FoE

Japan

limate change is happening, and it has already affected people’s

lives in East Asia. Areas already vulnerable to natural disasters
such as tropical storms and the sinking of coastal areas are
especially at risk. In order to reduce their vulnerability, adapt
to current impacts, and prepare for the unavoidable future
impacts of the climate crisis, the levels of environmental, social,
and economic capacity need to be expanded and improved.
Assessment of present impacts and the understanding and participation of
local people in all regions are essential for the effective implementation of
relevant measures initiated by local communities. They should be supported
by policies and financial support from governments and international funding
agencies. This fact sheet shows local impacts and potentials of adaptation
referred to IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, local studies, and local people’s
voices from field surveys.

Impacts and adaptation practices in Southeast Asia (from IPCC 4AR)

Heat waves More hot days and warm nights and fewer cold days and nights (trend from 1961 to 1998)

Intense rains Examples include increased occurrence of extreme rains causing flash floods in Vietnam,
and floods landslides and floods in 1990 and 2004 in the Philippines, floods in Cambodia in 2000

Droughts Droughts in 1997–1998 caused massive crop failures, water shortages, and forest fires in
various parts of the Philippines, Laos, and Indonesia

Cyclones/typhoons On an average, 20 cyclones crossed over the Philippines, with about eight to nine landfalls
each year from 1990 to 2003

Up to one billion people could face risks due to Future impacts

n Reduced agricultural production
n Shrinking water supplies
n Increases in extreme weather events
More vulnerable people will face
n Reduced access to profitable livelihood opportunities
n Less access to areas fit for safe and healthy habitation

In the case of a temperature rise over 2.5°C, non-irrigated farmland would see Agriculture and
n Significant reduction of rice and wheat crop productivity food security
n Loss of net revenues of between 9% and 25%.
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 n Higher risks in heavily populated mega-delta regions
Coastal areas
n Increased flooding from the sea (storm surges)
n River flooding
n Higher incidence of endemic morbidity and mortality due to
diarrheal disease associated with floods and droughts

n Use of crop varieties that are more salt-tolerant and resistant to Options for
heat/drought, disease, and pests in areas under water stress adaptation
n Shift planting dates to more effectively use irrigation and prolonged
growing seasons Agriculture and
n Improve design and efficiency of irrigation systems food security
n Improve management, storage, and use of rainwater
n Improve sea barriers and flood management
n In fisheries, breed fish more tolerant to higher water temperatures

n Recycle water Water Resources

n Reduce wasteful water-use practices
n Plan water management interventions

n Raise and strengthen dikes Coastal and

low-lying areas
n Conserve mangrove trees as effective natural protection against
storm surges, erosion, and strong waves

n Improve and expand disease assessment

n Implement a heat watch and warning system
n Human dimensions Human Health
n Raise awareness about the dangers of natural disasters
n Implement a community-based disaster management program

Human Dimension
n Raise awareness about the danger of natural disasters
n Implement and community-based disaster management program

1. Geography and meteorology of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands. The country extends from
06008’ North to 11015’ South and 94045’ to 141005’ East, and includes 3.1 million
square kilometers (km2) of territorial waters and 2 million km2 of land. There are
two main seasons in Indonesia, the dry season and rainy or wet season. Generally,
the dry season extends from April to September and the rainy season extends
from October to March. The country includes three basic temperature zones: the
coastal plain, inland areas, and mountainous regions. The average temperature
in coastal areas is 280C, inland it is 260C, while it is 230C in mountain areas. With
a population of 222 million (2006), Indonesia is the world’s fourth most-populous
nation.

2-1. Basic information on Yogyakarta and the pilot study areas

Yogyakarta is located in the south-central region of the island of Java (7033'
and 8012' South latitude), where the average daily temperature is 18°C–35°C.
The rainy season begins in September, and there is no rainfall from May to August
during the dry monsoon. The soil mostly consists of limestone and is not very 2
fertile. The main food crops are rice, soybean, peanut, cassava, and
maize. In May 2006, Yogyakarta was hit by a 6.3-magnitude earthquake,
which killed more than 5,500 people, injured more than 35,000, and
damaged 135,000 houses. These areas are still in the process of
recovering, so there are environmental and social vulnerabilities to
any kind of climate change impacts, including nature disasters.
Communities especially hit hard by the earthquake were in the
communities of Soka, Sorotopo, and Bladol, more than 90% of the
local people are farmers. They still face water shortages because of
a lack of properly functioning irrigation systems and wells. Because
of the limestone-based soil and the very deep level of groundwater,
people are still having difficulty with getting enough water for agriculture and even
meeting daily personal water needs. The main crops are rice, corn, long beans,
cassava, and onion, and each household has at least one cow that provides crucial
extra income. Spring water is used in priority for drinking and other daily needs
that require clean water. Otherwise, farming depends mainly on rainwater.

