with a tube through

its hole into the exit of the
orifice.
4) Connect the vacuum pump to Inlet
Filer
the system .
5) Enable the positive side of the Sample Inlet Inlet from Pump Outlet to Pump
manometer. NOTE: Oilier Jar Not Shown
6) Open the coarse and fine
valves completely. Fiber Vane Pump
7) Blow into the the tubing Muffler
Jar
connected to the end of the
orifice until a pressure of 5 to Figure 3-6 Flow Diagram
7 inches (127 to 178 mm)
H20 has built up in the
system.
8) Plug or crimp the tubing to maintain this pressure.
9) Observe the pressure reading for a period of one minute. No noticable
movement in the manometer fluid level should occur. If the system has
a leak, a bubbling-type, soapy water, leak-check solution may aid in
locating the leak(s).
 After the system is determined to be leak free by the positive leak-check
procedure, the vacuum system to-and-including the pump should be
checked by the following procedure:

1) Plug the sample inlet to the meter box.

2) Turn the pump on and pull a vacuum of at least 20” Hg.
3) Observe the dry gas meter, if a leakage rate of 0.005 ft3/min, (0.00015
m3/min), the leak(s) must be found and minimized until the above
specifications are satisfied.
3.2 Pump Housing
The pump used in the MST is designed for pumping clean dry air. Regular
cleaning and maintenance is necessary. The steps listed in this section will
help receive years of trouble free service from the pump, by protecting
against the entrance of dirt and excessive moisture.
3.2.1 Muffler Jar
The muffler jar is located at the exit
of the pump to catch any oil or dirt Flow Flow
before it gets to the dry gas meter.
Dirty or clogged felts can be
responsible for failure of the pump to Gasket
build up pressure or produce vacuum
and the eventual overheating of the
Plastic
pump motor. Felts should be
Retaining
replaced every 50-75 hours of Ring
operation. To replace these felts,
remove the glass catch jar and Figure 3-7 Muffler Jar
remove the plastic retaining washer
from below the bottom felt. Remove and replace all three felts. Before
reassembling the jar inspect the gasket located inside the metal cap for and
drying or cracks. Replace if necessary. A few wraps of Teflon tape
around the glass threads will help protect against leaks.
3.2.2 Oiler Jar
Before each use, a visual inspection of the Flow
oiler jar is necessary to be sure the proper
amount of oil is present. Figure 3-9 is a
Gasket
table of some of the oils that are acceptable
for use in your lubricated pump. Use only
non-detergent oil. The oil should be Cotton
replaced when noticeably dirty. The Wick

Figure 3-8 Oiler Jar

 cotton wick should project into the air
stream about ½”(1.27 cm).The gasket
should be inspected for cracks or
hardening and replaced if necessary.

