Business Application of

Computer

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 Business Application of
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COMPUTER TERM
REPORT

PRESENTED TO:
SIR ZEESHAN AHMER

PRESENTED BY:
MADEEHA JAVAID ROLL #036
MAHEEN SALEEM ROLL #013
M. KASHIF EJAZ ROLL #003
M.ADNAN AHMAD ROLL #016
MARIA AWAIS ROLL #019
ANAM ANWAR ROLL #035

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all we want to thanks Allah Almighty for giving us

strength to complete this project. We feel great pleasure in expressing our
deep sense of Gratitude to our learned supervisor, SIR ZEESHAN
AHMER for taking interest at every step in this project. We highly
appreciate his guidance and suggestions with exceptional professional
expertise to complete our project with inspiring encouragement and
criticism.

How can we forget our class fellows and staff of IBA who
provided us support and encouraged us morally throughout this period.
Last but not the least we want to thanks our parents for praying for us and
through their prayers we were able to complete our project.

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Defining Computer:-.................................................................7
Working of Computer:...............................................................................7
Business Applications of Computer.........................................7
DATA BASE MANASEMENT................................................8
The key to information:-.............................................................................8
Data processing:.........................................................................................8
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING:-...................................................8
Data processing as a business need............................................................9
CONTENTS
Number of transactions...............................................................................9
Cost.............................................................................................................9
Accuracy.....................................................................................................9
Speed........................................................................................................10
The pace of modern business necessities the fat flow of data. Decision
must often be made on short notice, or immediately following a
transaction. For example, the stock market and import export industry
rely heavily on prompt data processing. The computer can process data
at speed unequaled by other means. Because data can be a computer in
billionths of second, complete reports can be printed out in a matter of
minutes..................................................................................................10
Selectivity.................................................................................................10
Information ..............................................................................................10
Record keeping.........................................................................................11
Service .....................................................................................................11
Mechanization..........................................................................................11
Business application packages.................................................................11
Accounts And General Ledger.................................................................12
Payroll And Labor Analysis.....................................................................12
Tax Planning.............................................................................................12
Business and the computer.......................................................................12
Point Of Sale.............................................................................................12
Banking And Finance:............................................................13
Electronic Banking...................................................................................14
An automatic teller machine (ATM) that accepts a bank card and has a
magnetic strip. The keyboard allows a customer to choose from a
variety of banking functions and to enter specific dollar amounts and
a confidential personal identification number [PIN], which ensures
against unauthorized access to any account.today, more than 3000
financial institutions, mostly banks, have installed over 27,000 of
these remote terminals, from which customers can make withdrawals
or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the customers can make
withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the street,
24 hours a day.On the money side of the commercial network,
computers are not only increasingly convenient, but increasingly
necessary. Automatic teller machines (ATMs), which provide basic
banking services at diverse locations, and electronic funds transfer
(EFT) systems, which allow even wider computer application in
financial transactions, may well be the start of the cashless society, a
vision of the future that has begun to seem more realistic, in which

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 Business Application of
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plastic cards with magnetic strips or even micro-circuitry will
replace moj20yr Credit cards were in the vanguard of the cashless
society, and the bank cards that are fed into automatic teller
machines are the current stage in the evolution toward a time when
all financial dealings are handled by electronic funds transfer (EFT).
...........................................................................................................14
SMART CARD........................................................................................14
A smart card contains a microprocessor and memory embedded in the
lower right hand corner. Similar cards can be used for banking,
shopping and even making telephone calls from specially designed
card phones.......................................................................................14
Insurance...................................................................................................15
Virtual Banking........................................................................................15
Telephone Banking:..................................................................................16
Online Banking: .......................................................................................16
Advantages of online Banking.................................................................16
Automated Teller Machine (ATM):.........................................................17
Mail Banking:...........................................................................................18
Mobile Banking:.......................................................................................18
Electronic Commerce:- ..........................................................19
Success Factors:........................................................................................20
Technical and Organizational Aspects:....................................................20
Internet Marketing..................................................................21
Business Models:......................................................................................22
Advantages:..............................................................................................22
Immediate results:..................................................................................23
Effects on Industries:................................................................................23
Electronic-Accounting.............................................................24
Advantages:..............................................................................................24
Online Accounting:..................................................................................25
Accounting Software:...............................................................................26
Barcode Reader.......................................................................26
Barcode: ...................................................................................................26
2D Barcodes:............................................................................................26
Barcode Reader:.......................................................................................27
Types of Technology:...............................................................................27
Pen Type Readers: ...................................................................................27
Laser Scanners:.........................................................................................27
Business Software....................................................................28
Types of Business Software Tools:..........................................................28
Computer Aided Design:..........................................................................29
Computer Aided Manufacturing:.............................................................30
Project Management Software:................................................................30
Accounting Software:...............................................................................31
The Supercomputer’s Role.....................................................31
Image processing .....................................................................................31
Oil Exploration And Recovery................................................................32
The Weather.............................................................................................33

