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INTRODUCTION
1.1 ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
The term neural network was traditionally used to refer to a network or circuit of
biological neurons. The modern usage of the term often refers to artificial neural
networks, which are composed of artificial neurons or nodes. An artificial neural network
(ANN), usually called neural network (NN), is a mathematical model or computational
model that is inspired by the structure and/or functional aspects of biological neural
networks (BNN).
A neural network consists of an interconnected group of artificial neurons. It
processes information using a connectionist approach to computation. In most cases an
ANN is an adaptive system that changes its structure based on external or internal
information that flows through the network during the learning phase.
Modern neural networks are non-linear statistical data modelling tools. They are
generally used to model complex relationships between inputs and outputs or to find
patterns in data. ANNs are non-linear mapping structures based on the function of the
human brain. They are powerful tools for modelling, especially when the underlying data
relationship is unknown. ANNs can identify and correlate patterns between input data
sets and corresponding target values. After training, ANNs can be used to predict the
outcome of new independent input data. ANNs imitate the learning process of the human
brain and can process problems involving non-linear and complex data even if the data
are imprecise and noisy.
ANNs have a great capacity in predictive modelling, i.e., all the characters
describing the unknown situation can be presented to the trained ANNs, and then
prediction of systems is guaranteed.
An ANN is a computational structure that is inspired by observed process in
natural networks of biological neurons in the brain. It consists of simple computational
units called neurons, which are highly interconnected. ANNs have become the focus of
much attention, largely because of their wide range of applicability and the ease with
which they can treat complicated problems. ANNs are parallel computational models
comprised of densely interconnected adaptive processing units. These networks are fine-
grained parallel implementations of non-linear static or dynamic systems.

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Figure 1.1 Information Processing

A vey important feature of these networks is their adaptive nature, where "learning by
example" replaces "programming" in solving problems. This feature makes such
computational models very appealing in application domains where training data is
readily available. ANNs are now being increasingly recognised in the area of
classification and prediction, where statistical techniques have traditionally been
employed. ANNs are "neural" in the sense that they may have been inspired by
neuroscience but not necessarily because they are faithful models of biological neural or
cognitive phenomena. In fact, majority of the networks are more closely related
traditional mathematical and/or statistical models.

1.2 NEURAL NETS


The term Neural Net refers to both the biological and artificial variants, although typically
the term is used to refer to artificial systems only. Mathematically, neural nets are
nonlinear. Each layer represents a non-linear combination of non-linear functions from
the previous layer. Each neuron is a multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) system that
receives signals from the inputs, produces a resultant signal, and transmits that signal to
all outputs. Practically, neurons in an ANN are arranged into layers. The first layer that
interacts with the environment to receive input is known as the input layer. The final layer

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that interacts with the output to present the processed data is known as the output layer.
Layers between the input and the output layer that do not have any interaction with the
environment are known as hidden layers. Increasing the complexity of an ANN, and thus
its computational capacity, requires the addition of more hidden layers, and more neurons
per layer.
Biological neurons are connected in very complicated networks. Some regions of
the human brain such as the cerebellum are composed of very regular patterns of neurons.
Other regions of the brain, such as the cerebrum have less regular arrangements. A typical
biological neural system has millions or billions of cells, each with thousands of
interconnections with other neurons. Current artificial systems cannot achieve this level
of complexity, and so cannot be used to reproduce the behaviour of biological systems
exactly.

1.3 NEED FOR NEURAL NETWORKS!


Neural networks, with their remarkable ability to derive meaning from complicated or
imprecise data, can be used to extract patterns and detect trends that are too complex to be
noticed by either humans or other computer techniques. A trained neural network can be
thought of as an expert in the category of information it has been given to analyse. This
expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer
many questions. Other features include:
1. Adaptive learning
An ability to learn how to do tasks based on the data given for training or initial
experience.
2. Self-Organisation
An ANN can create its own organisation or representation of the information it
receives during learning time.
3. Real Time Operation
ANN computations may be carried out in parallel, and special hardware devices are
being designed and manufactured which take advantage of this capability.
4. Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding
Partial destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of
performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even with major
network damage.

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