SAE #10 SAE #20

Ambient below 100°F Ambient above100°F
Gast AD220
American S-1 #10 S-1 #20
Citgo C-310 C-320
Gulf Gulflube HD-10 Gulflube HD-20
Mobile Delvac 1110 Delvac 1120
Shell Rotella #10 Rotella #20
Texaco URSA S-1 #10 URSA S-1 #20
Figure 3-9 Recommended Lubricating Oils
3.2.3 Pump Cleaning
Regular pump cleaning will eliminate most pump problems before they
happen. A noisy inefficient pump is frequently nothing more serious than a
vane stuck in its rotor slot due to excessive oiling or foreign matter in the
pump head. The steps shown below should be completed after each field
test to insure years of trouble free service.
1. Remove felts from muffler jar
2. Disconnect the pump from control console
3. Place the rubber pressure hose into a large container (an old milk jug
works well)
4. Stuff a rag or paper towels into the opening of the bottle (to catch oil
mist)
5. Turn the pump on and spray a light penetrating lubricant (WD-40 or
equal) into vacuum hose until the oil exiting the pressure hose appears
clean.
6. Stop spraying and allow the pump to run for about 5 minutes to clear
the system of oil.
7. Empty the oiler and muffler jars of oil and wipe dry.
8. Fill the oiler jar with fresh oil as listed in Figure 3-9
9. Reinstall the felts into the muffler jar
3.2.4 Fiber Vane Replacement
A well maintained pump can deliver up to 15,000 hours of service before
vane replacement is necessary. Depending on the MST version purchased,
it may be necessary to remove the pump from its housing to gain access to
the pump head. Disconnect the pump from its power supply. Remove the
 end plate of the pump only. Examine the pump vanes. Pump vanes need
replacement when approximately 40% has worn away. If necessary,
remove and discard all four vanes. Lightly lubricate the new vanes before
installation. It will also be helpful if the rotor slots are cleaned before
installation. An oil spray works well for this. Replace pump end plate and
leak check the pump before putting back into service.
3.2.5 Setting Rotor Tolerance
The process of setting the rotor tolerances should only be attempted if a
noticeable drop in system vacuum or pressure occurs. The rotary vane
pump is a precision product, there being only 0.002” (0.0508 mm)
clearance at the top and 0.0025-0.0035” (0.0635-0.08890 mm) total
between rotor end and pump end plate. Remove the end plate and check
the tolerance between the rotor top and housing with a micrometer. If the
tolerance is out, lightly tap on the PUMP BODY ONLY. (Either the top or
bottom depending whether the clearance is too large or too small). The
rotor should be turned after setting to check that all points on the
circumference will clear the housing. The clearance between the rotor and
end plate can be set by pulling or tapping lightly on the rotor.
Note: If you are at all uncomfortable with this procedure, DO NOT
ATTEMPT IT. Contact the Andersen Instruments Inc.Customer Service
Department for further information.
3.2.6 Thermal Switch
The motor in the pump is fitted with a thermal switch designed to prevent
damage from overheating. If the thermal switch has activated, take the
pump to a cool environment. There is no reset button. When the motor
has cooled the switch will reset itself. If the thermal switch continually cuts
power to your motor, this may be an indication of other pump/motor
problems. Contact the Andersen Instruments Inc.Customer Service
Department if the problem continues.
3.3 Umbilical Cable
The umbilical cable should be inspected for damage to the outer covering.
Any cuts, tears or melted sections should be closely examined to insure no
damage to the electrical wires or sample lines.
3.3.1 Amphenol Connectors
The 5 pin Amphenol connector on
Auxiliary
your MST console does not require
any normal maintenance. However, A
Ground E B Common
if any of the wires become broken it
is imperative that repairs be made D C
Probe Hot Box
taking care to match pins on each
end. The pins are labeled as shown
to the right.
3.3.2 Quick Connects
A drop of penetrating oil helps keep the quick connects in good working
order.
3.3.3 Thermocouple Plugs
The MST sampling system uses type K thermocouples to measure
temperature. If a repair is necessary to any of the plugs, the red wire
should be attached to the negative screw and the yellow to the positive
screw.
• Note: A thermocouple that has its wires reversed will display a lower
temperature as it is heated and vise-versa as it is cooled.
3.3.4 Sample Line Flushing
Flush the sample line with compressed air or water only. If water is used
be sure to completely dry the line before attaching to the control unit.
3.4 Sample Probes
Sample probe exteriors should be kept clean to eliminate contamination
from one sample site to another. Inspect the clamps and welds to ensure
that all are secure. Tighten or replace as necessary.
3.4.1 Heating Mantle
The removable heating mantle in your Nutech sampling probe is designed
to keep your sample at 248°F ±25°F (120°C ±14°C). To separate the
mantle from the liner remove the tape from each end of the mantle and
gently pull off. To reinstall the mantle it may be necessary to use talc or
baby powder as a lubricant. The chart listed in Figure 3-10 lists the
nominal resistance for each heating mantle.
Length 120V Heating Mantles 220V Heating Mantles
2’-5’ 66 Ω 33 Ω
5-8 44 Ω 22 Ω
9-12 33 Ω 17 Ω

Figure 3-10 Ohms Resistance for Heating Mantles

3.4.2 Thermocouples
Thermocouples should be calibrated periodically. To calibrate, place the
thermocouple into an ice bath and check against an NBS traceable mercury
thermometer or a reference thermocouple and potentiometer. Record the
temperatures of both the reference device and thermocouple on data sheet
DS-1 found in Appendix A. Repeat these steps at higher temperatures
using boiling water or another heat source. You should also check to be
sure that the thermocouple is reading from the tip of the outer sheath. To
 do this place a lighted match on the end of the thermocouple. The
temperature should immediately rise.
• Note: While the thermocouple is flexible it is not designed to be bent
sharply. Any sharp bend can cause damage to the inner insulation.
3.4.3 Pitot Tip
Before and after each field use, the pitot tube shall be carefully examined
in top side and end views. If the pitot face openings are aligned within the
specifications illustrated on data sheet DS-3, it can be assumed that the
baseline coefficient has not changed.
3.4.4 Nozzle Calibration
Nozzles should be calibrated before each use in the field. Using a
micrometer, measure the inside diameter of the nozzle to the nearest
0.001” (0.025 mm). Make three separate measurements using different
diameters each time, and obtain the average of the measurements. The
difference between the high and low measurements shall not exceed 0.004”
(0.1 mm). If nozzles become nicked, dented or corroded they should be
reshaped, sharpened and recalibrated. The angle of the taper should be
approximately 30°.
Chapter 4