2-2. Local communities and climate change in case studies of

Yogyakarta

1) Impacts on environment

* Natural Disasters in Yogyakarta 2003–2007

2003 Flooding (Jan.), landslides (Jan.), landslides (Mar.), flooding and

landslides (Mar.), drought (Jun.)

2004 Drought (Jan.), flooding (Mar.), heavy storm (Mar.)

2005 Landslides (Feb.), flooding (Feb.), two tornadoes (Mar.)

2006 Landslides (Jan.), tidal wave (July)

2007 Tornado (Feb.), two tornadoes (Apr.), tidal waves (May, Aug.)

Local people say that they are experiencing

n an increase in the number of natural disasters

such as drought and heavy storms;
n hotter air temperatures;
n a decrease in the amount and availability of water
resources;
n a change in the beginning of the rainy season,
and a shorter season; and
n abnormal precipitation patterns (i.e., dry periods of
one or two weeks even during the rainy season).

2) Impacts on human life

n a high risk of landslides caused by storms;
n migration of local people without any government
funding or support;
n a drastic decrease in onion production, a specialty Strategy Meeting on
product of this area; Adaptation Method
n lower incomes (farmers switch to the hardier cassava crops, but they bring
in less income than onion);
n a decrease in the number of rice harvests from three times to twice a year;
conflicts within the community over spring water;
n a decrease of income from cows due to lack of nutrition; and
n increased purchases of water from a private water company.
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3) The level of understanding of the local people indicates
n a lack of information about meteorology,
n a lack of interest in climate change issues, and
n a lack of basic knowledge about global warming.

2-3. Potential activities for local communities

n Change crops to plants more tolerant to dry conditions
n Search for new sources of groundwater
n Petition government for support to provide water
n Feed rice stalks to livestock in the dry season
n Conserve and manage local forests
n Implement water resource management programs such as formalizing the
supply of spring water and keeping rivers clean
n Educate people on sanitary practices.

3-1. Basic information on Semarang and the pilot study areas

Semarang, the provincial capital of Central Java, is located on Java’s north
coast. It stretches from 6050 North to 7010 South and 109035 to 110050 East, and
encompasses an area of 373.7 km2, which consists of hilly areas in the south (at
a slope ranging from about 15–40%)
and plains in the north (slope of
about 0–2%). Semarang has a SEA LEVEL RISING 2002 - 2007 in Semarang
population of approximately 1.4 70
million people (2006), making it the
60
fifth most populated city in
Sea Level Rising (cm)

Indonesia, who mostly work in the 50

trade and service sectors. Annual
precipitation typically ranges 40
between 2,183 mm and 2,215 mm,
with maximum rainfall from 30

December to January. Semarang’s

20
average temperature ranges
between 25.80 C and 29.30 C with 10
humidity ranging between 62% to
84%. The predominant wind 0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
direction is from the southeast to Year
northwest, with an average speed SEA LEVEL RISING (2002 - 2007)
of about 5.7 km per hour.

Coastal area - Mangkang Kulon and Mangkang Wetan are two areas in the coastal
area of the city of Semarang in the Tugu sub-district, which has a coastline measuring
3.5 km long. Most people work in the fishpond and ocean fisheries. Mangkang
Wetan measures 347,8 m2 and Mangkang Kulon measures 399,82 m2. The coast
of Tugu has been damaged by wave erosion, and there are no barriers to reduce
the impacts. When flooding, the water reaches the plains and covers the entire are
of fishponds, which has resulted in the loss of an area measuring 2,2 km in length
and 30 km wide because of erosion. Only 3.4 km2 of mangrove forest area is left,
and more is being lost as time goes on.

Agricultural area – Wonoplumbon is a community of 3,683 residents located in

the Mijen sub-district, most of them working in agriculture and dependent on rainfall
to start their range of crops, which includes durian, rambutan, and timber woods.