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In 1948, a group of meteorologists from around the world took residence
in Princeton in order to gain access to von Neumann’s IAS
computer. They were interested in numerical weather prediction, the
computer simulation of the weather based on the mathematical
model of the atmosphere’s motion. The economic value of timely
and accurate weather forecasts is incalculable for agriculture (in
deciding when to plant, harvest, apply chemicals, cut the hay etc,)
the oil industry (in deciding how much heating oil or gasoline to
refine), commercial airlines, and a host of other endeavors in which
weather is a factor, from satellite launches to ski resorts. Although
receiving less attention than fusion energy research of high tech
Defense systems, attempts to compute weather forecasts have been
one of the driving forces behind the development of more powerful
supercomputers.................................................................................33
COMPUTER’S ROLE IN FUTURE:-..................................34
THE Next Twenty Years..........................................................................35
Vision And Advanced Robotics:..............................................................35
The Fifth Generation: ..............................................................................35
CONCLUSION:.......................................................................................36
The present era is of unlimited progress and growth. Computers are the
first and fore most need in this regard. Computer specialization has
made every field of life not only easy but comfortable and interesting
also. And one of our greatest ease is application of computers in our
businesses with latest versions to let business run half on its own. . 36
REFRENCES...........................................................................................37
www.wikipedia.com.................................................................................37
www.goole.com........................................................................................37
www.ultavista.com...................................................................................37
www.gmail.com.......................................................................................37
www.yahoo.com.......................................................................................37

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 Business Application of Computer

Defining Computer:-
The “Computer” is derived from the word “Compute”, which
means to calculate. So a computer is normally considered to be a
calculating device that can perform arithmetic and logical operations at
a very fast speed.

Working of Computer:
• We can store data in a computer and retrieve stored data when we
needed.
• We can send messages to different persons through internet
• Defense department of country depends heavily on computer.
• Computer can play an important role in advancement of science
and technology.
• Computers are playing an important role in field of business.
• Computer can also be used for entertainment purposes, such as
watching movies and listening to music etc.

Business Applications of
Computer
Computer is now being used in number of business fields such as:

• Data Base Management

• Banking and Finance

• Electronic Banking
• Smart card
• Insurance

• Virtual Banking E-Business

• Internet Marketing

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• E-Accounting
• Barcode Reader
• Point of Sale Technology
• Business Soft wares, etc.

DATA BASE MANASEMENT

The key to information:-

Data base is the key to information and is a basic need of
business.

Data processing:
Data processing can be defined as:

“The processing of transformation into information. Thus,

data processing consists of any actions which make data
usable and meaningful, i.e., transforms data into
information.”

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING:-

Electric data processing (EDP) is the use of electric
computers to process data automatically. The term
automatic data processing (ADP) is
sometimes used (especially by
government agencies) because of this
automation of data processing
functions and activities caused by electronic
computers. The term computer application
is also used to describe such use of a

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computer to solve a specific problem or accomplish a data

processing job for a computer user.

Data processing as a business need

Electronic data processing is growing because it is capable
handling a vast amount of data efficiently and accurately.
Following are the demands
faced by business that create this
need.

Number of transactions
The growth in size and number
of business firms naturally
increases the number of"
business transactions. The
computer, with its high speed and capacity, can process
thousands of records or business calculations per minute and with
far greater efficiency than any previous method.

Cost
Competitive pressure has made it essential for many
firms to adopt computerized method of data processing. In
the past sales could be written up on the longhand. Orders
filled by hand, and the bills and records of the transactions
prepared by longhand.
However, with a large
number of transactions,
the cost of hand labor
precludes this method.

Accuracy
Another pressure on the
business firm is the

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requirement of strict accuracy in many areas. A business

decision involving millions of dollars may be made based on
a few pieces of data. Calculations themselves must be made
performed accurately. With electronic data processing,
thousands of calculations can be processed with virtually no
errors. The error level in modern computer is about one error
per ten million calculations. No other known device matches
this performance.

Speed

The pace of modern business necessities the fat flow of data.