Pre-Sampling Operations
4.0 Pre-Sampling Operations
Strict adherence to the specifications listed in this section are necessary to
maintain sample integrity. Each of these items are generally completed
before traveling to the sampling site.
4.1 Apparatus Check and Calibration
A pretest check will have to be made on most of the sampling apparatus. A
copy of all calibration data should be kept with the equipment as well as
filed in a safe location.
4.1.1 Probe Liner and Nozzle
Clean the probe and nozzle interior by brushing first with tap water, then
with Deionized distilled water, and finally with acetone; allow both to dry
in a clean environment. Some sampling methods will require different
reagents be used. Regardless of the reagent used, the objective is to leave
the nozzle and liner free from contaminants. After drying, the probe liner
should be sealed against further contamination. The probe heating system
should be checked to see that it is operating properly.
4.1.2 Impingers, Filter Holder and Glass Connectors
All glassware should be cleaned first with detergent and tap water and then
with Deionized distilled water. After drying, all glassware should be sealed
against further contamination. A visual inspection of the glassware should
be made for cracks or breakage and then repaired or discarded if defective.
Note: Some sampling methods require the use of different reagents for the
cleaning process.
4.1.3 Dry Gas Meter
The dry gas meter should be calibrated as described in Section 3.1.7 before
each sampling procedure.
4.1.4 Filter Preparation
Check the filters visually against light for irregularities, flaws, and pinhole
leaks. Either label the filters on the backside near the edge using a felt tip
marker, or label the petri dishes and keep the filters in their respective
dishes except during actual sampling and weighing. Before weighing, the
filters must be desiccated at 68° ±10°F (20° ±5.6°C) and at ambient
pressure for at least twenty four hours. Weigh each filter at six hour
intervals until weight changes of less than 0.5mg from the previous
weightings are achieved. During each weighing, the filter must not be
exposed to the laboratory atmosphere for greater than two minutes or to a
relative humidity of greater than 50%. An alternative procedure to 24 hour
desiccation is oven drying the filters at 220°F(105°C) for two to three
hours followed by desiccation for two hours and by weighing to a constant
weight, as described above. The balance should be calibrated according to
the manufacture’s specifications before each set of weights are taken. If
the balance does not agree to within ±0.5g maintenance procedures should
be performed to correct any errors. A record of calibration should be kept
with the balance at all times.
Chapter 5

On-Site Operations
5.0 On-Site Operation
The on-site activities include transporting equipment to the test site,
unpacking and assembling the equipment, making duct measurements,
performing the velocity traverse, determining molecular weights and stack
gas moisture contents, sampling, recording data and calculating results.
Blank data forms are located in Appendix A for the convenience of the
Nutech MST user.
5.1 Handling of Equipment
The most efficient means of transporting or moving the equipment from
ground level to the sampling site should be decided during the preliminary
site visit (or prior correspondence). Care should be exercised to prevent
damage to the test equipment or injury to personnel during the moving
phase. A "laboratory" area should be designated for assembling the
sampling train, placing the filter in the filter holder, charging the impingers,
recovering the sample, and documenting the results. This area should be
clean and free of excessive drafts.
5.2 Sampling
The on-site sampling includes site selection, preliminary measurements and
setup, placing the filter in the filter holder, setting up the sampling train,
preparing the probe, checking for leaks along the entire train, inserting the
probe into the stack, sealing the port, checking the temperature of the
probe, sampling at designated points, and recording the data. A final leak
check must always be performed upon completion of the sampling.
5.2.1 Site Selection
Many times you will find your sample site already chosen, often based on
inadequate information. If your location does not fit the following criteria,
it would be best to relocate the sampling site in order to make the data
more acceptable. Other factors to be considered in selecting the sampling
site are that the distance from the probe to the bottom of the sample case is
about 13 inches, and the minimum recommended sample port size is three
inches.
A sampling site should be chosen where there are at least two diameters
downstream and 0.5 diameters upstream from any expansion, contraction,
bend, obstruction, visible flame, or exit. This location, however, requires
sampling at 24 different points within the duct as shown in Figure 5-1. The
optimum location is at least eight diameters downstream and two upstream,
 requiring only 12 sampling points. For rectangular cross sections,
determine an equivalent diameter from the following equation:
(length) (width)
equivalent diameter = 2
length + width
To use Figure 5-1, first measure the distance from the chosen sampling
location to the nearest upstream and downstream disturbances. Determine
the corresponding number of sampling points for each distance from Figure
5-1, and select the higher of the two numbers. Then round off the number
for a round stack to the nearest multiple of four. For a square or
rectangular stack, divide the cross section into as many equal rectangular
areas as sample points, such that the ratio of the length to width of each
elemental area is between one and two. Data Sheet DS-4, located in
Appendix A is provided to aid in determining sample points.

Duct Diameters Upstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance A)

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
50
a
Higher Number is for Disturbance
40 Rectangular Stacks or Ducts A
Measurement
Site

B
30 24 or 25a
Disturbance
20
20 16

* From Point of Any Type of Disturbance 12

10 (Bend, Expansion, Contraction, Etc.) 8 or 9a

0
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Duct Diameters Downstream from Flow Disturbance* (Distance B)