3-2. Local communities and climate change in the case study areas
1) Impacts on environment
An increase in temperature of 0.20C from 1986 to 2006.

Precipitation has decreased as the temperature has increased.

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Coastal area:
n sea level has risen an average of 3.7 cm
per year
n Llss of 10 ha of land for fish farming due
to the flooding of coastal plains within the
last 3 years
n disappearance of fish from fish ponds
because of fish escaping and mortalities
due to flooding
n delay of the beginning of the rainy season
from September to November and
shortening of the season
Local people say that they are experiencing
n increases in temperature, frequency of
flooding, and the occurrence of dengue
fever and various diseases;
n a loss of fresh water; Lack of water
n inland retreat of the coastline. Glossary
Agricultural area: Vulnerable: susceptible of
wounds or external injuries
n decrease of land for cultivation
Heat waves: a wave of
n loss of rice production
unusually hot weather
n unpredictable timing of planting season Shrinking: process or result
n temperature rise of becoming less or smaller
n decrease in agricultural production Morbidity: the relative
n a loss of freshwater incidence of a particular
n an increase of drought events disease
Cyclones: a violent storm
2) Impacts on human life Typhoons: a tropical
Coastal area: cyclone occurring in the
western Pacific or Indian
n poor quality of products oceans
n decrease of income due to damaged or destroyed fishponds Dikes: a barrier constructed
Agricultural area: to contain the flow of water
or to keep out the sea
n increase in the incidence of disease (e.g., 228 reported cases of dengue Surges: a large sea wave
ever in 2007) Low-lying areas: at a low
n loss of income elevation above sea level
areas
3) Level of understanding (coastal and agricultural areas) Inland areas: a area
n limited information about climate change situated in not near the coast
Limestone: a sedimentary
n lack of interest about climate change
rock consisting mainly of
n no concept of temperature and sea level rise
calcium that was deposited
n little information available (limited to television) by the remains of marine
n lack of preparation to address the impacts of climate change animals Tidal waves: a
vast, swift wave caused by
3-3. Potential of local community’s efforts some extraordinary
Coastal area: combination of natural
causes
n Build fishpond dikes higher Erosion: condition in which
n Cultivate only species of fish that can withstand higher water salinity the earth's surface is worn
n Plant and conserve mangrove trees away by the action of water
n Build houses higher and wind
n Build wave barriers Dengue fever: an infectious
n Refrain from developing along coastal areas disease of the tropics
n Change rice fields to fishponds because of higher soil salinity transmitted by mosquitoes
n Create water circulation systems in fishponds and characterized by rash
and aching head and joints
Agricultural area:
n Change planting times
n Increase the volume of production of crops 5
Sources
] UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment
Report
Working Group II Report "Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability"
http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg2.htm
] Agricultural Agency in Yogyakarta
] Statistics Yogyakarta
] City Development Planning Agency Yogyakarta (BAPEDA)
] Bagus Discovery for Quality & Diversity
FoE
Japan
http://bagus-discovery.com/map/map_yogyakarta_info.html
] Agricultural Agency in Semarang FoE Japan:
st
] Fishery Agency in Semarang 1 fl. 3-30-8 Ikebukuro,
] Statistics Semarang Toshima-ku,
] City Development Planning Agency Semarang (BAPEDA) Toyko 171-0014 Japan
] Field survey including questioner surveys and interviews in local community Tel: 81{81-3-6907-7217
in Yogyakarta and Semarang by Walhi Yogyakarta and BINTARI Foundation Fax: 81{81-3-6907-7219
E-mail:
energy@foejapan.org
Website:
http://www.foejapan.org
*FoE Japan is a member
of Friends of the Earth
International, which deals
with environmental
problems at the global
level. The Ultimate goal is
the creation of the world
in which all people may
live peacefully and
equitably.

Partners :

Yayasan
Bina Karta Lestari
Jl. Cinde Barat 11
Jomblang
Semarang 50256
Phone : (024) 70777220
Fax. : (024) 8319343

D @ n n Y Y u s T i n i A d i

Walhi Yogyakarta
Jl. Nyi Pembayun No. 14A
Karang Samalo
Kotagede - Yogyakarta
Tel : +62-0274-378 631

This project is supported by Japan Fund for Global Environment 6