Decision must often be made on short notice, or immediately following a
transaction. For example, the stock market and import export industry
rely heavily on prompt data processing. The computer can process data
at speed unequaled by other
means. Because data can be a
computer in billionths of second,
complete reports can be printed
out in a matter of minutes.

Selectivity
Business people demand
selectivity in the ways data are
reported. The computer can
reorder a collection of data
into many different forms.
One program can list the sales of previous day's activities in
chronological order. With a few modification of the program, the
computer can categorize the same list by type of merchandise sold,
by salesperson, by amount, or by location.

Information
Good decision-making is imperative in business and good
decisions require comprehensive and complete information. This
information must often be related to previous experience. Many

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business managers rely heavily on ratios, cost comparisons, and

time comparisons,

Record keeping
There is growing need to record transactions at the
instant they occur, not hours or days later. Computer can
process and record thousands of transactions as they occur.

Service
As business grow, it is
harder for them to provide:
individualized service customers.
This problem is alleviated, and
sometimes even eliminated, the
aid of high-speed data processing
equipment.

Mechanization
It has been said,
"Machines should work people should
drink." Many business people believe
that human resources should be
applied to those tasks for which
humans are uniquely qualified, routine
transactions, calculations, and
machines, thus freeing people for more
creative activities, should do processing of data. Electronic data
processing facilitates such a division of labor.

Business application packages

Computerizing a business can greatly reduce
expenditures, but software is necessary to make a system work.
It is largely through the use of business application packages that
businesses time and money.

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Accounts And General Ledger

Computers help companies keep track of money they
owe end money owed to them. Efficient account management ensures
prompt billing and payments. A genera! ledger package uses sales,
profit, loss, and expense data and assembles it into coherent
records and reports.

Payroll And Labor Analysis

Working with such data as pay scales, hours
worked, tax rates, and payroll deductions, payroll analysis
packages produces paychecks, earning statements, and accounting
documents. A labor analysis package can help raise productivity
and lower costs by evaluating a company's workforce.

Tax Planning

Tax planning programs

calculate a company's tax
payments by taking profits,
expenses, deductions, and tax
laws into account. They can
prepare the forms and the
appropriate documentation.

Business and the computer

From the factory to the check-out aisle, computers
help move products, money, and ideas throughout the
commercial network. Even the smallest purchase has a
significant impact.

Point Of Sale
POS systems help stores complete sales transactions more
quickly and accurately and reduce overhead costs significantly.

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Banking And Finance:

Aside from basic administrative operations, such as pay roll

and personnel, banks use computers for on-line savings and
automation of check processing by MICR and OCR devices.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) encoding applications
include cheque writing
and remittance
documents that require
processing through
the banking system,
and OCR Optical
character Recognition
(OCR) is a method of
encoding documents
facilitate intelligent
mail inserting. All of
our intelligent
inserting machines are
capable of using OCR
but our preference is
barcodes due to their
added security
features. OCR coding
has a repeating pattern of 7 whereas barcodes are unique to each
document. Savings accounts are automatically updated when
deposits or withdrawals take place, and interest in compounded
electronically (a source of possible criminal tampering). And one
of the fastest growing applications of computers in banking is the use
of the automatic teller machine (ATM).

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Electronic Banking
An automatic teller machine (ATM) that accepts a bank card and
has a magnetic strip. The keyboard allows a customer to choose
from a variety of banking functions and to enter specific dollar
amounts and a confidential personal identification number [PIN],
which ensures against unauthorized access to any account.today,
more than 3000 financial institutions, mostly banks, have installed
over 27,000 of these remote terminals, from which customers can
make withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery stores, or on the
customers can make withdrawals or deposits in airports, grocery
stores, or on the street, 24 hours a day.On the money side of the
commercial network, computers are not only increasingly
convenient, but increasingly necessary. Automatic teller machines
(ATMs), which provide basic banking services at diverse locations,
and electronic funds transfer (EFT) systems, which allow even
wider computer application in financial transactions, may well be
the start of the cashless society, a vision of the future that has
begun to seem more realistic, in which plastic cards with magnetic
strips or even micro-circuitry will replace moj20yr Credit cards
were in the vanguard of the cashless society, and the bank cards
that are fed into automatic teller machines are the current stage in
the evolution toward a time when all financial dealings are handled
by electronic funds transfer (EFT).

SMART CARD
A smart card contains a microprocessor and memory embedded in
the lower right hand corner. Similar cards can be used for banking,
shopping and even making telephone calls from specially designed card
phones

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Insurance
Insurance companies use computers for figuring out
premiums, billing, investment analysis, policy approval, keeping
track of policyholders'
records, and processing
claims. Computers are
used TO set premium
rates on the basis of
actuarial tables,
statistical analyses of the
risks involved in
insuring various groups
(statistics of life
expectancies or
automobile accidents,
for example). The data bases required to store and utilize this
mass of! data efficiently and effectively are necessarily
enormous, and computers have become vital in the insurance
industry.