Figure 5-1 Minimum Number of Sampling Points Required

5.2.2 Sample Point Location

For circular stacks, locate the sampling points on at least two diameters.
The use of two sampling ports located 90° from each other is preferable,
however, stack size sometimes necessitates the use of four ports to reach
all sample points. Table 5-2 is used to calculate the location of each
sampling point. Figure 5-3 shows the example of a 60” duct with the
minimum 12 sample points. Using this example, the tester would use the
column labeled 6, assuming the use of 2 sample ports, for the number of
traverse points on a diameter. (12÷2). To calculate point #1, multiply the
 stack diameter, 60 by 0.044 or 4.4%. Sample point #1 would then be
located at 2.64” plus the port length into the stack.
Note: No traverse point can be located closer than 1/2” from the stack
wall. Adjust the first and last points as required to meet this
criteria.
Number of Traverse Points on a Diameter
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
1 14.6 6.7 4.4 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.1
2 85.4 25.0 14.6 10.5 8.2 6.7 5.7 4.9 4.4 3.9 3.5 3.2
3 75.0 29.6 19.4 14.6 11.8 9.9 8.5 7.5 6.7 6.0 5.5
4 93.3 70.4 32.3 22.6 17.7 14.6 12.5 10.9 9.7 8.7 7.9
5 85.4 67.7 34.2 25.0 20.1 16.9 14.6 12.9 11.6 10.5
6 95.6 80.6 65.8 35.6 26.9 22.0 18.8 16.5 14.6 13.2
7 89.5 77.4 64.4 36.6 28.3 23.6 20.4 18.0 16.1
8 96.8 85.4 75.0 63.4 37.5 29.6 25.0 21.8 19.4
9 91.8 82.3 73.1 62.5 38.2 30.6 26.2 23.0
10 97.4 88.2 79.9 71.7 61.8 38.8 31.5 27.2
11 93.3 85.4 78.0 70.4 61.2 39.3 32.3
12 97.9 90.1 83.1 76.4 69.4 60.7 39.8
13 94.3 87.5 81.2 75.0 68.5 60.2
14 98.2 91.5 85.4 79.6 73.8 67.7
15 95.1 89.1 83.5 78.2 72.8
16 98.4 92.5 87.1 82.0 77.0
17 95.6 90.3 85.4 80.6
18 98.6 93.3 88.4 83.9
19 96.1 91.3 86.8
20 98.7 94.0 89.5
21 96.5 92.1
22 98.9 94.5
23 96.8
24 98.9
Table 5-2 Location of Traverse Points in Circular Stacks

Traverse % of Location of 6
Point Diameter Sample 5
Point
1 4.4 2.64 4
2 14.6 8.76
3 29.6 17.76 3
4 70.4 42.24
2
5 85.4 51.24
6 95.6 57.36 1

Figure 5-3 Example Showing 60” Circular Stack divided into 12

Equal Areas.
 For rectangular stacks, determine the # of Traverse Matrix Layout
Points
number of sample points as described in 9 3x3
section 5.2.1 of this manual. Using 12 4x3
16 4x4
Table 5-3, determine the grid 20 5x4
configuration for sample point location. 25 5x5
30 6x5
Divide the stack cross-section into as 36 6x6
42 7x6
many equal rectangular elemental areas 49 7x7
as traverse points, and then locate a
traverse point at the centroid of each Table 5-3 Cross Section
Layout for Rectangular
equal area as shown in Figure 5-4.
Stacks

240”

Traverse Point Distance from 3

Number Inside Wall
1 27.00
2 87.00 180” 2
3 147.00

Figure 5-4: Cross section of section rectangular stack divided into 12

equal areas, showing location of sampling points at centroid of each

Note: When marking the sample points on your probe, do not forget to
add the port nipple length to the distance for each point
5.2.3 Traversing
Sampling should always be done traversing perpendicular to the flow of
stack gasses. A vertical stack or duct requires a horizontal traverse. A
horizontal stack may be traversed horizontally or vertically. For stacks or
ducts at offset angles, horizontal traversing is recommended.
The sampling site must not only meet the requirements of the least
disturbance to flow, but also allow accessibility of the sampling equipment.
There should be at least 13” below the centerline of the port, 14” above the
centerline and 25” should be added to the probe to allow for full traversing.
5.2.4 Sample Case Support
Support of the sample case is a primary consideration in any stack sampling
job. The need for a traversing platform equal in length to the stack
diameter has brought about the development of several sample case
support systems. The two most common systems are the monorail support
and the slide box.
5.2.4.1 Monorail
The Modular Sample Case is designed in such a way that a monorail
support system can be used as in Figure 5-5. The advantages are light
weight and flexibility. The handle slips easily onto the monorail roller
swivel bracket. By rotating the sample case, the probe can be attached by
the operator while standing on a platform very close to the stack. The
sample case is then pushed out to its farthest position by holding the probe
which is then inserted in the sample port. The distance between the probe
centerline and the bottom of the filter box is approximately thirteen inches.
At times, an obstruction may not allow you to place the monorail at the
desired thirteen inches. If this occurs, greater distances can be achieved by
adding chain between the roller and Modular Sample Case.

Figure 5-5 Monorail Support System

The stack shown in Figure 5-5 has brackets

attached to the stack wall for monorail
mounting. If brackets are unavailable at your
location, the optional port mounting bracket
shown in Figure 5-6 will accommodate ports
sized between three and four inches. Contact Figure 5-6: Adjustable
the Andersen Instruments Inc.Technical Sales Port Mounting Bracket
Department or your local representative for
further details.
5.2.4.2 Slide Box
 A slide box is probably the simplest support system of all. However, the
slide box requires a sampling platform long enough to accommodate the
entire probe length. This system is normally used on a roof top. A typical
arrangement is shown in Figure 5-7. Many variations are possible
depending on the operator and materials available.

Stack

2 x 4 for support
Support
Plywood
Blocks

Rooftop

Figure 5-7: Wooden Slide Box

5.2.5 Vertical Traversing

Figures 5-5 and 5-7 illustrate the typical setup for traversing vertical
stacks. If your stack is in the horizontal position you may be required to
sample both horizontally and vertically. The addition of a compact hot
box will allow the user to easily sample in both orientations. In this system,
the impingers are connected to a heated filter box by a flexible sample line.
It may be required that the sample line be heated. If vertical sampling is
required, it is preferable to sample from the top of the stack down as any
port on the bottom of a duct may emit accumulated particulate when
opened. Figure 5-8 shows both the compact hot box and the standard
Modular Sample case configured for vertical sampling. Support of the
sampling case and probe during a vertical traverse is best accomplished by
a custom built frame for each sampling site.
To mount the vertical adapter to the Modular Sample Case the following
steps should be used:
1) Remove the four screws attaching the probe clamp to the heated filter
box.
2) Attach the vertical adapter in the approiate orientation, either up or
down, with the same four mounting screws.
3) Mount the probe clamp to the vertical adapter using four 8-32
screws.

Modular Sample Case
shown with optional
vertical sampling adapter
Compact Hot Box with
probe attached. This
system attached to
impingers by flexible
sample line not shown.

Flow

Figure 5-8: Vertical Sampling

5.3 Pre-Test Calculations

This section will define the equations necessary to begin isokinetic
sampling. It is necessary to determine the stack pressure, temperature,
molecular weight, approximate moisture content and the range of velocity
heads (∆p) that will be encountered during sampling. Data sheet DS-5 is a
listing of most required calculations.
5.3.1 Molecular Weight of Flue Gas, Dry Pound Per Pound Mole ( Md )
The molecular weight of the flue gas is a calculation of gas density that is
used in calculating the gas velocity.
= ( %CO * 0.44 ) + ( %O2 * 0.32 ) + ( %CO + %N2 * 0.28)
5.3.2 Static Pressure in the Stack (Pst)
The static pressure is made by using a Type S pitot tube with the pitot tube
openings facing perpendicular to the gas stream. Connect only one leg of
the pitot tube to the manometer; vent the other side of the manometer to
the atmosphere. Record the static pressure (Pst) on Data Sheet DS-6. Be
sure to include if the pressure was positive or negative.
5.3.3 Absolute Pressure in the Stack (Ps)
Use the following formula to calculate the Absolute Stack Pressure:
Ps = Pbar + ( Pst / 13.6)
5.3.4 Determination of Average Velocity Head ( ∆p )
Determine the number and location of traverse points as described in
Section 5.2.2 of this manual. Measure the velocity head and temperature
at each traverse point accessible from a given port by measuring each point
once as the pitot tube is inserted into the stack and moved across the
 stack’s diameter. Record this data on Data Sheet DS-6. A check for
cyclonic flow should also be conducted at this time by rotating the pitot
tube until a null ∆p reading is made and measuring the angle at which this
occurs. When the traverse is complete, calculate the average temperature
and ∆p readings and record.
5.3.5 Average Flue Gas Velocity, Feet Per Second ( vs )
The actual velocity is calculated as shown below.

∆p * ( 460 + Ts )
= 85.49 * Cp *
Ps * Ms

5.3.6 Absolute Meter Pressure

The absolute meter pressure is calculated to correct for any pressure on the
dry gas meter. This calculation can be made using the Slide Rule Calculator
or the formula that follows. If using the formula that follows, you will have
to assume the average ∆H that is expected during the sampling period.
With experience, you will be able to make an accurate estimate using the
average ∆p from the flow traverse. It is also acceptable to use previous
data for these calculations if it is deemed reliable.
Pm = Pbar + (∆H / 13.6 )
5.3.7 Determination of Moisture Content
Determine the moisture content using the approximation Method 4 or its
alternatives for the purpose of setting the isokinetic sampling rate. If the
particular source has been tested before or if a good estimate of the
moisture is available, this should be sufficient. A moisture calculation
worksheet is provided in Appendix A labeled DS-8.
5.3.8 Determination of Molecular Weight of Stack Gas (Ms & Md)
To determine the molecular weight of the flue gas it is first necessary to
determine the percentages of the stack gas composition that are CO2, CO,
O2 and N2. Under different testing situations, this determination will be
made by using a either a Fyrite, Orsat or by instrument analysis. Check the
local environmental governing body for specific regulations.
Md = ( % CO2 * 0.44) + ( %O2 * 0.32) + ( %CO + %N2 * 0.28)
Mfd = 1 - ( %H20 / 100 )
Ms = (Md * Mfd ) + ( 0.18 * %H20 )
5.3.9 Ideal Nozzle Size Determination
The proper nozzle diameter is necessary to allow the user to maintain
isokinetic sampling rates without having to stop testing and change
 nozzles. The determination of the ideal nozzle size can be made on the
Slide Rule Calculator or by using the following formula.