Virtual Banking
A virtual bank is a bank
with a very small or non existent
branch network. It offers its
financial services by:

• Telephone banking
• Online banking
• Automated teller machines
(often through interbank
network alliances)
• Mail banking
• Mobile banking

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Telephone Banking:

Telephone Banking is a service provided by a financial

institution which allows its customers to perform transactions over the
telephone. Most telephone banking use an automated phone answering
system with phone keypad response or voice recognition capability. To
guarantee security, the customer must first authenticate through a numeric or
verbal password or through security questions asked by a live representative
(see below). With the obvious exception of cash withdrawals and deposits, it
offers virtually all the features of an
automated teller machine: account
balance information and list of latest
transactions, electronic bill payments,
funds transfers between a customer's
accounts, etc.

Online Banking:

Online Banking allows

customers to conduct financial
transactions on a secure website
operated by their retail or virtual bank,
credit union or building society

Advantages of online Banking

Convenience:

Unlike your corner bank, online banking sites never close; they're
available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and they're only a mouse click
away.

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Ubiquity:
If you're out of state or even out of the country when a money
problem arises, you can log on instantly to your online bank and take
care of business, 24/7.

Transaction speed:
Online bank sites generally execute and confirm transactions at or
quicker than ATM processing speeds.

Efficiency:
You can access and manage all of your bank Accounts, including
IRAs, CDs, even securities, from one secure site.

Effectiveness:
Ma ny o nl in e banki ng sit es now off er sophisticated
tools, including account aggregation, stock quotes, rate alerts and
portfolio managing programs to help you manage all of your assets
more effectively.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM):

Automated teller
machine is a computerized
telecommunications device that
provides the customers of a
financial institution with access to
financial transactions in a public
space without the need for a
human clerk or bank teller. On
most modern ATMs, the
customer is identified by inserting
a plastic ATM card with a
magnetic stripe or a plastic
smartcard with a chip, that

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contains a unique card number and some security information, such as an

expiration date or CVC (CVV). Security is provided by the customer
entering a personal identification number (PIN).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in

order to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check
their account balances. ATMs are known by various casual terms including
automated banking machine, money machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-
wall, cash point or Bancomat (in Europe and Russia).

Using an ATM, customers can access their bank accounts in

order to make cash withdrawals (or credit card cash advances) and check
their account balances. ATMs are known by various casual terms including
automated banking machine, money machine, cash machine, hole-in-the-
wall, cash point or Bancomat.

Mail Banking:

Mail banking is a service provided by a financial institution

which allows its customers to deposit cheques into their account by mail. It
is primarily used by virtual banks (since they may not offer branches or
ATMs that accept deposits) and by customers who live too far from a
branch. Typically, the institution that advertises such a service will provide
its own self-addressed stamped envelopes as a
courtesy.

Mobile Banking:

Mobile Banking is a term used for

performing balance checks, account transactions,
payments etc. via a mobile device such as a
mobile phone. Mobile banking today (2007) is
most often performed via SMS

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Electronic Commerce:-
Electronic commerce commonly known as e-commerce or E-
Commerce consists of the buying and
selling of products or services over
electronic systems such as the Internet
and other computer networks. The
amount of trade conducted electronically
has grown dramatically since the spread
of the Internet. A wide variety of
commerce is conducted in this way,
spurring and drawing on innovations in
electronic funds transfer, supply chain
management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic
data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data
collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World
Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's lifecycle, although it
can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. E-
Commerce is buying things from the
internet but many people are unsure
about its reliability as there are many
unrepeatable vendors.
A small percentage of electronic
commerce is conducted entirely
electronically for "virtual" items such
as access to premium content on a
website, but most electronic commerce
involves the transportation of physical
items in some way. Online retailers are
sometimes known as e-tailors and
online retail is known as e-tail. E-commerce or electronic commerce is
generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business.

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Success Factors:
In many cases, an e-commerce company survives not only
based on its product, but through a competent management team, post-sales
services, well-organized business structure, network infrastructure and a
secured, well-designed website. The factors can be divided between
technical or organization aspects and direct service to the consumer.