0.0358 * Qm * Pm ( Ts + 460 ) * Ms
Dn = *
( Tm + 460 ) * Cp * (1 - Bws) Ps * ∆p

5.3.10 K-Factor Determination

A K-Factor is a number used to calculate the desired ∆H setting. If the
sampling location you are working at has a large temperature variance from
point-to-point you should consider calculating more than one K-Factor
based on the different temperatures.
∆H@ * ( Tm + 460 ) * Ps * Dn4 * ( 1 - Bws )2
= 17,365 *
Pbar * ( Ts + 460 ) * [ 29 - ( 11 * Bws) ]
5.4 Preparing the Sample Train
Preparation of the sample train includes the charging of the impingers and
loading of the filter housing. This section assumes that all glassware has
been previously prepared for sampling. Load the reagents into the
impingers as described by the specific sampling method being used and
weigh each impinger, recording the weights on Data Sheet DS-7.
Assemble the sample train using the appropriate connecting glassware and
clamp each joint lightly. If you are not using O-Ring glassware, some
sampling methods allow the use of a Silicone Grease to aid in the sealing of
all joints. If acceptable, apply only a light coat to the ball and the socket as
well as the taper joint where the bottle and impinger stem meet. If using
O-Ring glassware, inspect the O-Rings for any damage and replace as
necessary. Some sampling protocols may require the use of Teflon coated
O-Rings which are available from Graseby.
Load the weighed filter into the housing being careful not to touch the filter
surface as oils from your skin will absorb quickly onto the filter and add to
the final particulate catch. Each filter should be loaded such that the rough
side will collect the particulate sample.
All openings should be sealed to protect against contamination until the
sample train is assembled at the test location.
5.5 Modular Sample Case Assembly
The Modular Sample Case consists of the heated filter box and the
impinger box. To assemble the Modular Sample Case slide the impinger
box on to the filter box and lock in place on both sides using the stainless
steel latches.
5.6 Sample Probe Assembly
Select a suitable probe length and nozzle size based on calculations in
Sections 5.2.2 and 5.3.9 of this manual. Refer to the sampling protocol to
determine the proper liner, and insert it into the probe sheath. The end of
the probe liner should be flush with the welded nut when inserted into the
sheath.
5.6.1 Nozzle Attachment
The probe utilizes a union for securing the nozzle to the probe sheath. The
nozzle is attached to the union with a front and rear ferrule and a union
nut. If using a Pyrex or Quartz sampling nozzle, do not use stainless steel
ferrules. Teflon ferrules should be used in place of the stainless for stack
temperatures up to. Temperatures over 500°F will require the use of a
single graphite ferrule. The union is attached to the probe sheath by a
permanently welded nut on the nozzle and of the probe sheath. The probe
liner is sealed by an inverted rear ferrule and Viton O-Ring. Teflon O-
Rings are also acceptable at temperatures up to 500°F. Temperatures over
500°F will need to be sealed in the same manner as the nozzle described
earlier in this section.
5.6.2 Mounting the Probe
Loosen the thumb screw on the probe clamp and open completely. Insert
the probe through the hole in the filter box until approximately 1.5” of the
liner is visible from the inside of the filter box. Orient the pitot tubes so
that the openings will face directly into the flow when inserted into the
stack. Close the clamp and tighten the thumb screw. Plug the liner power
into the outlet labeled “Probe”.
5.6.3 Visual Inspection
A visual inspection of the complete probe assembly should be made prior
to insertion into the stack checking to see that the thermocouple, pitot and
nozzle are aligned properly. Figure 5-9 on the following page illustrates
the acceptable configurations.
5.7 Sample Run Calculations and Data Recording
During the actual sample run it is necessary to calculate the desired ∆H to
maintain isokinetic sampling conditions. This can be done through the use
of a Slide Rule Calculator (P/N S4570 or S4570M) or by the use of a
previously calculated K-Factor as described in Section 5.3.8. The
instructions for use are printed on the face of each slide rule. To use a K-
Factor, multiply the ∆p reading by the K-Factor. The resulting number is
the desired ∆H. This and all other data requested on data sheet DS-9
should be recorded at each sample point.
 A

Type S Pitot Tube

B
Sampling Nozzle

Distance A & B must be greater than or equal to ¾”

B

Type S Pitot Tube A

Sampling Nozzle

Distance A must be greater than or equal to ¾”

Distance B must be greater than or equal to 2”
Figure 5-9 - Acceptable Probe Tip Configurations

5.8 Post Test Isokinetic Calculations

After each sample run the following calculations should be made to ensure
the validity of the sample run.
5.8.1 Volume of Dry Gas Sampled at Standard Conditions ( Vm(std) )
The following formula corrects for barometric pressure, meter temperature
and meter volume.
Pbar + ( ∆H / 13.6 )
= 17.64 * Y * Vm *
Tm + 460

5.8.2 Volume of Water Vapor at Standard Conditions, Dry Standard

Cubic Feet ( Vw(std) )
= 0.04707 * Vlc
5.8.3 Moisture Content, Percent By Water ( %H20 )
= 100 * Vw(std) / (Vw(std) + Vm(std))
5.8.4 Mole Fraction of Flue Gas ( Mfd )
= 1 - (%H20 / 100 )
5.8.5 Isokinetic Sampling Rate ( %I )
Pstd * 100 * ( Ts + 460 ) * Vm(std)
=
Tstd * 60 * Ps * vs * Mfd * θ * An
5.8.6 Nomenclature for Isokinetic Sampling
An = Area of Nozzle in square feet
Bws = Water Vapor Fraction, %H20 / 100
Cp = Pitot Coefficient
Dn = Actual Nozzle Diameter
∆H = Orifice Meter Pressure
∆H@ = Orifice Calibration Correction Factor
Md = Molecular Weight of Flue Gas, Dry Pound Per Pound Mole
Ms = Molecular Weight of Flue Gas, Wet Pound Per Pound Mole
Mfd = Mole Fraction
Pbar = Barometric Pressure
Pm = Absolute Meter Pressure
Ps = Flue Gas Absolute Pressure, Inches Hg
Pst = Static Pressure reading
Pstd = Standard Pressure (29.92 inches Mercury)
Qm = Desired Sampling Rate
Tm = Average Meter Temperature during the Sample Run
Ts = Average Stack Temperature
Tstd = Standard Absolute Temperature ( 528° R or 68° F )
Vlc = Volume of Liquid Collected
Vm(std)
= Volume of Dry Gas Sampled at Standard Conditions
Vm = Total volume collected during the sample period
Vw(std)
= Volume of Water Vapor at Standard Conditions, Dry Standard
Cubic Feet
vs = Stack Gas Velocity, feet per second
Y = Calibration factor of dry gas meter
%H20 = Moisture Content, Percent By Water
%CO = Carbon Monoxide content, percent by volume (dry basis)
%CO2 = Carbon Dioxide content, percent by volume (dry basis)
%O2 = Oxygen content, percent by volume (dry basis)
%N2 = Nitrogen content, percent by volume (dry basis)
∆p = Average Pitot Reading, from Method 2 or previous test data
Chapter 6
Troubleshooting
Maximum vacuum Inlet felt filter is dirty and needs replacement.
or flow rate decreases Outlet felt filter is dirty and needs replacement
One or more fiber vanes are stuck in the rotor head
Obstruction in sample flow path
Pump head rotor has shifted out of tolerance.
Pump motor fails to Check for correct current (5-6 amperes)
start or hums Check to see if fuse is blown
Motor is extremely hot and thermal switch has activated
Unit has frozen due to ambient temperature - move pump to a warmer
environment to “heat” it up and then return to your sampling
location
Check for proper amount of oil, add as necessary
Probe won’t heat or Thermocouple not properly connected
heats slowly Umbilical cable not properly connected
Controller setpoint incorrect
Controller needs calibration
Heating mantle has electrical short
Hot Box won’t heat Thermocouple not properly connected
or heats slowly Umbilical cable not properly connected
Controller setpoint incorrect
Controller needs calibration
Heater has electrical short
Control unit doesn’t Check to be sure oiler and muffler jars are tight
pass leak check Check to be sure compression fittings are tight
Check manometer fittings
Pump/motor seal leaking
Digital thermocouple Open thermocouple line
readout doesn’t show
any temperature
Appendix A
Temperature Calibration Sheet
DS-1

Date Temperature Indicator Serial Number

Operator Calibration Instrument Serial Number
Ambient Temperature Barometric Pressure
Pre-Test Post Test Project Name

Temperature Display Thermocouple Calibration

Calibration Display Pass Thermocouple Calibration Thermocouple
Setting Reading Yes No ID Device Set point Reading
0
100
300
500
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
1900

Comments:
Appendix A
Meter Box Calibration Sheet
DS-2
Control Box Number Barometric Pressure Pb Calibration Device #
Meter Serial Number Ambient Temperature Calibration Device γ

Temperature Measurements
Calibration Dry Gas Meter
Orifice Gas Volume Gas Volume Average
Manometer of Calibration of Dry Gas Meter Meter Inlet Meter Outlet Meter Time Calculated
Setting (∆H) Meter, Vw Meter, Vd Tw Tdi Tdo Td (Minutes), θ Calculated γ ∆H

Average

γ ∆H@
2
Vw Pb (Td + 460)
0.0317 ∆H (Tw + 460) θ
Vd (
Pb +
∆H
13.6 ) ( Tw + 460) Pb (Td + 460) [ Vw ]
 Appendix A
Determination of Sampling Points Worksheet
DS-4
Plant Name Job Number
City/State Location
Operator

Schematic of Location
Distance from Far Wall
to Outside of Port
Port Length
Stack Diameter (Ds)or Length
Stack Width if Rectangular
Distance Upstream (A)
Distance Downstream (B)

Stack Diameter Calculation for Circular Stacks

Ds
Diameters Upstream = = =
A
Ds
Diameters Downstream = = =
B

Stack Diameter Calculation for Rectangular Stacks

2LW
Equivalent Diameter = = =
(L + W)