Technical and Organizational Aspects:

• Sufficient work done in market research and analysis. Like traditional
models, e-commerce implicates good business planning and the
fundamental laws of supply and demand.
• A good management team armed with information technology
strategy. A company's IT strategy can involve the business re-design
process.
• Providing an easy and secured way for customers to effect
transactions. Credit cards are the most popular means of sending
payments on the internet, accounting for 90% of online purchases. In
the past, card numbers were transferred securely between the
customer and merchant through independent payment gateways. Such
independent payment gateways are still used by most small and home
businesses. Most merchants process credit card transactions on site
through arrangements made with commercial banks or credit cards
companies.
• Providing reliability and security. Parallel servers, hardware
redundancy, fail-safe technology, information encryption, and
firewalls can enhance this requirement.
• Providing a 360-degree view of the customer relationship, defined as
ensuring that all employees, suppliers, and partners have a complete
view, and the same view, of the customer. However, customers can
react against a big brother experience.
• Constructing a commercially sound business model.

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• Engineering an electronic value chain focused on a "limited" number

of core competencies. Electronic stores have succeeded as either
specialist or generalist in aim.
• Operating on or near the cutting edge of technology and staying there
as technology changes.
• Setting up an organization of sufficient alertness and agility to
respond quickly to any changes in the economic, social and physical
environment.
• Providing an attractive website. The tasteful use of color, graphics,
animation, photographs, fonts, and white-space percentage may aid
success in this respect.
• Streamlining business processes, possibly through re-engineering and
information technologies.
• Providing complete understanding of the products or services offered
which not only includes complete product information, but also sound
advisers and selectors.

Other standard necessities include honesty about its product

and its availability, shipping reliably, and handling complaints promptly and
effectively. A unique property of the Internet environment is that individual
customers have access to far more information about the seller than they
would find in a trick-and-mortar situation.

Internet Marketing
Internet Marketing also referred to as online marketing or E-
marketing, is the marketing of products or services over the Internet. The
Internet has brought many unique benefits to marketing including low costs
in distributing information and media to a global audience. The interactive
nature of Internet marketing, both in terms of instant response and in
eliciting response, are unique qualities of the medium.

Internet marketing ties together creative and technical

aspects of the internet, including design, development, advertising and sales.
Internet marketing methods include search engine marketing, display

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advertising, e-mail marketing, affiliate marketing, interactive advertising,

and also Social Media Marketing Methods such as blog marketing, and viral
marketing.

Internet marketing is the process of growing and promoting

an organization using online media. Internet marketing does not simply
mean 'building a website' or 'promoting a website'. Somewhere behind that
website is a real organization with real goals.

Internet marketing strategy includes all aspects of online

advertising products, services, and websites, including market research,
email marketing, and direct sales.

Business Models:
Internet marketing is associated with several business
models. The model is typically defined by the goal. These include e-
commerce, where goods are sold directly to consumers or businesses;
publishing, or the sale of advertising; and lead-based sites, where an
organization generates value by getting sales leads from their site. There are
many other models based on the specific needs of each person or business
that launches an internet marketing campaign.

Advantages:
One of the benefits associated with Internet marketing is the
availability of great amounts of information. Consumers can access the
Internet and research products, as well as purchase them at any hour of any
day. Companies that use Internet marketing can also save money because of
a reduced need for a sales force. Overall, Internet marketing can help a
business' expansion from a local market to a national or international one,
faster. Compared to traditional media, such as print, radio and TV, Internet
marketing can have a relatively low cost of entry.

It should be mentioned that, although it may seem a

relatively simple task to enter the world of online marketing, sound business

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strategies still apply. There is still an emphasis on business goals, namely

CVP analysis when determining strategy and the overall effectiveness of
marketing campaigns.

There are a few important characteristics that differentiate Internet

marketing from "off-line marketing":

Immediate results:
Since the online marketing initiatives usually require users
to click on the message, go to a website, and perform a targeted action, the
results of campaigns are immediately measured and tracked. On the other
hand, someone driving a car that sees a billboard will at best be interested
and might decide to get more information at some time.

Since exposure, response and overall efficiency of Internet

media is easy to track compared to traditional "off-line" media, through the
use of web analytics for instance, Internet marketing can offer a greater
sense of accountability for advertisers. Marketers and their clients are
becoming aware of the need to measure the collaborative effects of
marketing, i.e. how the Internet affects in-store sales, etc., instead of relying
on the soloed approach to marketing. Internet marketing, as of 2007, is
growing faster than other types of media.

Effects on Industries:
Internet marketing has had a large impact on several
industries including music, banking, and flea markets, as well as the
advertising industry itself. As Advertisers increase and shift more of their
budgets online, it is now overtaking radio in terms of market share.[1] In the
music industry, many consumers have begun buying and downloading
music files (e.g. MP3s) over the Internet in addition to buying CDs.

More and more banks are offering the ability to perform

banking tasks online. Online banking is believed to appeal to customers
because it is more convenient than visiting bank branches. Currently, over

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150 million U.S. adults now bank online, with a high growth rate. The
increasing speed of Internet connections is the main reason for the fast
growth. Of those individuals who use the Internet, 44% now perform
banking activities over the Internet.

Electronic-Accounting
E-Accounting is the application of online and Internet
technologies to the business accounting function. Similar to e-mail being an
electronic version of traditional mail, e-accounting is "electronic
enablement" of accounting and accounting processes which are more
traditionally manual and paper-based.

E-Accounting is a term originally coined by Joanie Mann at

InsynQ[1], one of the founders of the ASP industry, and was introduced in
1998 along with InsynQ's hosted QuickBooks offerings under the banner of
InsynQ Accounting Solutions, and later CPAASP.

E-Accounting involves performing regular accounting

functions, accounting research and the accounting training and education
through various computer based /internet based accounting tools such as:
digital tool kits, various internet resources, international web-based
materials, institute and company databases which are internet based , web
links, internet based accounting software and electronic financial
spreadsheet tools to provide efficient decision making.

Advantages:
• No need of in-house bookkeepers' training and expertise
• No problems with employee turnover, vacations, sick leave and
absenteeism
• No communication difficulties between the accountant and business
owner or organization due to load / work pressure

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• The business organization concentrates on the revenue side of

business, and spends as little time as necessary on the accounting and
payroll function. Maximum resource utilization.
• The accounting function receives attention only when a critical need
arises. No time wastage.
• Up to date information which is available in real time.
• No need of Hiring/Training accounting and payroll staffs.
• No Payroll related costs, FICA, workers compensation,
unemployment, vacation/sick benefits, health insurance benefits, and
many other expenses.
• No need to upgrade software and annual updates from client side.
• Check and monitor office supplies (check stock, paper stock,
envelopes, toner)
• No additional bank charges
• Cost saving on office space (rent for additional offices)

Online Accounting:
Online Accounting
relates to accounting that can be done on
the World Wide Web. It usually implies
use of a web application that works
through a browser without buying or
installing any software. It is typically
based on a simple monthly charge and
zero-administration approach to help
businesses concentrate on core activities
and avoid the hidden costs associated
with traditional accounting software
such as installation, upgrades,
exchanging data files, backup and disaster recovery.

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Accounting Software:
Accounting Software is application software that records
and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as
accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance. It functions
as an accounting information system. It may be developed in-house by the
company or organization using it, may be purchased from a third party, or
may be a combination of a third-party application software package with
local modifications. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.

Barcode Reader
Barcode:
A barcode (also
bar code) is a machine-readable
representation of information
(usually dark ink on a light
background to create high and low
reflectance which is converted to
1s and 0s). Originally, barcodes stored data in the widths and spacing of
printed parallel lines, but today they also come in patterns of dots,
concentric circles, and text codes hidden within images. Barcodes can be
read by optical scanners called barcode readers or scanned from an image by
special software. Barcodes are widely used to implement Auto ID Data
Capture (AIDC) systems that improve the speed and accuracy of computer
data entry. An advantage over other methods of
AIDC is that it is less expensive to implement.

2D Barcodes:

A matrix code, also known as a

2D barcode or simply a 2D code, is a two-

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dimensional way of representing information. It is similar to a linear (1-

dimensional) barcode, but has more data representation capability

Barcode Reader:

A barcode reader (or barcode scanner) is an electronic

device for reading printed barcodes. Like a flatbed scanner, it consists of a
light source, a lens and a photo conductor translating optical impulses into
electrical ones. Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain decoder
circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data provided by the photo
conductor and sending the barcode's content to the scanner's output port.

Types of Technology:
The reader types can be distinguished as follows:

Pen Type Readers:

Pen type readers consist of a light source and a photodiode that are
placed next to each other in the tip of a pen or wand. To read a bar
code, the tip of the pen moves across the bars in a steady motion. The
photodiode measures the intensity of the light reflected back from the
light source and generates a
waveform that is used to measure
the widths of the bars and spaces
in the bar code. Dark bars in the
bar code absorb light and white
spaces reflect light so that the
voltage waveform generated by the photo diode is a representation of
the bar and space pattern in the bar code. This waveform is decoded
by the scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code dots and
dashes are decoded.