Diameters Upstream =

Minimum # of Sampling Points for All Stacks with Diameters Greater than 24 Inches is 12

Minimum # of Sampling Points for Circular Stacks with Diameters Between 12 and 24 Inches is 8

Minimum # of Sampling Points for Rectangular Stacks with Diameters Between 12 and 24 Inches is 9
Appendix A
Pre Sampling Calculations
DS-5

Absolute Meter Pressure ( Pm ) = Pbar + (∆H / 13.6 )

Absolute Stack Pressure (Ps ) = Pbar + ( Pst / 13.6)
Molecular Weight, Dry ( Md ) = ( % CO2 * 0.44) + ( %O2 * 0.32) + ( %CO + %N2 * 0.28)
Mole Fraction ( Mfd ) = 1 - ( %H20 / 100 )
Molecular Weight, Wet ( Ms ) = (Md * Mfd ) + ( 0.18 * %H20 )

0.0358 * Qm * Pm ( Ts + 460 ) * Ms
Ideal Nozzle Diameter = *
( Tm + 460 ) * Cp * (1 - Bws) Ps * ∆p

∆p * ( 460 + Ts )
Stack Gas Velocity ( vs ) = 85.49 * Cp *
Ps * Ms

∆H@ * ( Tm + 460 ) * Ps * Dn4 * ( 1 - Bws )2

K - Factor ( K ) = 17,365 *
Pbar * ( Ts + 460 ) * [ 29 - ( 11 * Bws) ]
Appendix A
Gas Velocity and Cyclonic Flow Data
DS-6

Plant Name Job Number

City/State Location
Operator

Ambient Temp. Pitot Coefficient

Barometric Static Pressure

Traverse Cyclonic Flow Information

Point Velocity Stack ∆ P at 0°° Angle (αα)
Number ∆ p)
Head (∆ Temperature Reference for null ∆ p

Average α

Note: Average α must be <10° to be acceptable

Appendix A
Field Moisture Data Sheet
DS-7

Plant Name Job Number

City/State Location

Run Number
Date Prepared
Date Analyzed
Analyst

Impinger 1 ( )
Final Weight, g
Initial Weight, g
Water Catch, g

Impinger 2 ( )
Final Weight, g
Initial Weight, g
Water Catch, g

Impinger 3 ( )
Final Weight, g
Initial Weight, g
Water Catch, g

Impinger 4 ( )
Final Weight, g
Initial Weight, g
Water Catch, g

Total Water Collected, g

Comments:
Appendix A
Moisture Determination Worksheet
DS-8
Volume of Dry Gas Sampled at Standard Conditions, Dry Standard Cubic
Feet

Pbar + ( ∆H / 13.6 )
Vm(std) = 17.64 * Y * Vm * 460 + Tm

+( / 13.6 )
Vm(std) = 17.64 * * *
460 +
+
Vm(std) = *

Vm(std) = *

Vm(std) =

Volume of Water Vapor at Standard Conditions, Dry Standard Cubic Feet

Vw(std) = 0.04707 * Vlc

Vw(std) = 0.04707 *
Vw(std) =

Moisture Content, Percent by Water

%H20 = 100 * Vw(std) / ( Vw(std) + Vm(std) )

%H20 = 100 * / ( + )

%H20 = /

%H20 =
Appendix A
Field Data Sheet
DS-9

Plant Name Probe Length & Type

Date Nozzle ID
Sampling Location Assumed Moisture %
Sample Type Sample Box Number
Run Number Meter Box Number
Operator Meter ∆H@
Ambient Temperature Pitot Correction Factor
Barometric Pressure Probe Heater Setting
Static Pressure Filter Box Setting
Filter Number Reference ∆p
Schematic of Traverse Point Layout
Read and Record Data Every Minutes
Sampling Orifice Pressure Stack Dry Gas Meter
Traverse Time, Clock Gas Meter Velocity Head Differential (∆H) Temperature Temperature
Point Minutes Time Reading (∆p) Pump Filter Box Impinger
Number Desired Actual Inlet Outlet Vacuum Temperature Temperature

Comments:
Appendix A
Orsat Field Data
DS-10
Plant Name Date
Job Number Sampling Location
Operator Fuel Type

Run Number Leak √

Time of Time CO2 O2 CO
Sample of Reading Reading Reading % O2 %CO %N2
Collection Analysis (A) (B) (C) (B-A) (C-B) (100-C)

Average Average

Orsat ID Tedlar Bag ID Fuel Factor

Run Number Leak √

Time of Time CO2 O2 CO
Sample of Reading Reading Reading % O2 %CO %N2
Collection Analysis (A) (B) (C) (B-A) (C-B) (100-C)

Average Average

Orsat ID Tedlar Bag ID Fuel Factor

Run Number Leak √

Time of Time CO2 O2 CO
Sample of Reading Reading Reading % O2 %CO %N2
Collection Analysis (A) (B) (C) (B-A) (C-B) (100-C)

Average Average

Orsat ID Tedlar Bag ID Fuel Factor