Laser Scanners:
Laser scanners work the same way as pen type
readers except that they use a laser beam as the
light source and typically employ either a

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reciprocating mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam back

and forth across the bar code. As with the pen type reader, a
photodiode is used to measure the intensity of the light reflected back
from the bar code. In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light
emitted by the reader is tuned to a specific frequency and the
photodiode is designed to detect only this modulated light of the same
frequency.

Business Software
Business Software is generally any software program that
helps a business increase productivity or measure their productivity. The
term covers a large variation of uses within the business environment, and
can be categorized by using a small, medium and large matrix:

• The small business market generally consists of home accounting

software, and office suites such as Microsoft Office and
OpenOffice.org.
• The medium size, or SME, has a broader range of software
applications, ranging from accounting, groupware, customer
relationship management, human resources software, outsourcing
relationship management, loan origination software, shopping cart
software, field service software, and other productivity enhancing
applications.
• The last segment covers enterprise level software applications, such
as those in the fields of enterprise resource planning, enterprise
content management (ECM), business process management and
product lifecycle management. These applications are extensive in
scope, and often come with modules that either add native functions,
or incorporate the functionality of third-party software programs.

Types of Business Software Tools:

• Digital Dashboards - Also known as Business Intelligence

Dashboards, Enterprise Dashboards, or Executive Dashboards,

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these are visually-based summaries of business data that show at-

a-glance understanding of business conditions through metrics and
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). A very popular BI tool that
has arisen in the last few years.
• Online Analytical Processing, commonly known as OLAP
(including HOLAP, ROLAP and MOLAP)- a capability of some
management, decision support, and executive information systems
that supports interactive examination of large amounts of data
from many perspectives.
• Reporting software generates aggregated views of data to keep the
management informed about the state of their business.
• Data mining - extraction of consumer information from a database
by utilizing software that can isolate and identify previously
unknown patterns or trends in large amounts of data. There are a
variety of data mining techniques that reveal different types of
patterns. Some of the techniques that belong here are Statistical
methods (particularly Business statistics) and Neural networks as
very advanced means of analysing data.
• Business performance management Business performance
management (BPM) (or corporate performance management,
Enterprise performance management, Operational performance
management) is a set of processes that help organizations optimize
their business performance. It is a framework for organizing,
automating and analyzing business methodologies, metrics,
processes and systems that drive business performance.

Computer Aided Design:

Computer aided design is used to design, develop and

optimize products, which can be goods used by end consumers or
intermediate goods used in other products. CAD is also extensively used in
the design of tools and machinery used in the manufacture of components,
and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small
residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures
(hospitals and factories).

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CAD is mainly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and/or 2D

drawings of physical components, but it is also used throughout the
engineering process from conceptual design and layout of products, through
strength and dynamic analysis of assemblies to definition of manufacturing
methods of components.

CAD has become an especially important technology, within the scope of

Computer Aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product
development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables
designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for
future editing, saving time on their drawings.

Computer Aided Manufacturing:

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) is the use of

computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in
manufacturing or prototyping product components. CAM is a programming
tool that allows you to make 3D models using computer-aided design
(CAD). CAM was first used in 1971 for car body design and tooling.

Project Management Software:

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Project Management Software is a term covering many

types of software, including scheduling, cost control and budget
management, resource allocation, collaboration software, communication,
quality management and documentation or administration systems, which
are used to deal with the complexity of large projects. Some notable project
management applications are provided in this List of project management
software.

Accounting Software:

Accounting Software is application software that records

and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as
accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance. It functions
as an accounting information system. It may be developed in-house by the
company or organization using it, may be purchased from a third party, or
may be a combination of a third-party application software package with
local modifications. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.

The Supercomputer’s Role

As far as computational speed is concerned, the supercomputer is the
top of the line. Because of their tremendous computing power,
supercomputers have had a profound impact on science and
technology.

Image processing

We have oil seen several types of

computer processed images;
CAT scans, the fascinated
computer-enhanced composites
of the earth taken by orbiting
satellites; and the unique
pictures of Jupiter and Venus
beamed to earth from the distant
space craft in the form of

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streams of pixel values reconstructed by NASA computers. In

applications such as these, the computer is programmed to
distinguish between these signals (pixel values that realty are part of
images) and noise ( spurious values caused electrical disturbances in
the atmosphere or by equipment malfunction). The computer can
also be used to bring out contrasts between ports of a scene. One
easy way this can be done is by having the printer print the pixel
values corresponding to the low contrast colors of blue and green as
high contrast of black and white so that a land water boundary
shows up more clearly. Although they are conceptually simple,
these image processing techniques require enormous computer
resources for their practical application. The sheer volume of
image data returning from the space motivated NASA to develop
the supercomputer MPP (Massively Parallel Processor) a centrally
control array of 16,384 individual processors in one system. As
another example of how demanding the applications can be, even with
the use of its Cray X-MP to execute special effects for movies such as
the last Star fighter, Digital productions in Los Angeles estimates that
it can produce not more than 12 min of film per month. Even just
the realistic portrayals of the action scenes involving real
(photographed) and synthetic(animated) objects tests the limits of
the fastest supercomputers.

Oil Exploration And Recovery

Techniques similar to clustered methods are employed to map

the earth's mineral resources. As these resources become
scarcer, the f supercomputer's role in helping to locate and

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recover them is correspondingly more important. The

resource that best exemplify this situation is oil. Since the
1920s the oil companies have been using seismic prospecting
to determine the underground structure of areas being
explored for oil and to locate the layers most likely to
contain oil or gas. In seismic prospecting, small explosive
charges are set off at selected locations in the
exploration area.

The frequency and the intensity of he resulting vibrations,

or seismic waves, are measured by seismometers and
recorded as seismic traces. Most major oil companies now use
supercomputers to now solve the complex systems of
equations that are involved in the process of analyzing the
traces to determine whether there are likely oil- or gas-
containing layers at a given location.

These more complicated and costly recovery scheme require a more

precise knowledge of the subsurface structures. In the past, time-
consuming, expensive, and even in accurate drilling tests were the
only method available for finding elusive deposits, and dry holes"
were common. Now calculations for reservoir simulation, done
onCYBER205 and Cray X-MP supercomputers, are beginning to
supplement actual drilling tests and will perhaps ultimately replace
that costly error-and-trail method.

The Weather

In 1948, a group of meteorologists from

around the world took residence in
Princeton in order to gain access to
von Neumann’s IAS computer. They
were interested in numerical weather

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prediction, the computer simulation of the weather based on the

mathematical model of the atmosphere’s motion. The economic
value of timely and accurate weather forecasts is incalculable for
agriculture (in deciding when to plant, harvest, apply chemicals,
cut the hay etc,) the oil industry (in deciding how much heating oil
or gasoline to refine), commercial airlines, and a host of other
endeavors in which weather is a factor, from satellite launches to
ski resorts. Although receiving less attention than fusion energy
research of high tech Defense systems, attempts to compute
weather forecasts have been one of the driving forces behind the
development of more powerful supercomputers.

Just as a flight simulation program needs data about where an

aircraft is at any given time in order to compute where it will be.
later, an atmospheric simulation program needs data on the present
state of the atmosphere in order to compute its future state. The
atmospheric condition, however, is by no means easy to measure.
Continued improvement in the quality of numerical weather
prediction depends not only on the development of the
supercomputers but also on the improvement and extension of
atmospheric measurements on and above the ground.

COMPUTER’S ROLE IN FUTURE:-

The number and variety of
computer applications is
expected to grow rapidly in the
coming years. In the near future,
we can anticipate an even variety
of services available through
information networks, telephones
integrated into workstations, the
widespread acceptance and use of
electronic mail, unmanned manufacturing facilities,

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electronic shopping, less use of cash, soft-copy publishing,

automobile navigation systems, robot sculptors, computer-
controlled artificial limbs, and expert systems that help us with
business and domestic decisions.

THE Next Twenty Years

Artificial intelligence is the computer simulation of human

intelligence. The research in it
includes the study of knowledge-
based systems, which use inference
rules to provide assistance in
applications for which exact
algorithms are not known or not
computationally practical.
Applications of knowledge-
based systems to specific fields
are called expert systems.

Vision And Advanced Robotics:

AI research is
concerned with robots that can
sense some aspects of their environment, principally through the use
of vision subsystems. Such robots, now in the development stage,
don't require the precise positioning of parts to do their tasks,
making their application more flexible.

The Fifth Generation:

Japan's fifth generation project is an

attempt to AI principals to develop a
new type of computers manifesting new
programming languages, architecture,

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 Business Application of Computer

and VLSI circuits. The Japanese effort has stimulated research

activities in many other countries, including the United States.

CONCLUSION:
The present era is of unlimited progress and growth. Computers are the
first and fore most need in this regard. Computer specialization has
made every field of life not only easy but comfortable and interesting
also. And one of our greatest ease is application of computers in our
businesses with latest versions to let business run half on its own.

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REFRENC
ES
www.wikipedia.com
www.goole.com
www.ultavista.com
www.gmail.com
www.yahoo.com

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